Download Build Bright University Management Information System Prepared

Build Bright University
Management Information
System
Prepared by: Suy Sothy
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Information Systems
1.1.
Information Concept ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2.
Type of Data..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.
Characteristic of Valuable Information............................................................................................ 3
1.4.
System .............................................................................................................................................. 4
1.5.
System Elements .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.6.
Modeling a System........................................................................................................................... 5
1.7.
Type of Model .................................................................................................................................. 5
1.8.
Why do we need model? .................................................................................................................. 6
1.9.
Information System .......................................................................................................................... 6
1.10. Activities of an IS ............................................................................................................................ 7
1.11. Components of an IS ........................................................................................................................ 8
1.12. Input, Processing, and Output .......................................................................................................... 8
1.13. IS Vs. IT ........................................................................................................................................... 9
1.14. Expanding Roles of IS ................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 2 - Manual Systems Vs. Computerize Systems
2.1.
Manual Systems vs. Computerized Systems.................................................................................. 11
2.2.
Computer-based Information Systems ........................................................................................... 11
2.3.
Parts of a CBIS ............................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 3 - Business Information Systems
3.1.
Fundamental Roles of IS in Business ............................................................................................ 18
3.2.
Type of Business Information Systems .......................................................................................... 18
3.3.
Working with Systems ................................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 4 - Competing with Information Technology
4.1.
Strategic IT ..................................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.
The Competitive Environment ....................................................................................................... 24
4.3.
Competitive Forces and Strategies ................................................................................................. 25
4.4.
Five Competitive Strategies ........................................................................................................... 26
4.5.
Other Competitive Strategies ......................................................................................................... 28
4.6.
Creating a Virtual Company .......................................................................................................... 28
4.7.
A Virtual Company ........................................................................................................................ 28
Chapter 5 - Supply Chain Management and Global Information Systems
5.1.
Sharing Information Systems: The Rise of E-Commerce .............................................................. 30
5.2.
Vertical Information Systems ........................................................................................................ 30
5.3.
Horizontal Information Systems .................................................................................................... 31
5.4.
Electronic Data Interchange ........................................................................................................... 32
5.5.
Benefits of EDI .............................................................................................................................. 32
5.6.
How does EDI work? ..................................................................................................................... 33
5.7.
Supply Chain Management ............................................................................................................ 34
5.8.
The Importance of Trust ................................................................................................................ 35
5.9.
Multinational Organizations .......................................................................................................... 36
5.10. Using the Web for International Commerce .................................................................................. 36
5.11. International Web Commerce Benefits .......................................................................................... 36
5.12. Challenges to Global Information Systems ................................................................................... 36
Chapter 6 - Online Payment Processing Systems
6.1.
The Payment Processing Network ................................................................................................. 38
6.2.
How Payment Processing Works ................................................................................................... 39
6.3.
Payment Processing-Settlement ..................................................................................................... 40
6.4.
Choose a payment processing service ............................................................................................ 40
Chapter 7 - Decision Making Model
7.1.
Methods for Selecting Projects ...................................................................................................... 42
7.2.
Project Time Management ............................................................................................................. 48
Chapter 8 - Human Resource Information Systems
8.1.
Personnel Department Chart .......................................................................................................... 51
8.2.
Context Diagram ............................................................................................................................ 51
8.3.
Data Flow Diagram for Subsystem ................................................................................................ 52
8.4.
Recruitment & Selection ................................................................................................................ 53
Chapter 9 - Database Technology
9.1.
Basic DB Terms ............................................................................................................................. 59
9.2.
Data in Context .............................................................................................................................. 59
9.3.
Data: A Resource ........................................................................................................................... 59
9.4.
Information..................................................................................................................................... 60
9.5.
Metadata ......................................................................................................................................... 60
9.6.
Data Integrity ................................................................................................................................. 60
9.7.
Traditional File-Oriented ............................................................................................................... 61
9.8.
DBMS ............................................................................................................................................ 61
9.9.
Database Systems ........................................................................................................................... 61
9.10. Database and Database Systems .................................................................................................... 62
9.11. Advantages of Central Database .................................................................................................... 62
2
9.12. Evolution of DB Models ................................................................................................................ 62
9.13. Hierarchical Database .................................................................................................................... 62
9.14. Network Database .......................................................................................................................... 63
9.15. Relational Database........................................................................................................................ 63
9.16. Relating Tables Using a Common Field ........................................................................................ 64
9.17. Database Applications.................................................................................................................... 65
9.18. An Enterprise Data Warehouse ...................................................................................................... 65
9.19. Data Mining ................................................................................................................................... 65
9.20. Components of the DB Environment ............................................................................................. 65
9.21. Database Development Process ..................................................................................................... 66
9.22. DB Development Schedule ............................................................................................................ 69
9.23. Incremental Commitment in DB Development ............................................................................. 70
9.24. Database Schema ........................................................................................................................... 70
9.25. Centralized Database Systems ....................................................................................................... 71
9.26. Client/Server Database Systems .................................................................................................... 71
9.27. Distributed Database Systems ........................................................................................................ 72
3
Chapter 1
Introduction to Information Systems
1.1.
Information Concept
Data Vs Information:
Data:
CavtßúFatuedIm b¤ CabMENkepSg²énB½t’man
.
Information:
CakarRbmUlpþúMénvtßúFatuCaeRcIntammeFüa)a
yNamYyEdleFVIeGayBYkvamantMélbEnßm
elIsBItMéledImrbs;BYkva .
Examples (1):
1
Examples (2):
Examples (3):
2
1.2.
Type of Data
tMNageday
Data
1.3.
Alphanumeric data
elx/ GkSr/ nig
GkSrepSg²
Image data
rUbPaB RkahVik
Audio data
sUrsemøg
Video data
rUbPaBclna
Characteristic of Valuable Information
3
Example: Health Information
1.4.
Systems
CasMNMuénFatu b¤smasFatuCaeRcInEdlman
TMnak;TMngKña eFVIkarCamYyKñaman\T§iBl
elIKñaeTAvijeTAmkedIm,IseRmcnUveKaledA .
1.5.
System Elements
System Example:
Elements
Syste
m
Inputs
Processin
g
elements
Goal
Outputs
4
Movi
e
1.6.
tarasEmþg/
ft/ ExSPaBynþ
PaBynþkMs
GñkdwknaMe kat;t/ Edl)anecj
anþ/ rgVan;/
rOg/
EbgE eTAbBa©aM R)ak;cMeNj
buKÁlik/
ck genA
Qut/
eragPaBynþ
eRKOgbrikça
Modeling a System
Model:
CakarbMRBYj rW
PaBRbhak;RbEhlEdlRtUv)aneRbIedIm,ItMNageGayPa
BBit .
1.7.
Type of Model
bgðajCakataLúkepSg² (Topic, Subject, Oral, written)
Physical: Cakarpþl;B½t’mantamrUbBitCak;Esþg
Schematic: bgðajtam Chart epSg²
Mathematical: bgðajCataragelx rW rUbmnþepSg²
 Narrative:



5
1.8.
Why do we need model?



