Download Ch 21 Directed Reading Pg 644 – 673

Ch 21 Directed Reading Pg 644 – 673
Section 1: Our Solar System
1. What does the word planet mean in Greek?
a. bright star
c. rocky body
b. Earth like
d. wanderers
2. Which tool first made it possible to study stars and planets?
a. microscope
c. rocky body
b. telescope
d. spectroscope
3. Which scientist used this tool to explore the sky?
a. Copernicus
c. Galileo
b. Darwin
d. Newton
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
4. What smaller bodies make up the solar system besides our sun?
a. planets and stars
b. comets and stars
5. How does Jupiter compare in size with Earth?
c. planets and moons
d. galaxies and nebulas
a. Jupiter is many times larger.
c. Jupiter is about the same size.
b. Jupiter is much smaller.
d. Jupiter is about twice as big.
MEASURING INTERPLANETARY DISTANCES
6. What unit is equal to about 150,000,000 km?
a. an astronomical globe
c. an astronomical kilometer
b. an astronomical unit
d. an astronomical mile
7. What average distance is the astronomical unit based upon?
a. the distance between the Earth and the moon
b. the distance between the Earth and the sun
c. the distance between Mercury and Pluto
d. the distance between Mercury and the sun
8. How many light-minutes are there in an astronomical unit?
a. 7.5 light-minutes
c. 43 light-minutes
b. 10 light-minutes
d. 8.3 light-minutes
THE DISCOVERY OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
9. In the 17th century, which new bodies were discovered after the telescope was invented?
a. Uranus and Pluto
c. Uranus and its moons
b. Neptune and Uranus
d. Jupiter’s and Saturn’s moons
10. Which was the last planet discovered during the 19th century?
a. Mercury
c. Saturn
b. Neptune
d. Uranus
THE INNER AND OUTER SOLAR SYSTEMS
11. the planets farthest from the sun
a. the inner solar system
12. the four planets nearest the sun
b. the outer solar system
13. To which of these groups of planets does Earth belong?
a. the outer solar system
c. the gas giants
b. the inner solar system
d. those farthest from the sun
The Inner Planets
14. What other name have the inner planets been given?
a. the gas giants
c. the terrestrial planets
b. the Earthlike worlds
d. the minor planets
15. Earth _____
16. Mars _____
17. Venus _____
18. Mercury _____
The Outer Planets
19. Uranus -_
20. Neptune - _____
21. Saturn -
22. Jupiter -___
23. Why are the outer planets called gas giants?
a. They are made mainly of gases.
c. They are larger than Pluto.
b. They have rocky, hard surfaces.
d. They have oceans of frozen water.
24. How do the inner planets differ from the outer planets?
a. They are not smooth and round.
c. They are made of different materials.
b. They are placed further apart.
d. They do not have any moons.
Section 2: The Inner Planets
1. Why are the inner planets called terrestrial planets?
a. because they are very hot
b. because they can support life
c. because most are gas giants
d. because they are very dense and rocky
2. How is the makeup of the inner planets different from the outer planets?
a. They are hot, dry, and dense.
c. They are large, light, and gaseous.
b. They are small, dense, and rocky.
d. They are small, light, and solid.
MERCURY: CLOSEST TO THE SUN
3. How does weight on Mercury compare with weight on Earth?
a. Things weigh much less.
c. Things weigh about the same.
b. Things weigh much more.
d. Things weigh two-thirds more.
4. Why does Mercury’s day last almost two Earth months?
a. because its period of rotation is fast
b. because its period of rotation is slow
c. because its period of revolution is slow
d. because its period of revolution is fast
A Year on Mercury
5. How long does it take Mercury to revolve once around the sun?
a. 55 Earth days
c. 88 Earth days
b. 150 Earth days
d. 220 Earth days
6. the amount of time an object takes to orbit around
another body once
7. the motion of a body orbiting another body in space
8. the amount of time that a planet takes to go around
the sun once
9. the amount of time that an object takes to rotate once
a. period of rotation
b. year
c. revolution
d. period of revolution
VENUS: EARTH’S TWIN?
