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10 000 8000 BCE
Natufians, groups of sedentary hunter-gatherers in the western fertile crescent,
developed a way of life that revolutionized the world.
9000 BCE
Settlements in northern Euphrates/ Tigris river valley domesticated dogs and (instead of
harvesting wild grains) domesticated barley, emmer, wheat, and vegetables.
7000 BC
Mesopotamians ("between the rivers") developed the first large populated permanent
settlements (such as Jarmo and Jericho).
6000 BC
Hassuna cultures lived in organized villages with a social courtyard containing a religious
shrine, surrounded by mud brick houses, and around the villages were five foot thick walls
with community grain or water storage towers; they introduced irrigation for farming,
canals for trade, decorated pottery, and lead or copper beads.
5500 BC
Halafian cultures were the first to specialize labor and have cobblestone roads; they
were the first to use the potter's wheel and the Kiln to make pottery with brilliantly
colored realistic pictures and shapes.
4000 BC
Sumerians arrive in Mesopotamia from central Asia
~3900 BC
Ubaid period: first well-known culture from southern Mesopotamia; the Ubaids give
the first evidence of temple and other sophisticated architecture
~3200 BC
Pictographic record keeping
2900 BC
Pre-dynastic Sumerians (no succession within family)
2750 BC
First Sumerian dynasty of Ur
2400 BCE
Signs become cuneiform
2370-2350
BCE
Urukagina is appointed king of Lagash and becomes the first political reformer in
history.
2340-2125
BCE
Sargon I begins the Akkadian rule in Mesopotamia…Sumerian’s lose power but are still
allowed to take part in economic life.
2300 BCE
Umma challenges Lagash control over tributary
2100-1800
BCE
Third Sumerian dynasty of Ur
2000 BCE
Ur destroyed by Elamites and Amorites
1800-1170
BCE
Old Babylonian period begins – Akkadians defeated by the Elamites and Amorites who
establish themselves in city of Babylon.
1728-1685
BCE
King Hammurabi authors the first known Code of Laws
1600-1100
BCE
Staggered periods of Hittite control over Mesopotamia
1400 BCE
Mitannian Empire controls northern Mesopotamia while Kassites control southern
Mesopotamia
1200-612
BC
Assyrian period
714-681
BC
Reign of Sennacherib, whose conquest of Judah resulted in the first deportations of
the Hebrews
668-626
BC
Reign of Ashurbanipal, the most energetic of the Assyrian conquerors
612 BC
Fall of Nineveh
612-539
BC
Neo-Babylonian Period
~650-600
BC
Zarathustra, the founder of Persian Zoroastrianism
605-565
BC
Reign of Nebuchadnezzar; his conquest of Judah and subsequent deportation of some
Hebrew peoples mark the beginning of the Hebrew Exile
539 BC
Fall of Babylon and the beginning of Persian dominance in Mesopotamia