1.9.
eFVIeGaykaryl;eTAelIRbB½n§EdlsµúKsµajman
PaBgayRsYl .
GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,I Design
edIm,IeFVIeGayKMrUénRbB½n§fµIRbesIreLIg .
eFVIeGaykarTMnak;TMngGMBIRbB½n§gayRs
Yl (e.g.
rUbPaBmYyGacmanTMnak;TMngCamYyBaküra
b;Ban;) .
Information System (IS)
Definition:
6


CasMNMuénFatu rW
smasFatuBak;B½n§KñaCaeRcInEdlRbmUlpþMú
(input), erobcMcgRkg (process), nig Eckcay (output)
Tinñn½y nig B½t’man
ehIypþl;nUvplRtLb;mkvijedIm,IsMerceKalbMNg
.
(IS) CaTMrg;xøIsMrab; Information Systems b¤ Information Services .
sMrab;Rkumh‘unCaeRcIn IS KWCaeQµaHén
Department EdlTTYlxusRtUvsMrab; Computers, Networking nig
RKb;RKg Tinñn½y . Rkumh‘unCaeRcInepSgeTot
sMedAeTAelI Department Ca IT (Information Technology) nig MIS
(Management Information Services).
ehtuGVIcaM)ac;sikSaBIRbB½n§Bt’man nig
bec©kviTüaBt’man ?
 CasmasPaBEdlnaMeGayBaNiC¢kmµTTYleCaKC
½y .
 CYyBRgIkBaNiC¢kmµ nig
karRbkYtRbECgkñúgBaNiC¢kmµ .
 eFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvdMeNIrkarBaNiC¢kmµ
RbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB nigQandl;eKaledA .
 CYysMrYlkñúgkareFVIkarsMerccitþrbs;GñkRKb
;RKg nigkic©shRbtibtþikarkñúgRkum .
1.10. Activities of an IS
7
1.11. Components of an IS
1.12. Input, Processing, and Output
8
skmµPaBénkarRbmUl nig cgRkgTinñn½y b¤
GVI²k¾edayEdlbBa©ÚleTAkñúgkMuBüÚT½r .
Processing: bMElg rW
EkERbTinñn½yeGayeTACalT§plEdlmanRbeyaCn_
Output: Bt’manEdlmanRbeyaCn_/
CaFmµtakñúgTMrg;CaÉksar/ r)aykarN_ b¤
GIV²EdlmkBIkMuBüÚT½r .
Input:
1.13. IS Vs. IT
9
1.14. Expanding Roles of IS
– Data Processing: 1950s-1960s
– Management Reporting: 1960s-1970s
– Decision support: 1970s-1980s
– Strategic and End User Support: 1980s-1990s
– Global Internetworking: 1990s-Present
10
Chapter 2
Manual System Vs. Computerize System
2.1.
Manual System vs. Computerized Systems
Manual System:
E.g.,
enAEtRtUv)aneRbIy:agTUlMTUlay .
karviPaKeTAelIkarvinieyaKmYycMnYnKWKUs
Charts edayéd
ehIysMedACYyBYkeKkñúgkarseRmccitþ vinieyaK
.
Computerized Systems:
KMnUsxagelIGacRtUv)anKUsedaykMuBüÚT½r .
2.2.
Computer-Based Information Systems
RtUv)anekIteLIgBI ³
CBIS
– Hardware
– Software
– Databases
– Telecommunications
– Networks
– People
– Procedures
edIm,I RbmUl/ erobcM/ pÞúk/ nig
dMeNIrkarTinñn½yeGayeTACaBt’man .
2.3.
Parts of a CBIS
Hardware:
eRKOgbrikçakMuBüÚT½r
eRbIsMrab;skmµPaB Input, Processing, nig Output .
vaCavtßúEdlGñkGacb:H )anCak;Esþg dUcCa
disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips, ... .
11
BiPakSa’ :
sMedAelIvtßúEdlGñkGacb:HBal;)anCak;Esþg
dUcCa Disks, Disk drives, Display screens, Keyboards, Printers, Boards, nig
Chips . pÞúymkvij Software KWminGac b:HBal;)an .
Software mandUcCa Ideas, Concepts, nig Symbols .
Hardware ‘
y:agNamij esovePAk¾man
Gtßn½yRbhak;RbEhlKñaEdr . snøwkTMB½r
nig TwkexµA KWCa Hardware rIÉBakü/
XaøRbeyaK nig Gtßn½yTaMgmUlKWCa Software .
kMuBüÚT½rEdlKµan Software KWeRbobdUc
eTAnwgesovePA EdlmanEtTMB½rTeT .
GñkRtUvkar Software
edIm,IeFVIeGaykMuBüÚT½rman RbeyaCn_
k¾dUcCaGñkRtUvkarBaküedIm,IeFVIeGayeso
vePAmanGtßn½yEdr .
Software:
CakmµviFIkMuBüÚT½rEdlRKb;RKg/ kMNt;/
nigtYtRtanUvRbtibtþikarénkMuBüÚT½r .
vaCaTinñn½y b¤ XøabBa¢ar rbs;kMuBüÚT½r .
Software RtUv)anEckecjCaBIrRbePT³
– Systems software: rYmmanRbB½n§Rbtibtþikar nig
ral; Utilities TaMgGs;EdlGnuBaØateGay
kMuBüÚT½rbegáItnUvmuxgar .
– Applications software:
rYmmankmµviFIEdleFIVkarsMrab;GñkeRbI
. ]TahrN_ Word processors, Spreadsheets, nig DBMS ... .
Software ‘BiPakSa’ (1): CaXøabBa¢aénkMuBüÚT½r
rW Tinñn½y . GVI²EdlGacpÞúkman
lkçN³CaTMrg; eGLicRtUnicKWCa Software .
]bkrN_sMrab;pÞúk nig bgðaj KWCa Hardware .
12
Bakü Software nig Hardware RtUv)aneRbICa nampg
nig KuNnampg . ]TahrN_ GñkGacniyayfa
"bBaðakñúg Software " mann½yfa
manbBaðaCamYykmµviFI b¤ Tinnñ½y
KWminEmnCamYykMuBüÚT½rxøÜnvaeT .
Gñk Gacniyayfa "vaCabBaða Software" .
Software ‘BiPakSa’ (2): karEjkrvag Software nig Hardware
KWeBlxøHmankarRcLM eRBaH
BYkvaRtUv)aneKP¢ab;CamYyKña .
y:agNamij eBlEdlGñkTijkmµviFI GñkfaTij
Software . b:uEnþedIm,ITij Software GñkRtUvkarTij
Disk (Hardware) Edl Software pÞúkenAxagkñúg .