10. Why is the planet Venus sometimes called Earth’s twin?
a. Venus was born at about the same time.
b. Venus and Earth have about the same orbit.
c. Venus is about the same size.
d. Venus rotates in about the same direction.
11. Why does the sun rise in the west and set in the east on Venus?
a. Venus has a retrograde rotation.
b. Venus has a prograde rotation.
c. Venus spins the same way as the sun.
d. Earth has a counterclockwise spin.
The Atmosphere of Venus
12. Which terrestrial planet has the thickest atmosphere?
a. Earth
c. Mercury
b. Mars
d. Venus
13. What gases is the atmosphere of Venus made up of?
a. mainly oxygen and nitrogen
c. mainly hydrogen and helium
b. mainly carbon dioxide and acids
d. mainly water vapor and acids
14. What causes the high temperatures on Venus?
a. the acids in the air
c. the carbon dioxide in the air
b. the thin atmosphere
d. the water in the air
Mapping Venus’s Surface
15. What technology was used to map Venus?
a. survey tools
c. sonar
b. several satellites
d. radar
16. What physical feature was found on Venus?
a. continents
c. deep valleys
b. oceans
d. volcanoes
EARTH: AN OASIS IN SPACE
Water on Earth
17. What makes life possible on Earth?
a. liquid water
c. high surface temperature
b. carbon dioxide in the air
d. thick atmosphere
The Earth from Space
18. Which of the following is NOT part of Earth’s global system?
a. the oceans
c. the atmosphere
b. the continents
d. the biosphere
MARS: OUR INTRIGUING NEIGHBOR
The Atmosphere of Mars
19. What makes Mars a cold planet?
a. It has a thick atmosphere.
b. It is too close to the sun.
c. It has polar icecaps.
d. Its thin atmosphere does not trap heat.
20. What is an important effect of Mars’s low air pressure?
a. Planes cannot fly on Mars.
b. Mars has oceans of liquid water.
c. Water is found only as ice.
d. The icecaps are made of carbon dioxide.
Water on Mars
21. What suggests that liquid water may have been on Mars in the past?
a. the Martian icecaps
c. wavelike shapes
b. dry riverbeds
d. water vapor in its air
Where Is the Water Now?
22. Where may the lost water on Mars be found?
a. in rivers under the soil
c. frozen beneath the Martian soil
b. frozen in the icecaps
d. in oceans under the soil
Martian Volcanoes
23. What is the name of the largest dead volcano on Mars?
a. Mauna Kea
c. Sojourner
b. Olympus Mons
d. Tharsis
Missions to Mars
Read the description. Then, draw a line from the dot next to each description to match
the Mars mission with its goals.
24. It was planned to look for signs of life and to get ready
for manned missions to Mars.
a.Viking 1 and 2
25. It was among the first space-craft to land on Mars in
1976.
26. Its Sojourner rover looked at the chemical makeup of
Martian rocks.
b.Mars Pathfinder
c.Mars Express Orbiter
d.Twin Rover mission
27. Its mission was to study Martian climate and the makeup
of its atmosphere.
Section 3: The Outer Planets
1. What is one way that gas giants differ from the terrestrial planets?
a. They are much smaller.
c. They are made mostly of gases.
b. They are rocky and icy.
d. They have hard surfaces.
2.Which outer planet is farthest from the sun?
a. Neptune
c. Saturn
b. Jupiter
d. Uranus
JUPITER: A GIANT AMONG GIANTS
3. Which is the largest planet in our solar system?
a. Jupiter
c. Saturn
b. Earth
d. Neptune
4. Which gases is Jupiter made of?
a. mainly oxygen and nitrogen
b. mainly organic compounds
5. What is unusual about Jupiter’s energy supply?
c. mainly hydrogen and helium
d. mainly water and carbon dioxide
a. It gets energy from the sun.
b. It gives off more energy than it takes in.
c. It gets energy from its moons.
d. It gets energy from a neutron star.
