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Cyperaceae :
A herbaceous monocot plant family comprised of approximately 100 genera and
5000 species worldwide (Goetghebeur 1998). Culm usually trigonous in cross
section with three-ranked leaves with closed sheaths; with inconspicuous flowers
that are subtended by a bract generally known as a scale; perianth if present, is
composed of bristles or a scale that wholly or partly surrounds the ovary.
cypsela :
An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit that is developed from an inferior ovary with
one locule. Cypselas are characteristic of the Asteraceae or composite family.
See also achene, caryopsis.
D
deciduous : ‫ مساقط‬- ‫نفضى‬
Said of something that sheds some its parts. For example, deciduous trees have
leaves that fall off. In Carex, several species have deciduous styles, they break
off from the achene after pollination.
dehiscent : ‫منفلق‬
Splitting open at maturity. Many fruits are dehiscent, for example pea pods and
iris capsules.
diaspore : ‫الجزء المنتثر من النبات‬
The dispersal unit of a plant. This is often the fruit, but may be the fruit with
various accessory structures. In grasses, the dispersal unit is often a floret or
spikelet rather than just the caryopsis. In Carex, it is the perigynium with the
achene inside.
dicotyledonous (adj.) ‫ذو فلقتين‬
A plant that has two cotyledons or embryonic leaves in the seed.
dioecious : ‫منفصل الجنس‬
Species that have separate staminate and pistillate plants; all flowers on a plant
of the same sex; see monoecious and synoecious.
disarticulate : ‫يفكك المفاصل‬
To disarticulate
(verb):
To break up or fall off naturally. In Carex, perygnia diarticulate from the floral
axis at maturity. In grasses, disarticulation may occur in below an inflorescence,
below a pair of spikelets, below individual spikelets, or below the florets.
disarticulates :
See disarticulation
disarticulation :
Disarticulation
(noun):
Breaking off naturally, as when perigynia fall off their floral axis.
distal : ‫أقصى‬
Further from the base or roots than some other structure for example: in Carex,
the inflorescence is distal to the leaves; see proximal.
E
erose : ‫مقروض‬
An irregular margin; of an edge that appears chewed or gnawed.
extirpated : ‫يستأصل‬
Removed from a given area, generally used when the removal is the result of
human action, either direct or indirect; used to describe populations of species
known to have been present in an area within historical times.
F
facultative : ‫قادر على العيش فى أكثر من األحوال البيئية‬
Able to, under the right circumstances; used to describe plants that can grow in
both wet and dry environments. Compare with obligate.
fens : ‫مستنقع‬
Wetlands with a continuous source of groundwater that has relatively high
concentrations of magnesium and calcium; because of the magnesium and
calcium salts, fens are alkaline to neutral. Compare with bogs.
filament : ‫الجزء من السداة مثل الخيط‬
The lower, often threadlike, part of a stamen. Anthers are attached to the distal
end of filaments. Together, a filament and anther form a stamen. Windpollinated plants have stamens with long, flexible filaments and versatile
anthers. Animal-pollinated plants usually have short, stiff flaments.
floret : ‫ زهير‬- ‫زهرة صغيرة‬
A small flower. In grasses the unit formed by a lemma, palea, and the parts
between these two structures.
Floristic Province : ‫إقليم (زهاري) نباتي‬
A geographic area, usually rather large, that contains a more or less uniform
assemblage of plants; the boundaries between floristic provinces are not precise;
see map within key for Takhtajan's floristic provinces of North America.
flower : ‫زهرة‬
In most flowering plants, a flower consists of a calyx, corolla, stamens and pistils
and is the sexual reproductive structure. The corolla is often colorful and showy.
Many species have flowers that lack a corolla, or stamens, or pistils, or some
combination of these structures. In Carex, the perigynium is probably
homologous with a calyx; in grasses, the lodicules are generally considered to be
homologous with the calyx.
flowering plants : ‫نباتات مزهرة‬
Plants in which the seeds are produced inside an ovary and fertilization involves
two sperm nuclei, one to fertilize the egg, the second to fertilize the polar nuclei.
In most flowering plants, the ovary is surrounded by stamens, petals, and
sepals.
fusiform : ‫مغزلي الشكل‬
Spindle-shaped; tapering on both ends.
G
glabrous : ‫ خال من النتوء‬- ‫أصلع‬
Without hairs, usually interpreted as also meaning smooth.
glume : ‫العصافة‬
Singular of glumes
glumes :
The lowest pair of bracts in a typical grass spikelet. They are often described as
empty because they do not have any structures in their axils. In some species,
one or both glumes may be absent or highly reduced. See also pseudospikelets
grasses : ‫عشب‬
A family of herbaceous flowering plants in which the leaves are two-ranked, the
flowering stems (culms) are round in cross section, and the flowers are
inconspicuous, being concealed between two bracts, the lemma and palea, and
the fruit is a caryopsis. Grasses constitute the fourth largest plant family in
terms of number of species.
gynecandrous :
Spikes with the pistillate flowers above the staminate flowers; see also
androgynous and androgynecandrous.
H
halophyte :‫ نبات ينبت في تربة ملحة‬- ‫النبات الملحى‬
halophyte (noun),
A plant that grows well in, or requires, saline soil. They are often found along
roads and sidewalks in cities or communities where salt is used for snow
removal.
halophytic : ‫الملحى‬
The adjectival form of halophyte.
I
imbricate : ‫متراكب‬
Overlapping; like the scales on a fish or the tiles on a roof.
indehiscent : ‫ غير متفتح عند النضج‬- ‫مطبق‬
Not splitting open. Fruits such as achenes and nuts are indehiscent. See
dehiscent.
indumentum : ‫زغب يغطي السطح‬
Hairs that cover a surface.
inferior : ‫سفلى‬
Lower. In botany, used to describe flowers in which the calyx and corolla are
attached to the receptacle below the ovary. Honeysuckle flowers have an inferior
ovary. See epigynous. Compare with superior.
inflorescence :
‫إزهار‬
A cluster of flowers within a plant that may contain one to many flowers. There
may be several inflorescences on a single plant. In the grass and sedge families
(Poaceae and Cyperaceae, respectively) the apparent inflorescences are, strictly
speaking, synflorescences. The primary inflorescence in the grass family is the
spikelet; in the sedge family it is the spike. In most references however, the
term inflorescence is used for the synflorescence.
insolated : ‫ يعرض ألشعة الشمس‬- ‫يشمس‬
Exposed to sunlight .
internode : ‫الجزء الواقع بين عقدتي ساق‬
A portion of stem between two nodes.