Database:
CakarerobcMRbmUlpþMúénTinñn½y nig
Bt’man b¤
CakarRbmUlpþMúénBt’manEdlRtUv)anerobcM
kñúg
meFüa)aymYyEdlkmµviFIkMuBüÚT½rGaceRC
IserIsykEpñkénTinñn½yEdlRtUvkar)any:agrh½s
.
Database ‘BiPakSa’ (1):
KWCakarRbmUlpþMúénBt’man
erobcMkñúgmeFüa)ayEdlkmµviFIrbs;kMuBüÚ
T½r
GacTajyky:agqab;rh½snUvbMENkNamYyrbs;Ti
nñn½yEdlRtUvkar . GñkGacKitfa Database
dUceTAnwgRbB½n§eGLicRtugmYy . TMlab;
Databases KWRtUverobcMeday Fields, Records, nig Files . Field
KWcabMENkEtmYyénBt’man/ Record
13
KWCasMNMueBjeljmYyén Fields ehIy File
KWCakarRbmUlpþMúén Records . ]TahrN_
esovePATUrs½BÞ KWRsedogeTAnwg File .
vamanpÞúknUv Records CaeRcIn, Rrecord nimYy²man
Fields cMnYn bI ³ Name, Address, nig Telephone number .
Database ‘BiPakSa’ (2): edIm,I Access Bt’manBI Database,
GñkRtUvkar Database Management System (DBMS) .
enHCakarRbmUlpþMúénkmµviFIEdl
GnuBaØateGayGñk bBa©Úl, erobcM, nig
TajykTinñn½ykñúg Database .
BiPakSa’ (3):
Database ‘
Telecommunications:
14
karbBa¢ÚntamRbB½n§eGLicRtUnicnUv Signals
sMrab;TMnak;TMngKña
cab;BIsMelgrhUtdl;vIedGU. vaGnuBaØat
eGayGgÁPaBP¢ab;RbB½n§kMuBüÚT½reTAkñú
gbNþajEdlkMBugdMeNIrkar .
Networks:
eRbIedIm,ItP¢ab;eRKOgbrikçakMuBüÚT½r nig
kMuBüÚT½r kñúgGaKar/ CMuvijRbeTs/
nigelIBiPBelakedIm,IeGayGac
TMnak;TMngKñatamRbB½n§eGLicRtUnic .
vak¾sMedAeTAelIRkuménRbB½n§kMuBüÚT½
rBIr b¤ eRcInEdlP¢ab;CamYy Kña .
BiPakSa’ (1): Computer networks maneRcInRbePT
dUcCa³
Network ‘
Local Area Networks (LANs):
kMuBüÚT½rzitkñúgPUmisaRsþCamYyKñaCit
Kña ¬EdlzitkñúgGaKarEt mYy¦.
Wide Area Networks (WANs): kMuBüÚT½rzitq¶ayBIKña
ehIyP¢ab;KñaedayExSTUrs½BÞ b¤ rlkviTüú.
BiPakSa’ (2): bEnßmelIRbePTTaMgenH/
lkçN³xageRkamKWRtUv)aneRbIpgEdredIm,IEbg
Eck RbePT Networks epSg²Kña .
Network ‘
Topology:
karerobcMFrNImaRténRbB½n§kMuBüÚT½r .
Topologies rYmman Bus, Star, nig Ring .
Protocol: karkMNt;c,ab;
nigsBaØal;EdlkMuBüÚT½reRbIR)as;edIm,ITM
nak;TMngKña . Protocol mYykñúg cMeNam Protocols
EdlmanRbCaRbiyPaBbMputsMrab; LANs
KWRtUv)aneKehAfa Ethernet . Protocol rbs; LAN
15
EdlmanRbCaRbiyPaBepSgeTotsMrab; PCs KW
IBM Token-Ring Network .
Architecture: Networks
GacEbgEcky:agTUlMTUlayedayeRbIR)as;sßab
tükmµTaMgBIr KW Peer-to-Peer b¤ Client/Server .
BiPakSa’ (3): kMuBüÚT½renAelI Network
maneBlxøHRtUv)aneKehAfa Nodes . kMuBüÚT½r
nig ]bkrN_EdlEbgEckFnFansMrab; Network
RtUv)anehAfa Servers .
Network ‘
BiPakSa’ (4):
Network ‘
CabNþMúén Network
CaeRcInEdltP¢ab;CamYyKñaenABaseBjsaklelak .
Internet:
CabNþMúén Network BIr b¤
eRcInepSgKñatP¢ab;CamYyKña .
internet:
CabNþajEdleRbIR)as;bec©kviTüa Internet
enAxagkñúgGgÁPaB .
Intranet:
KWCa Intranet BIr b¤ eRcIn
EdltP¢ab;CamYyKña .
Extranet:
16
People and Procedures:
CaFatusMxan;bMputrbs; Computer-based information systems
PaKeRcIn . People rYm
bBa©ÚlnUvmnusSEdlCaGñkRKb;RKg/
GñkdMeNIrkarkmµviFI/ nig GñkEfTaMRbB½n§
.
People:
rYmman yuT§saRsþ/ eKalkarN_/
viFIsaRsþ/ nig c,ab;sMrab; eRbIR)as; CBIS .
Procedure:
17
Chapter 3
Business Information Systems
3.1. Fundamental Roles of IS in Business
3.2. Type of Business Information Systems
a. Transactions Processing Systems (TPSs)
Transaction:
CakarepþaHbþÚrEdlBak;B½n§KñamYycMnYnkñú
gvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ .
]TahrN_³ karbegáItbBa¢IR)ak;ExRbcaMs)þah_ .
18
karerobcMRbmUlpþMúén
People, Procedures, Softwares, Databases nig ]bkrN_CaeRcIn
eRbIedIm,Ikt;Rtay:ageBjeljnUvkarepþaHbþÚrEdlB
ak;B½n§Kñakñúgvis½y BaNiC¢kmµ .
Transaction processing system (TPS):
b. E-Commerce System
Bak;B½n§RbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµmYycMnYnEdlR
tUvdMeNIrkartamRbB½n§eGLicRtUnic b¤
karRbRBwtþBaNiC¢kmµ On-line rvagRkumh‘un
nigRkumh‘un/ Rkumh‘un nig GñkeRbIR)as;/
CMnYj nig EpñksaFarN³/ GñkeRbIR)as; nig
EpñksaFarN³ .
]TahrN_³ sMrab;kEnøgbBa¢aTij
 Purchase Order – Traditional
19
 Purchase Order – E-commerce
c. Management Information Systems (MISs)
CakarerobcMRbmUlpþMúén People, Procedures, Softwares,
Databases, nig ]bkrN_CaeRcIneRbIedIm,I)an
B½t’mansMrab;GñkRKb;RKg nig
GñkeFVIkarsMerccitþelIbBaða .
Scheme of MIS:
BiPakSa’ ³
MIS ‘
20
KWCaTMrg;xøIsMrab; Management Information System b¤