6. What is Jupiter’s Great Red Spot?
a. thick clouds
c. metallic hydrogen
b. colorful compounds
d. a huge storm system
NASA Missions to Jupiter
7. What new information did Voyager bring back about Jupiter?
a. details about its weather
c. images of its system
b. facts about its temperature
d. facts about its makeup
SATURN: STILL FORMING
8. Where does Saturn’s “extra energy” seem to come from?
a. nuclear reactions
c. volcanic activity
b. helium sinking to the core
d. powerful storm systems
The Rings of Saturn
9. What are Saturn’s rings made of?
a. rocks and dust
c. different sized bits of ice
b. iron and metals
d. organic compounds
NASA’s Exploration of Saturn
10. Which spacecraft was sent in 1997 to study Saturn and its moons?
a. Cassini
c. Pioneer
b. Galileo
d. Voyager
URANUS: A SMALL GIANT
11. How does the chemical makeup of Uranus differ from that of other gas giants?
a. Uranus is made of lighter elements.
b. Uranus is made of heavier materials.
c. Uranus is mainly hydrogen and helium.
d. Uranus is mainly organic compounds.
12. Who discovered the planet Uranus?
a. Isaac Newton
c. William Herschel
b. Galileo Galilei
d. Voyager
A Tilted Planet
13. What is unusual about Uranus’s axis?
a. The planet is tipped on its side.
c. The axis is tipped at an angle of 65°.
b. The axis is tipped at an angle of 45°.
d. The planet’s poles are reversed.
14. What do scientists think may have caused Uranus’s tilt?
a. Uranus escaped Jupiter’s gravity.
b. Uranus’s moons had a cosmic tug of war.
c. Uranus was pulled by Saturn’s gravity.
d. Uranus was struck by a large object.
NEPTUNE: THE BLUE WORLD
15. Why did early astronomers believe there was another planet beyond Uranus?
a. Uranus’s orbit is not regular.
c. Neptune’s orbit is not regular.
b. Uranus does not have gravity.
d. Neptune does not have gravity.
16. What is released from inside Neptune that helps make belts of clouds?
a. water
c. nitrogen gas
b. nuclear fission
d. thermal energy
17. Where did the images of Neptune’s very narrow rings come from?
a. Cassini
c. Voyager 1
b. Sojourner
d. Voyager 2
PLUTO: A DWARF PLANET
A Small World
18. Based on its density, what materials does Pluto seem to be made of?
a. hydrogen and helium
c. hydrogen and water
b. mainly organics and ice
d. rock and ice
19. What is unusual about Pluto’s moon?
a. Its orbit is not regular.
c. It is about the same size as Pluto.
b. It is more than half the size of Pluto.
d. It is denser than Pluto.
20. Pluto is covered by frozen
a. water.
c. nitrogen.
b. helium.
d. methane.
Other Dwarf Planets
21. Since 2006, how has Pluto been classified?
a. as a planet
c. as a moon
b. as a gas giant.
d. as a dwarf planet
22. Which of the following is not classified as a dwarf planet?
a. Eris
c. Ceres
b. Charon
d. Pluto
Section 4: Moons
1. Which of these planets do not have moons?
a. Mars and Mercury
c. Venus and Saturn
b. Neptune and Uranus
d. Venus and Mercury
moons
satellites
2. Objects that revolve around larger bodies are called ______________________.
3. Many of the planets of our solar system have natural satellites called
______________________.
LUNA: THE MOON OF EARTH
4. What is the approximate age of the lunar rocks brought back from the Apollo mission?
a. 10 years old
c. 4.6 billion years old
b. 20 million years old
d. 50 billion years old
The Surface of the Moon
5. What happens to craters on the surfaces of bodies that have no atmospheres?
a. They are removed.
c. They get bigger.
b. They stay unchanged.
d. They get smaller.
