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10 000 8000 BCE Natufians, groups of sedentary hunter-gatherers in the western fertile crescent, developed a way of life that revolutionized the world. 9000 BCE Settlements in northern Euphrates/ Tigris river valley domesticated dogs and (instead of harvesting wild grains) domesticated barley, emmer, wheat, and vegetables. 7000 BC Mesopotamians ("between the rivers") developed the first large populated permanent settlements (such as Jarmo and Jericho). 6000 BC Hassuna cultures lived in organized villages with a social courtyard containing a religious shrine, surrounded by mud brick houses, and around the villages were five foot thick walls with community grain or water storage towers; they introduced irrigation for farming, canals for trade, decorated pottery, and lead or copper beads. 5500 BC Halafian cultures were the first to specialize labor and have cobblestone roads; they were the first to use the potter's wheel and the Kiln to make pottery with brilliantly colored realistic pictures and shapes. 4000 BC Sumerians arrive in Mesopotamia from central Asia ~3900 BC Ubaid period: first well-known culture from southern Mesopotamia; the Ubaids give the first evidence of temple and other sophisticated architecture ~3200 BC Pictographic record keeping 2900 BC Pre-dynastic Sumerians (no succession within family) 2750 BC First Sumerian dynasty of Ur 2400 BCE Signs become cuneiform 2370-2350 BCE Urukagina is appointed king of Lagash and becomes the first political reformer in history. 2340-2125 BCE Sargon I begins the Akkadian rule in Mesopotamia…Sumerian’s lose power but are still allowed to take part in economic life. 2300 BCE Umma challenges Lagash control over tributary 2100-1800 BCE Third Sumerian dynasty of Ur 2000 BCE Ur destroyed by Elamites and Amorites 1800-1170 BCE Old Babylonian period begins – Akkadians defeated by the Elamites and Amorites who establish themselves in city of Babylon. 1728-1685 BCE King Hammurabi authors the first known Code of Laws 1600-1100 BCE Staggered periods of Hittite control over Mesopotamia 1400 BCE Mitannian Empire controls northern Mesopotamia while Kassites control southern Mesopotamia 1200-612 BC Assyrian period 714-681 BC Reign of Sennacherib, whose conquest of Judah resulted in the first deportations of the Hebrews 668-626 BC Reign of Ashurbanipal, the most energetic of the Assyrian conquerors 612 BC Fall of Nineveh 612-539 BC Neo-Babylonian Period ~650-600 BC Zarathustra, the founder of Persian Zoroastrianism 605-565 BC Reign of Nebuchadnezzar; his conquest of Judah and subsequent deportation of some Hebrew peoples mark the beginning of the Hebrew Exile 539 BC Fall of Babylon and the beginning of Persian dominance in Mesopotamia