Download Skeletal System(Bones), Muscular System (Muscles), and

Skeletal System(Bones),
Muscular System (Muscles),
and Integumentary System
(Skin)
Organization and
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the body’s way of
maintaining proper balance; the body
regulates temperature, energy, oxygen
levels through homeostasis.
Levels of Organization
• Each part of an organism has a specific job to
do, and all the different parts work together.
• The different parts function smoothly due
partly to the way in which the bodies of
organisms are organized.
• The levels of organization in complex
organisms, including most plants and
animals, consist of cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems.
• The smallest unit of organization is the cell,
and the largest is the organism.
Cells: Structures and Function
• A cell is the basic unit of structure
and function in a living thing.
• An organism’s structure is its body
plan, or the way its parts are
arranged.
• The function of a part of an
organism is its job, or the process it
carries out.
• Cells carry on the processes that
keep organisms alive.
• They also get rid of waste products,
grow and reproduce.
Cell Structure
Structure:
•The cell membrane forms the
outside boundary of the cell.
•The nucleus is the control
center that directs the cell’s
activities and contains
information that determines the
cell’s characteristics.
•The area between the cell
membrane and the nucleus is
the cytoplasm.
•Cytoplasm contains a clear,
jellylike substance in which
many important cell structures,
called organelles are found.
Tissues
• Tissue is the next largest unit of organization in complex organisms.
• A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform the same function.
• An animal’s body contains four basic types of tissue: muscle tissue,
nerve tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue.
Muscle Tissue
• Muscle tissue can
contract, or shorten.
• By doing this, muscle
tissue functions to make
parts of the body move.
Nerve Tissue
• Nerve tissue directs and
controls muscle tissue.
• It carries messages back and
forth between the brain and
every other part of the body.
• The brain is made up mostly
of nerve tissue.
Connective Tissue
• Provides support for the
body and connects all its
parts.
• Bone is one type of
connective tissue.
• Fat is also a connective
tissue.
Epithelial Tissue
• Covers the surfaces of the
body, inside and out.
• Some epithelial tissue protects
delicate structures that lie
beneath it (i.e. the skin).
• Other epithelial tissue absorbs
or releases substances (i.e. the
lining of the digestive system).
Organ and Organ Systems
• An organ is a structure that is
composed of different kinds of
tissue (i.e. stomach, heart,
brain, bones, lungs)
• Like tissue, an organ has a
specific function.
• Each organ in the body is part of
an organ system, a group of
organs that work together to
perform a major function.
Skeletal System
• Major Role:
The main role of the skeletal system
is to provide support for the body,
to protect delicate internal organs
and to provide attachment sites for
the organs.
• Major Organs:
Bones, cartilage, tendons and
ligaments.
Muscular System
• Major Role:
The main role of the muscular system is to
provide movement. Muscles work in pairs to
move limbs and provide the organism with
mobility. Muscles also control the movement
of materials through some organs, such as the
stomach and intestine, and the heart and
circulatory system.
• Major Organs:
Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles
throughout the body.
Circulatory System
• Major Role:
The main role of the circulatory
system is to transport nutrients,
gases (such as oxygen and CO2),
hormones and wastes through the
body.
• Major Organs:
Heart, blood vessels and blood.
Nervous System
• Major Role:
The main role of the nervous system is to
relay electrical signals through the
body. The nervous system directs behavior
and movement and, along with the
endocrine system, controls physiological
processes such as digestion, circulation,
etc.
• Major Organs:
Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
Respiratory System
• Major Role:
The main role of the respiratory
system is to provide gas exchange
between the blood and the
environment. Primarily, oxygen is
absorbed from the atmosphere into
the body and carbon dioxide is
expelled from the body.
• Major Organs:
Nose, trachea and lungs.
Digestive System
• Major Role:
The main role of the digestive
system is to breakdown and
absorb nutrients that are
necessary for growth and
maintenance.
• Major Organs:
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestines
Excretory System
• Major Role:
The main role of the excretory system is to
filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess
water or nutrients from the circulatory
system.
• Major Organs:
Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
Endocrine System
• Major Role:
The main role of the endocrine system
is to relay chemical messages through
the body. In conjunction with the
nervous system, these chemical
messages help control physiological
processes such as nutrient absorption,
growth, etc.
• Major Organs:
Many glands exist in the body that
secrete endocrine hormones. Among
these are the hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.