Lunar Origins
6. What is the current theory about the birth of the moon?
a. Earth’s gravity trapped the moon.
c. The moon formed at the same time.
b. A large body struck Earth.
d. The moon spun off from Earth.
7. What facts support this theory?
a. The moon is covered with craters.
b. The lunar maria are old lava flows.
c. The moon rocks are similar to the Earth’s mantle.
d. The impacting body has been identified.
8. Which of the following ideas is NOT part of this theory?
a. The moon’s makeup is different from Earth.
b. Lunar craters happened later.
c. Mantle from Earth shot into orbit.
d. Both bodies gave matter to the new moon.
Phases of the Moon
9. What causes the moon to change its shape each month?
a. The moon reflects light from the sun.
b. The sun, Earth, and moon change positions.
c. The moon orbits around the Earth.
d. The moon’s shape changes during each phase.
eclipse
waning
phases
waxing
10. The different shapes of the moon as seen from Earth are called _____________________.
11. When the moon is _____________________, the sunlit part of the moon is getting larger.
12. When the moon is ____________________, the sunlit part of the moon is getting smaller.
13. An event in which the shadow of one celestial body falls on another is called a(n)
______________________.
Eclipses
_____14. any eclipse where the shadow of Earth falls on the
moon
_____ 15. any eclipse where the moon’s shadow falls on part
of the Earth.
_____16. a solar eclipse where the moon does not cover all
the sun
a. solar eclipse
b. lunar eclipse
c. total solar eclipse
d. annular eclipse
_____17. The moon completely covers the sun, blocking its
light.
The Tilted Orbit of the Moon
18. Why don’t we see eclipses every month?
a. The moon’s orbit is an ellipse.
c. Earth’s orbit around the sun changes.
b. The moon’s orbit is tilted.
d. Half the moon is always in sunlight.
THE MOONS OF OTHER PLANETS
19. Which of the following statements about moons is incorrect?
a. They are all the same size.
b. They are all very big.
c. They are all very small.
d. Some are very big, and some are small.
The Moons of Mars
20. What suggests that Phobos and Deimos were captured by Mars’s gravity?
a. They are very small.
c. They are similar in composition.
b. They are very dark.
d. They are oddly shaped.
The Moons of Jupiter
21. Who discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter?
a. Copernicus
c. Ganymede
b. Galileo
d. Jupiter
22. Ganymede is larger than which planet?
a. Earth
c. Mercury
b. Mars
d. Venus
23. What makes Io so volcanically active?
a. Io is larger than Jupiter.
b. Io has underground oceans.
c. Jupiter and Europa keep tugging on Io.
d. Io’s inner core is cooling too quickly.
24. What suggests that Europa might contain life?
a. Europa’s surface is rocky.
c. Europa has active geysers.
b. Europa has many craters.
d. Europa may have oceans of water.
The Moons of Saturn
25. How many moons does the planet Saturn have?
a. dozens
c. hundreds
b. eight
d. thousands
26. How could Titan help us understand the origin of life on Earth?
a. Titan contains liquid water.
b. Earth’s early atmosphere may have been like Titan’s is now.
c. Meteorites from Titan contain fossils.
d. Titan’s surface is rocky like Earth.
The Moons of Uranus
27. Which of Uranus’s moons has a cratered and grooved surface?
a. Charon
c. Miranda
b. Callisto
d. Phobos
The Moons of Neptune
28. What is unusual about Neptune’s largest moon, Triton?
a. It has oceans of water.
b. It revolves backward around its planet.
c. It has a thin atmosphere.
d. Its surface is covered with frozen gases.