MIS
Management Information Services
ehIyRtUv)aneKbeBa©jsMelgdac;BIKña .
sMedAelIfñak;én Software
mYyEdlpþl;eGayGñkRKb;RKgnUv Tools
sMrab;erobcM nigvaytMél Department rbs;BYkeK .
y:agNamij RbB½n§ MIS RtUv)ansresrkñúg COBOL
ehIydMeNIrkarelI Mainframes b¤ Minicomputers .
MIS
enAkñúgRkumh‘un nig GgÁPaBFM²/ Department
TTYlxusRtUvsMrab;RbB½n§kMuBüÚT½r
eBlxøHRtUv)anehAfa MIS Department .
eQµaHepSgeTotsMrab; MIS rYmman IS (Information Services)
nig IT (Information Technology) .
d. Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
CakarerobcMRbmUlpþMúén People, Procedures, Software, Databases,
nig ]bkrN_CaeRcIneRbIedIm,ICYykñúg
kareFVIkarsMerccitþelIbBaða . DSS
CYyGñkRKb;RKg " Do the right thing " .
e. Expert Systems (ESs)
CakmµviFIkMuBüÚT½rEdlGnuvtþkargarEdleFVIe
dayGñkCMnajkar .
pþl;eGaykMuBüÚT½rnUvsmtßPaBedIm,IeFVIkar
pþl;eyabl;
nigedIrtYrCaGñkCMnajkñúgvis½yNamYy .
]TahrN_³ vinicä½yCm¶WmnusS/
eFVIkarBüakrN_hirBaØvtßú .
Expert systems
rYmman “Artificial intelligence”
21
 Artificial Intelligence:
CaEpñkénviTüasaRsþkMuBüÚT½rEdlTak;TgCa
mYykareFVIeGaylkçN³rbs;
kMuBüÚT½rdUceTAnwgmnusS .
vaCaBaküEdlRtUv)anbegáItkñúgqñaM 1956
edayelak John McCarthy enA viTüasßanbec©kviTüa
Massachusetts .
BiPakSa’ ³
Artificial intelligence rYmman Games playing:
CakmµviFIkMuBüÚT½redIm,Ielg Games dUcCa Chess
nig Checkers .
AI ‘
Expert systems:
CakmµviFIkMuBüÚT½redIm,IeFIVkarsMerccitþ
kñúgsßanPaBCIvitrs;enA ¬]TahrN_ Expert systems
mYycMnYnCYyevC¢bNÐitviPaKCm¶W¦ .
Natural language:
CakmµviFIkMuBüÚT½redIm,Iyl;BIPasarrbs;mnu
sS .
CakmµviFIkMuBüÚT½redIm,I eXIj/ B£ nig
manRbtikmµelIBaØaNepSg² .
Robotics:
 Problems with Expert Systems (and AI in general):
b:unb:gedIm,ICMnYsmnusSkñúgkareFVIkarsMer
ccitþ. FmµtamnusSmanehtuplfay:agdUcemþc
EtBYkvaKµan. e.g.
evC¢bNÐitmincg;eGaykarsMerccitþrbs;Kat;RtUv
CMnYseday Expert systems CaCagcg;)anvaedIm,I
RtwmEtCYy.
3.3. Working with Systems
22
skmµPaBénkarbegáIt b¤
EkERbeTAelIRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµEdlmanRsab; .
Systems investigation and analysis: kMNt;nUvbBaða
nigcMNucl¥énRbB½n§EdlmanRsab; .
Systems development:
Systems design:
kMNt;faetIRbB½n§fµInwgeFVIkary:agdUcemþcedI
m,IeGayRsbeTAtamtMrUvkarBaNiC¢kmµ.
Systems implementation: karbegáIt
nigTTYlyksmasPaBRbB½n§Edl)ankMNt;kñúgeBl Design .
Systems maintenance and review: RtYtBinitükarEkERbRbB½n§
faetIvabnþRsbtamkarpøas;bþÚréntMrUvkar
BaNiC¢kmµrWeT .
23
Chapter 4
Competing with Information Technology
4.1. Strategic IT
bec©kviTüaElgCaKMnitbnÞab;bnSMsMrab;bMerIe
Gayvis½yBaNiC¢kmµeTotehIypÞúyeTAvijvaKWCa
GñknaMpøÚvedIm,I
eGayBaNiC¢kmµTTYl)aneCaKC½y.
bec©kviTüaBt’manGacpøas;bþÚrnUvmeFüa)ayRbk
YtRbECgkñúgvis½y BaNiC¢kmµ . y:agNamij TPS, DSS,
MIS, etc.
eRbIR)as;bec©kviTüaBt’manedIm,ICYydl;GgÁPaB
dUcCa
pþl;KuNsm,tþikñúgkarRbkYtRbECgkan;EtxøaMgkø
a/ kat;bnßyKuNvibtþikñúgkarRbkYtRbECg
b¤eFVIeGayQandl;
eKalbMNgCayuT§saRsþrbs;shRKas .
4.2. The Competitive Environment
24
4.3. Competitive Forces and Strategies
25
4.4. Five Competitive Strategies
 Cost Leadership:
CayuT§saRsþénkarERbkøayéføedIménkarpliteGay
TabcuH/ CYykat;bnßyéføedIm rbs;Gñkpþt;pÁg;
b¤ GtifiCn/ begáInéføedImrbs;édKURbECg .
]TahrN_³ WestJet–Online ticketing
sMrab;kat;bnßytMélsMbuRt .
 Differentiation Strategy:
CayuT§saRsþEdleFVIeGayplitplrbs;Rkumh‘unxus
EbøkBIplitplrbs; édKURbkYtRbECg.
RbEhlCaGnuBaØateGayGñkkat;bnßynUvKuNsm,t
26
þiénPaBxusEbøkrbs;édKURbECg.
ykcitþTukdak;eTAelIPaKBiessNamYyénTIpSa .
]TahrN_³ Nike eRbI Online customer design, ABE Books eRbI Online sales
edIm,IeFVIeGay
xusEbøkBIGñklk;raytUc²epSgeTot .
eRbIrebobfµIénkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ/
eFVIeGayplitpl b¤ esvakmµmanEtmYyEdl
eRbIbec©kviTüaBt’man/
eRbIrebobfµIEdlRbesIredIm,IbMerIGtifiCn/
eFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvKuNPaB b¤ RbsiT§iPaB/
kat;bnßyeBlevlaeTAelITIpSa/
eRbIKMrUénkarEbgEcktamrebobfµI .
]TahrN_³
 Innovation Strategy:
-
Schwab – online discount trading to become a market leader
FedEx – online package tracking to become a market leader and to lock-in the customers
