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A New Weapon, a New Trial, and a New Declaration WHAP/Napp Do Now: “Sixteen hours ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy. That bomb had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT. It had more than two thousand times the blast power of the British "Grand Slam" which is the largest bomb ever yet used in the history of warfare. The Japanese began the war from the air at Pearl Harbor. They have been repaid many fold. And the end is not yet. With this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destruction to supplement the growing power of our armed forces. In their present form these bombs are now in production and even more powerful forms are in development. It is an atomic bomb. It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. The force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed against those who brought war to the Far East.” ~ U.S. President Truman, August 6, 1945 What did the American President announce on August 6, 1945? Why did the President make this decision? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Notes: I. The Atomic Bomb A. August 6, 1945 1- U.S. dropped atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan 2- To force a Japanese surrender…avoid more American casualties 3- 135,000 Japanese died B. August 9, 1945 1- U.S. dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki C. August 14, 1945 1- Japan surrendered 2- Emperor spoke to people for the first time 3- Unconditional surrender 4- Allied occupation of Japan a) Japan became a democracy b) Emperor became a symbol but not divine c) Women given equal rights d) No military for war II. Trials and a New International Organization A. Nazi war criminals tried at Nuremberg B. Imprisoned and executed Nazi leaders C. Established United Nations (Replaced League of Nations) 1- International organization to promote peace and security 2- Adopted Universal Declaration of Human Rights Questions: 1- What happened on August 6, 1945? 2- Why did this happen on August 6, 1945? 3- What happened on August 9, 1945? 4- What did Japanese officials do after August 9, 1945? 5- State three changes that occurred in Japan after World War II. 6- What happened at the German city of Nuremberg? 7- What happened to the Nazi leaders after the war? 8- What was the League of Nations? 9- What did the League of Nations replace? 10- What was the mission of the League of Nations? 11- Critical Thinking Question: Should the Americans have dropped the atomic bomb? Support your answer. Excerpt adapted from bbc.co.uk “On the morning of 6 August 1945 an American B29 bomber, the 'Enola Gay', dropped the first atomic bomb used in warfare on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. “The original target was Kokura, but this was obscured by cloud so the bomb was dropped on nearby Nagasaki, an important port. About 40,000 people were killed instantly and a third of the city was destroyed. The final death toll was calculated as at least 50,000… On 14 August, Japan agreed to the Allies' terms of surrender. At midday on the following day, Emperor Hirohito broadcast the news to the Japanese people. It was the first time his voice had been heard on the radio.” Questions: 1: Why did the Allies fear any conventional attempt to invade the Japanese islands? _________________________________________ 2: Why did the United States decide to use the atomic bomb? _________________________________________ 3: What were some of the effects of the atomic bomb on the people of Hiroshima? _________________________________________ 4: When were the two atomic bombs dropped and on what cities? _________________________________________ …The heat from the bomb was so intense that some people simply vanished in the explosion. Many more died of the long-term effects of radiation sickness. The final death toll was calculated at 135,000… Hiroshima was chosen because it had not been targeted during the US Air Force's conventional bombing raids on Japan, and was therefore regarded as being a suitable place to test the effects of an atomic bomb. It was also an important military base. The Allies feared that any conventional attempt to invade the Japanese home islands would result in enormous casualties, and the bomb was seen as a way of bringing the war against Japan to a swift conclusion... On the morning of 9 August, the Americans dropped a second, bigger atomic bomb.” Base your answer to question 1 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. The German people were never more pitiable than when they stood by and watched this thing done. For the raiders who were let loose on the streets and given a day to sate [indulge] the lowest instincts of cruelty and revenge were indeed an enemy army. No foreign invader could have done more harm. This is Germany in the hour of her greatest defeat, the best overcome by the worst. While many protested at the outrages, and millions must have been sickened and shamed by the crimes committed in their name, many others looked on stolidly or approvingly while the hunters hunted and the wreckers worked. There are stories of mothers who took their children to see the fun — New York Times, November 12, 1938 3. Which important principle was established as a result of the Nuremberg trials? (1) Defeated nations have no rights in international courts of law. (2) Individuals can be held accountable for “crimes against humanity.” (3) Soldiers must follow the orders of their superiors. (4) Aggressor nations must pay war reparations for damages caused during wars. 4. One reason for the outbreak of World War II was the (1) ineffectiveness of the League of Nations (2) growing tension between the United States and the Soviet Union (3) conflict between the Hapsburg and the Romanov families (4) refusal of the German government to sign the Treaty of Versailles 5. • Japan resigns from the League of Nations, 1933 • Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis formed, 1936 • Japan invades China, 1937 • United States places embargo on scrap iron, steel, and oil exports to Japan, 1941 Which event occurred immediately after 2. . . . “You should take steps now to this series of developments? cease military resistance. Otherwise, we (1) Manchuria became a Japanese shall resolutely employ this bomb and all protectorate. our other superior weapons to promptly (2) Pearl Harbor was attacked. and forcefully end the war.” (3) The Japanese fleet was destroyed. This paragraph from a 1945 Allied (4) The atomic bomb was dropped on leaflet warned the Hiroshima. (1) Czechs of a German invasion (2) Americans in Hawaii of a Japanese attack (3) Koreans of a Russian invasion (4) Japanese civilians of a U.S. attack 1. This 1938 passage criticizes those German people who did not (1) participate in these demonstrations (2) condemn the violent acts of Kristallnacht (3) support the government’s policy in Austria (4) resist the war effort