The Moon of Pluto
29. What happens because Charon’s period of rotation equals Pluto’s period of revolution?
a. Charon never eclipses Pluto.
b. Charon always eclipses Pluto.
c. One side of Pluto always faces Charon.
d. Sunlight never reaches Pluto.
Section 5: Small Bodies in the Solar System
1. Which of these objects would NOT be described as a small body?
a. asteroids
c. comets
b. meteoroids
d. planets
2. What can we learn by studying small bodies of the solar system?
a. how to explore space in spacecraft
b. more about our cosmic neighborhood
c. what the solar system is made of
d. what the temperature is in space
COMETS
3. What materials are comets made of?
a. iron, nickel, and rock
c. lighter elements and water ice
b. ice, rock, and cosmic dust
d. frozen gases and metals
4. How do comets compare in age with the solar system?
a. They are much older in age.
c. They are left over from its birth.
b. They are nearly a billion years old.
d. They are much younger in age.
Comet Tails
5. What causes the tail of a comet to form?
a. Solar radiation heats the ice.
c. The comet passes close to the sun.
b. The comet orbits the sun.
d. Sunlight reflects off the tail.
6. When comets form two tails, what are they made of?
a. rocks and ice
b. electrically charged particles and dust
c. rocks and dust
d. carbon and water vapor
Comet Orbits
7. How do comet orbits differ from the orbits of planets?
a. They are more rounded.
c. They are more stretched out.
b. They are closer in.
d. They are further out.
8. How does a dust tail act differently from an ion tail?
a. It points toward the sun.
c. It points away from the sun.
b. It is blown by the solar wind.
d. It follows the comet’s orbit.
Comet Origins
9. Which of the following regions do some comets come from?
a. the Oort Cloud
c. near the orbit of Jupiter
b. the asteroid belt
d. between Earth and Mars
ASTEROIDS
asteroid belt
asteroids
10. Small, rocky bodies that revolve around the sun are called ______________________.
11. A region of space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in which most asteroids orbit is
called the ______________________ .
Types of Asteroids
12. asteroids found in the middle
region of the asteroid belt
13. asteroids found in the outer
region of the asteroid belt
14. asteroids found in the inner
region of the asteroid belt
METEOROIDS
15. a rocky body that reaches
Earth’s surface without
burning up
16. a bright streak of light that
results when a body burns up
in the atmosphere
17. a small rocky body that
travels through space
•
•
•
•
•
•
a. dark red to black in color;
rich in organic matter
b. light gray in color; stony
or metallic in makeup.
c. dark gray color; rich in
carbon
a. meteor
b. meteoroid
c. meteorite
Meteor Showers
18. What causes meteor showers?
a. earth passing through debris that comets leave behind
b. the gravity of a nearby star or planet
c. the friction with Earth’s atmosphere
d. the activity of the solar wind
Types of Meteorites
19. made from rocky materials
20. made from a mixture of
rocky material and metals
21. made mainly from iron and
nickel
•
•
•
a. metallic meteorite
b. stony meteorite
c. stony-iron meteorite
THE ROLE OF IMPACTS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
22. Why do planets with atmospheres have fewer impact craters?
a. The air slows and burns smaller objects.
b. Fewer objects orbit near these planets.
c. Most impacts occur in remote areas.
d. Many objects land in the oceans.
23. Which of these forces does NOT help to hide impact craters?
a. erosion
c. weathering
b. gravity
d. tectonic activity
Future Impacts on Earth?
24. How often do objects large enough to cause disasters strike Earth’s surface?
a. every few million years
c. every 30 to 50 million years
b. every few hundred thousand years
d. every few thousand years
The Torino Scale
25. What does the Torino scale measure?
a. geological activity of deep space objects
b. hazard level of near Earth objects
c. impact force of deep space objects
d. extinction levels caused by impacts
26. Which deep space objects are LEAST likely to strike Earth?
a. objects coded yellow
c. objects coded red
b. objects coded orange
d. objects coded white or green