Government of Canada – eGovernment – self-service
Air Canada vs. WestJet – Online booking
 Growth Strategy:
BRgIksmtßPaBrbs;Rkumh‘unkñúgkarplit/
BRgIkcUleTAkñúgTIpSaBiPBelak/ eRbI
viFanepSg²cMeBaHplitpl b¤ esvakmµfµI .
]TahrN_³ TMnijrbs; Wal-Mart
bBa¢aTijtamRbB½n§kt;Rtatamry³ Satellite .
begáItTMnak;TMng
nigcgsm<½nmiRtCamYyGtifiCn/ GñkpÁt;pÁg;/
édKURbECg/ TIRbwkSa/ b¤ Rkumh‘undéTeTot .
bBa©ÚlrYbrYmKña/ rksIuh‘unKña/ Virtual companies,... .
eRbIR)as;bec©kviTüa B½t’manedIm,IbegáIt Virtual
organizations énédKUBaNiC¢kmµ .
 Alliance Strategy:
27
4.5. Other Competitive Strategies
 Lock in Customers and Suppliers:
eFVIeGayBYkeKraErkkñúgkargakeTArkPaKIxag
RbkYtRbECg . Caeyabl; Businesses should bring value into your
relationship. kareFVIkic©snüa .
eFVIeGayGtifiCn nig GñkpÁt;pÁg;
BwgEp¥keTAelIkareRbIR)as;énRbB½n§
Bt’mantamrebobfµI .
 Build in Switching Costs:
bgçÚcTwkcitþ b¤
BnüaRkumh‘undéTBIkarcUleTAkñúgTIpSa .
 Erect Barriers to Entry:
4.6. Creating a Virtual Company
A virtual company uses IT to link…
– People
– Organizations
– Assets
– Ideas
– Competitors
4.7. A Virtual Company
28
29
Chapter 5
Supply Chain Management and Global
Information Systems
5.1. Sharing Information Systems: The Rise of E-Commerce
Interorganizational
Information
Systems:
CaRbB½n§EdlGaceRbIedayGgÁPaBBIr b¤ eRcIn .
Vertical
Market:
CaTIpSarEdlTMenjrbs;GgÁPaBBaNiC¢kmµmYyRt
Uv)aneRbICavtßúFatuedIm
b¤
smasFatu
kñúgplitkmµ
rW
dMeNIrkarlk;énGgÁPaBBaNiC¢kmµepSgeTot .
Horizontal
Market:
ral;Rkumh‘unBaNiC¢kmµTaMgGs;kñúgTIpSa Tij
rW
lk;plitpldUc²Kña
ehIyBYkeKzit
kñúgkarRbkYtRbECgKña .
5.2. Vertical Information Systems
Vertically
Related:
lT§plénGgÁPaBmYyRtUv)aneRbIkñúgdMeNIrkarrb
s;GgÁPaBdéTeTot
.
karRc)ac;
bBa©ÚlnUvRbB½n§Bt’manrvagGgÁPaBCalkçN³
Vertically Related KWcMeNjx<s; dUcCakat;bnßykarcMNay
fvika
nig
eBlevla
RBmTaMgbMerIGtifiCn)anRbesIreTotpg.
30
5.3. Horizontal Information Systems
Horizontal Information Interchange:
GgÁPaBGnuvtþskmµPaBRsedogKñaedayEckcayBt’ma
n.
]TahrN_³
- viTüasßanhirBaØvtßúEckcayB½t’manhirBaØvtßú
.
- Rkumh‘unGakascrEckcayRbB½n§kksMbuRt .
31
5.4. Electronic Data Interchange
What is EDI?
karepþaHbþÚrTinñn½yeGLicRtUnicedayeRbIRbB½
n§Bt’mansMrab;GgÁPaBeRcIn. sMNMuén Hardware,
Software, nig Standards EdlpSM KñaeFVIeGay EDI dMeNIrkar
.
5.5. Benefits of EDI
32
5.6. How does EDI work?
1.
sMeNIrbs;GñkpÁt;pÁg;)anbBa¢ÚnCalkçN³eGLic
RtUniceTAkan;GgÁPaBEdlTij.
2.
kic©snüaeGLicRtUnicRtUv)anÉkPaBtamry³ Network .
3.
GñkpÁt;pÁg;plit nigevcx©b;TMnij/
P¢ab;Tinñn½ydwkCBa¢ÚnenAelI Bar code .
4.
cMnYnTMnijEdlbBa¢Ún
nig
tMélRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgRbB½n§
nig
naMeTAkan;kmµviFI eFVI
Invoice
bnÞab;mk
Invoices
RtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkan;GgÁPaBEdlTij .
5.
GñkpÁt;pÁg;bBa¢ÚnnUvTMnijEdl)anbBa¢aTij .
33
6.
GgÁPaBTijTTYlkBa©b;TMnij/
Scans
nigepÞógpÞat;Tinñn½yeTAnwg
bar
code
/
Invoices
tamcMnYnEdlTTYl )anCak;Esþg .
7.
karÉkPaBbg;R)ak;RtUv)anbBa¢ÚnCalkçN³eGLic
RtUnic .
8.
FnaKarepÞrR)ak;BIGñkTijeTAkñúgKNnIrbs;Gñkp
Át;pÁg;edayeRbI Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) .
5.7. Supply Chain Management
mincMNayR)ak;Tak;TgnwgsnñiFi/
karRKb;RKgpÁt;pÁg;TUTaMgdMeNIrkarplit
KWBIGgÁPaBmYyeTAGgÁPaBmYy bnÞab;eTot .
34
RtYtBinitü nigRtYtRtaelI Supply Chain KW Supply Chain Management
(SCM) .
karGnuvtþn_ SCM
KWRbtibtþikarcab;BIGñkpÁt;pÁg;rhUtdl;GtifiCn .
KuNsm,tþi ³
- kat;bnßykarKitKUelIsnñiFi
- kat;bnßyeBlevlaEdlRtUvcMNay
- kat;bnßyéføplitkmµ
5.8. The Importance of Trust
RbB½n§ SCM
manRbsiT§bMputenAeBlEdlRkumh‘unCMnYjTaMg
Gs;Edlzitkñúg Chain tP¢ab;RbB½n§rbs;BYkeK
ehIyEckcayral;Bt’manEdlTak;TgeTAnwgEpnkarénk
arplit nig dwkCBa¢Ún .
minEmnRKb;GgÁPaBTaMgGs; enaHeTEdlsuxcitþ .
RbB½n§GacRtUv)aneRbIenAxagGñklk; .
35
5.9. Multinational Organizations
TIbBa¢akarkñúgRbeTsEtmYy/
RbtibtþikarN_EbgEckeTAkñúgRbeTsepSg² .
sBa¢atirbs;Rkumh‘unminc,as; las; .
5.10.Using the Web for International Commerce
mansar³sMxan;sMrab;kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ B2B nig
B2C. vapþl;»kassMrab;eFVICMnYjenAelIsklelak .
Web
5.11.International Web Commerce Benefits


Increased Revenues:
begáInkarcUlrYmBICatisasn_nanatamry³ Web/
karcUlrYmBIGñkmanskþanuBl tamry³ web .
Cost Savings: kat;bnßyéføe)aHBum< nig dwkCBa¢Ún/
kat;bnßyéføbMerIGtifiCn .
5.12.Challenges to Global Information Systems
36

Technological Challenges:
ehdæarcnasm<½n§Bt’manminmanlkçN³ÉksNæan .

Regulations and Tariffs:
kar)armÖBIktþaCemøaHenAeBlRbtibtþi .




Differences in Payment Mechanisms:
viFIsaRsþkñúgkarbg;R)ak;cUlcitþrebobepSg²Kña .
Language Differences: karyWty:avkñúgkarbkERb/
c,ab;hamXat;kñúgkareRbIR)as;PasabreTs .
Cultural Differences: karRbkan;nUvvb,Fm’ .
Conflicting
Economic,
Scientific,
and
Security
kardak;kRmitrbs;rdæaPi)alelIkar
EckcayBt’manEdldwg
karpøas;bþÚrkarsm¶at;rbs;BaNiC¢kmµ,
karGnuBaØat nig karrkSasiT§ .
Interests:
.

Political Challenges:

karP½yxøackarKMramkMEhgnUvGFibetyüPaBkñ
úgkar Access eTAelIBt’man/
sm<aFBIrdæaPi)aledIm,IeGayTijEt Software
rbs;CatixøÜn .
Different Standards: kareRbIR)as;sþg;daepSgKñasMrab; Date
Format, Measurements, etc.

c,ab;énRbeTsnimYy²minsIuKña
dUcCakñúg U.S nig Europe .
Legal Barriers:
37
Chapter 6
Online Payment Processing Systems
6.1. The Payment Processing Network
 Acquiring Bank
In the online payment processing world, an Acquiring Bank provides Internet Merchant
Accounts. A merchant must open an Internet Merchant Account with an Acquiring Bank to
enable online credit card authorization and payment processing.
 Authorization
The process by which a customer's credit card is verified as active and that they have the credit
available to make a transaction. In the online payment processing world, an authorization also
verifies that the billing information the customer has provided matches up with the
information on record with their credit card company.
 Credit Card Association
A financial institution that provides credit card services and they are branded and distributed
by Customer Issuing Banks. Examples include Visa® and MasterCard®.
 Customer
The holder of a payment instruments such as credit card or electronic check.
 Customer Issuing Bank
A financial institution that provide a customer with a credit card or other payment instruments.
Examples include Citibank, Suntrust, etc. During a purchase, the Customer Issuing Bank
verifies that the payment information submitted to the merchant is valid and that the customer
has the funds or credit limit to make the proposed purchase.
 Internet Merchant Account
A special account with an Acquiring Bank that allows the merchant to accept credit cards over
the Internet. The merchant typically pays a processing fee for each transaction processed, also
known as the discount rate. A merchant applies for an Internet Merchant Account in a process
similar to applying for a commercial loan. The fees charged by the Acquiring Bank will vary.
 Merchant
Someone who owns a company that sells products or services.
 Payment Processing Service
A service that provides connectivity among merchants, customers, and financial networks to
process authorizations and payments. The service is usually operated by a third-party provider
such as VeriSign, Paypal, etc.
38
 Processor
A large data center that processes credit card transactions and settles funds to merchants. The
processor is connected to a merchant's site on behalf of an Acquiring Bank via a Payment
Processing Service.
 Settlement
The process by which transactions with authorization codes are sent to the processor for
payment to the merchant. Settlement is a sort of electronic bookkeeping procedure that causes
all funds from captured transactions to be routed to the merchant's acquiring bank for deposit.
6.2. How Payment Processing Works
 Payment Processing-Authorization (Online):
1. Customer decides to make a purchase on Merchant's Web site, proceeds to check-out and
inputs credit card information.
2. The Merchant's Web site receives customer information and sends transaction information
to Payment Processing Service.
3. Payment Processing Service routes information to the Processor.
4. Processor sends information to the Issuing Bank of the Customer's credit card.
5. Issuing Bank sends transaction result (authorization or decline) to the Processor.
6. Processor routes transaction result to the Payment Processing Service.
7. Payment Processing Service passes result information to Merchant.
8. Merchant accepts or rejects transaction and ships goods if necessary.
39
 Brick and Mortar:
1. Customer selects item(s) to purchase, brings them to cashier, and hands credit card to
Merchant.
2. Merchant swipes card and transfers transaction information to a point of sale terminal.
3. Point of sale terminal routes information to the Processor via dial-up connection (for the
purposes of the graphic above, the point of sale terminal takes the place of the Payment
Processing Service in the offline world).
4. Processor sends information to the Issuing Bank of the Customer's credit card.
5. Issuing Bank sends transaction result (authorization or decline) to the Processor.
6. Processor routes transaction result to the point of sale terminal.
7. Point of sale terminal shows Merchant whether the transaction was approved or declined.
8. Merchant tells the Customer the outcome of the transaction. If approved, Merchant has the
Customer sign the credit card receipt and gives the item(s) to the Customer.
6.3. Payment Processing-Settlement
6.4. Choose a payment processing service
 Pay-flow Pro
Designed for merchants who want maximum customization, control and scalability.
 Pay-flow Link
Designed for merchants who are just getting started on the Web or who have low transaction
volumes.
40
Payflow Pro®: Scalable and fully customizable, the Payflow Pro service is recommended for
merchants who require peak site performance and direct control over payment functionality on
their site. Payflow Pro allows merchants to process payments through their Web site with a
software download that includes a software development kit for simple API integration.
Payflow Pro features credit card, debit card, and check processing as well as purchase card
levels 2 & 3. Payflow Pro is integrated with most major shopping cart software.
Payflow Link®: The Payflow Link service is designed for merchants who require a simple
solution to selling on the Web. Payflow Link is a hosted order form service that allows a
customer to securely input credit card information.To use Payflow Link, merchants need only
add a small piece of HTML code that will link a customer from their Web site to the order
forms hosted by VeriSign. Payflow Link offers merchants a simple package for payment
processing, including credit card and check processing functionality as well as offline order
processing. Payflow Link works with most major shopping cart software.
41
Chapter 7
Decision Making Model
7.1. Methods for Selecting Projects
1. Focusing on Broad Organizational Needs
One method for selecting projects based on broad organizational need is to determine whether
they first meet three important criteria: need, funding, and will.
Need: do people in the organization agree that the project needs to be done?
Funding: is the organization willing to provide adequate funds to do the project?
Will: is there a strong will to make the project succeed?
2. Categorizing Information Technology Projects
Another method for selecting projects is based on various categorizations. One type of
categorization assesses whether projects provide a response to a problem, an opportunity, or a
directive.
Problems are undesirable situations that prevent an organization from achieving its goals.
These problems can be current or anticipated. For example, users of an information system
may be having trouble logging onto a system or getting information in a timely manner
because the system has reached its capacity. In response, the company could initiate a project
to enhance the current system by adding more access lines or upgrading the hardware with a
faster processor, more memory, or more storage space.
Opportunities are chances to improve the organization. For example, a company might
believe it could enhance sales by selling products directly to customers over the Internet. The
company could initiate a project to provide direct sales of products from its Web site.
Directives are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external
influence. For example, an important customer might require that all of its vendors use a
certain form of electronic data interchange (EDI) in order to do business with them.
Management would then initiate a project to implement this form of EDI to maintain business
with that customer.
3. Net Present Value Analysis, ROI, and Payback Analysis
Net Present Value Analysis (NPV): is a method of calculating the expected net monetary
gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash flows and outflows to the
present point in time. Only projects with a positive net present value should be considered if
financial value is a key criterion for project selection. Why? Because a positive NPV means
the return from a project exceeds the cost of capital—the return available by investing the
capital elsewhere. Project with higher NPVs are preferred to projects with lower NPVs, if all
other things are equal.
42
The mathematical formula for calculating NPV is:
NPV=∑t=1...n A/(1 + r)t
-t
:
the year of the cash flows
-A
:
the amount of cash flow each year
-r
:
discount rate
To determine NPV, follow these steps:
1. Determine the cash inflows (Projected benefits) and outflows (Projected cost) for the
project. The cash flow each year is calculated by subtracting the costs from the benefits
for each year.
2. Determine the discount rate. A discount rate is the minimum acceptable rate of return on
an investment. It is also called the required rate of return, hurdle rate, or opportunity cost
of capital. Most companies use a discount rate based on the return that the organization
could expect to receive elsewhere for an investment of comparable risk.
3. Calculate the net present value.
43
Recall that the discount rate in this example is 10% or 0.10.
1. You can calculate a discount factor—a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate
and year—for each year as follows:
Year 1: discount factor = 1/(1+0.10)1 = 0.91
Year 2: discount factor = 1/(1+0.10)2 = 0.83
Year 3: discount factor = 1/(1+0.10)3 = 0.75
Year 4: discount factor = 1/(1+0.10)4 = 0.68
Year 5: discount factor = 1/(1+0.10)5 = 0.62
2. You can calculate the discounted costs each year by multiplying the discount factor by the
costs for each year.
Discount costs each year = (Discount factor) x (Costs for each year)
3. You can calculate the discounted benefits by multiplying the discount factor by the
benefits for each year
Discount benefits each year = (Discount factor) x (Benefits for each year)
4. To find the net present value, sum the discounted benefits plus the discounted costs
NPV = (Total discounted benefits) + (Total discounted costs)
Return on Investment (ROI): is net-income divided by investment. For example, if you
invest $100 today and next year it is worth $110, your ROI is $(110-100)/100 or 0.10 or 10
percent. It is best to consider discounted income and investment for multi-year projects when
calculating ROI.
You can calculate the ROI for project 1 as follows:
ROI = (Total discounted benefits – Total discounted costs)/Total discounted costs
Payback Analysis: Payback analysis is another important financial tool to use when selecting
projects. Payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash
inflows, the net dollars invested in a project. In other words, payback analysis determines how
much time will lapse before accrued benefits overtake accrued and continuing costs. Payback
occurs when the cumulative discounted benefits and costs are greater than zero.
Payback period = ∑ (Discounted benefits + Discounted costs) > 0
44
NPV, ROI, and Payback Analysis for Project 1
NPV, ROI, and Payback Analysis for Project 2
45
4. Models of Cost, Revenue, and Profit
Fixed cost: is the portion of the total cost that does not depend on the production volume; this
cost remains the same no matter how much is produced.
Variable cost: is the portion of the total cost that is dependent on and varies with the
production volume.
R(X) = Unit Price x X
C(X) = Fixed cost + (Unit cost x X)
P(X) = R(X) – C(X)
X
R(X)
C(X)
P(X)
:
:
:
:
Number of items sold
Revenue
Expense
Profit
5. Simple Interest
Fn = p(1 + ni)
p
n
i
:
:
:
present value ¬cMnYnR)ak;EdleGayeKx©I¦
number of periods
interest rate per period
¬R)ak;srubbnÞab;BI n
period TaMgkarTaMgedIm¦
Fn
:
future value at the nth period
th
6. Compound Interest
Fn = p(1 + i)n
period
¬cMnYnR)ak;EdleGayeKx©I¦
p
:
present value
n
i
:
:
number of periods
interest rate per period
Fn
:
future value at the nth period
TaMgkarTaMgedIm¦
7. Job Evaluation Methods

Ranking

Classification

Point rating
– Responsibility
– Education
46
¬R)ak;srubbnÞab;BI n
th
–
–
–
Skill
Effort
Working condition
Example: Recruit Computer Programmer:
Responsibility:
O1
O2
O3
O4
O5
Education:
O1
O2
O3
O4
O5
Skill:
O1
O2
O3
O4
O5
Effort:
O1
O2
O3
O4
O5
Working Condition: O 1
O2
O3
O4
O5
8. Overtime Payment
1. Hourly Employee
Overtime Rate = Regular Rate * (1 or 1.5 or 2)
2. Salaried Employee
Overtime Rate = (Salaries/Regular Hours)*(1 or 1.5 or 2)
Ex:
Mr. A
Salary: 500$/Month
Regular hours: 140h
150 : 500 + [(500/140)*1.5*10]
Mr. B
Rate: 7$/h
150 : (140*7) + (10*7*1.5)
9. Decision Tree
Product:
A
Unit cost:
2000$
Sale person:
1
2
3
4
5
2500$
1000$
2500$
3000$
2500$
47
Selling price: 2500$
1000$
3000$
Probability:
1/5
1/5
3/5
Expected value of A: (2500*3/5 + 1000*1/5 + 3000*1/5) – 2000 = 300$
Product:
B
Unit cost:
1000$
Sale person:
1
2
3
4
5
1500$
500$
500$
2000$
1500$
Selling price: 1500$
500$
2000$
Probability:
2/5
1/5
2/5
Expected value of B: (1500*2/5 + 500*2/5 + 2000*1/5) – 2000 = 200$
2500 - 2000
3/5
1/5
1000 - 2000
300
1/5
A
3000 - 2000
B
2/5
1500 - 1000
2/5
200
500 - 1000
1/5
2000 - 1000
7.2. Project Time Management
1. Project Network Diagrams
D=4
2
A=1
5
B=2
1
H=6
E=5
F=4
3
6
C=3
I=2
4
7
G=6
48
J=3
8
2. PERT/CPM
PERT: Program Evaluation and Review Techniques
CPM: Critical Path Method
Project managers look for answer to the following questions:
1. What is the total completion time of the project?
2. What is the schedule start and finishes dates for each activity?
3. Which activities are "Critical" and must be complete "exactly" as scheduled?
4. How long can "non-critical" be displayed before they cause an increase in the total
project completion time?
Scheduling with known activity time:
Activities
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Activity
Description
Activities
Predecessor
Activities
Time
Prepare architectural drawing
Identify potential new tenant
Develop prospectus for tenant
Select contractor
Prepare building permit
Obtain approval building permit
Perform construction
Finalize contracts with tenant
Tenant move in
--A
A
A
E
D, F
B, C
G, H
5
6
4
3
1
4
14
12
2
49
AEFGI
:
Critical part is the long path
:
Non-critical path
ADGI
ACHI
BHI
Note:
EARLIEST
START (ES)
EARLIEST
FINISH (EF)
C
5
9
4
8
12
LATEST
START (LS)
LATEST
FINISH (LF)
3. Gantt Charts
Gantt charts provide a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing
project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format.
50
1.1 Sign Contract
1.2 Close Contract
Chapter 8
Human Resource Information Systems
HRIS consists of three subsystems:
– Recruitment & Selection
– Training & Education
– Pay & Benefit Administration
8.1. Personnel Department Chart
8.2. Context Diagram
51
KWCa Diagram mYyEdleyIgcat;Tuk System Ca Process
mYyEdlbgðajBITMnak;TMngeTA Entity .
8.3. Data Flow Diagram for Subsystem
52
8.4. Recruitment & Selection
1. Recruitment
53
The first part of the process of filling a vacancy
i. Examine the vacancy
- New workforce requirement
- Replacement for people who left the company
ii. Source of candidates
Internal candidates:
- Promotion
- Demotion
- Transfer
External candidate:
- Advertisement
- Recruiting agencies
- Colleges/University
2. Selection
- Match applicants to jobs (Short list)
- Interview
- Medical exams
3. Data Flow Diagram (Recruitment & Selection)
Find External Candidates
– Get application form from applicants
54
–
–
–
–
–
Match applicants to jobs and inform applicants in short list for interview
Interview applicants and inform selected candidates for medical exams
Get medical results from applicants and examine the result
Generate job offer letter for successful applicants
Store data of new employees in employee file
4. Entity for Recruitment & Selection
55
56
57
58
Chapter 9
Database Technology
9.1. Basic DB Terms
Data: Meaningful facts, text, graphics, images, sound, video segments
Information: Data processed to be useful in decision making
Metadata: Data that describes data
9.2. Data in Context
9.3. Data: A Resource
The Success of an organization depends on efficient use of its resources:

Buildings, factories, equipment

Technical know-how

Human resources

Data
Data: An important organizational resource
59
9.4. Information
9.5. Metadata
9.6. Data Integrity

Ensures that the stored data are consistent and correct

Easy to define global rules


customer_age > 21 years

number_of_credits < 18
Can allow multiple users to access data without compromising on data integrity
60
9.7. Traditional File-Oriented
9.8. DBMS
9.9. Database Systems

Collection of electronic data

Central repository of shared data

Stored in a standardized, convenient form.

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)
61
9.10.Database and Database Systems
Database:
 Integrated collection of data
 Things, Entities, Relationships
 Self describing Data about data
Database Management System (DBMS): Software for Develop, Implement, Manage, Maintain
DB.
Database System - Database, DBMS, Applications
9.11.Advantages of Central Database





Reduce data redundancy
– Same customer address for each Dept.
Reduce data inconsistency
– New real time updates for every Dept.
Eliminate application-data dependency
Improve data sharing
Enforce standardization
9.12.Evolution of DB Models





File processing system (traditional)
Hierarchical
Network
Relational
Object-oriented (Object-relational)
9.13.Hierarchical Database
62
9.14.Network Database
9.15.Relational Database

A relational database is a collection of tables that are related to one another based on a
common field.

A common field is called a primary key(s): unique identifier in data model (ERD)

When the primary key of one table is represented in a second table to form a relationship, it is
called a foreign key.
63
Advantages

Easier database design, implementation, management, and use

Ad hoc query capability with SQL

Powerful database management system
9.16.Relating Tables Using a Common Field
64
9.17.Database Applications

Personal Database – standalone desktop database

Workgroup Database – local area network (<25 users)

Department Database – local area network (25-100 users)

Enterprise Database – wide-area network (hundreds or thousands of users)
9.18.An Enterprise Data Warehouse
9.19.Data Mining
Help to find hidden patterns and relationships in large databases to predict future behavior.
9.20.Components of the DB Environment

CASE Tools – computer-aided software engineering

Repository (data dictionary) – centralized storehouse of metadata

Database Management System (DBMS) – software for managing the database

Database – storehouse of the data

Application Programs – software using the data

User Interface – text and graphical displays to users

Database Administrators (DBA) – personnel responsible for maintaining the database

System Developers – personnel responsible for designing databases and software

End Users – people who use the applications and databases
65
9.21.Database Development Process
66
67
Logical DB Design (Selection of DB model)

Analyze database views (transactions, forms, displays, inquiries) required by the business
function supported by the database

Integrate database views into conceptual data model

Identify data integrity and security requirements

Create a stable and well-defined structure for the database
68
9.22.DB Development Schedule
69
9.23.Incremental Commitment in DB Development
Project is reviewed at the end of each development phase

Re-justify the process under the light of new requirements and available resources

Renew commitment of stakeholders

Continue / Revise Scope / Cancel
9.24.Database Schema

The structure of a database system

Defines the tables, the fields in each table, and the relationships between fields and tables.

External Schema

–
User Views
–
Can be determined from business-function/data entity matrices
–
DBA determines schema for different users
Conceptual Schema
–

ER models
Physical Schema
–
Physical structures
70
9.25.Centralized Database Systems
9.26.Client/Server Database Systems
71
9.27.Distributed Database Systems
72