Download Lecture1 - rci.rutgers.edu

LECTURE #1
You have to understand the concept between structure and function.
You
have
to
understand
the
nature...
that
an
enzyme
is
fundamentally selecting for function and that the evolution of the
area is to understanding its secondary structure and tertiary
structure and who are the people that developed the methods for
secondary structure and tertiary structure, and that's who?...
For tertiary and secondary and primary structure... who?
At that stage you have to know Sanger.
assay is in terms of function.
the function biochemically.
assay for fermentation?
Sanger.
You have to know what an
What is it?
It's a definition of
And, who really developed the first
Buchner.
O.K., so you're getting the
logic of what I'm expecting you to understand.
Then what happened is you go from function to structure and then
you evolve into where we are now.
We can have alot of sequencing
structure, but we don't know function.
Now, what I gave you last
time with the enzymology in terms of function, you had, there was
a concept introduced and that's the transition state.
transition state is an intermediate.
And, the
And you need that concept in
order to understand how catalysis works, and that transition state
1
lowers the activation energy and allows the action to go forward
at a faster rate.
that doesn't exist?"
The question is "How do you prove something
Again you can make the analogy to love.
Also, you have to understand what an equation is and how you
create an equation... or you have a graph and from the graph, it's
a pattern, how you create an equation for that graph that has an
explanation.
Now, I'll give it to you this way.
what science is in general.
some regularity.
This is sort of
You try to look for a patterns, for
So, the idea is to find order in disorder, order
in the universe, O.K.?
Love sometimes gives you a sense of order.
It may not be real, but it gives you a sense of purpose and order.
Then you look for that pattern and you try to find an equation
that fits that pattern.
But so far, this is still numerology.
You have a pattern and you have an equation.
That's what happened
to Mendel; he had a pattern of the distribution of genes, and he
had an equation, which was the binary equation, ???a+b2
was the
mendelian equation for genes, or you recognize it at A + small,
dominant recessive.
And you get homozygous dominant, heterozygous
and homozygous recessive.
That equation explained the pattern
that Mendel found.
The Michaelis-Menten equation explains a pattern for this graph.
The graph is a pattern.
quotes.
You can find patterns on a gel, in stock
Then you look for an equation.
2
At least then you can
formalize it to the number of variables involved in that pattern.
That's very useful, but that's not yet science.
Then, you try to
go from the equation to the explanation, or the cause or the
mechanism, behind the equation;
the mechanism, or the logic, that
creates the equation.
In population biology, there's a lot of scientists that give you
equations that fit curves, and that's curve fitting.
That's very
nice,
complicated
and
it
looks
like
science;
you
have
very
equations, but they're not science in the real sense in that the
equations themselves make no sense.
the observation.
equation,
then
They just fit the curve or
When you have a mechanism that explains an
you
have
science.
And,
the
mechanism
explains, or the logic behind this equation, was what?...
that
that
the velocity is proportional to some enzyme substrate complex,
that there's an intermediate, that doesn't exist.
That's very
important, that the logic, if you start with this logic, you can
actually derive this equation, plus an equilibrium of the ES
formed and the ES lost.
But that's the logic behind this pattern.
The logic behind the mendelian curve is "How do you generate a
binary
equation
for
genetics
mechanistically?"
When
Mendel
published this and he published his equation, it was called "The
Golden Rule" because no one had any idea of what it meant.
3
It
looked like a God-given rule.
sure it was a God-given rule.
weren't that sure.
Since he was a priest, they were
He wasn't promoted to pope, so they
But, they were sure there was some rule that
God gave to make this genetic rule.
didn't understand it.
mendelian
genetics
He had no mechanism; he
It stayed dead for fifty years.
was
rediscovered
in
1905.
That's why
It
wasn't
rediscovered because it wasn't true, because no one understood how
he got this equation to explain the pattern of genetics.
what's the explanation for this equation.
You've seen this all
your life and you don't know what the explanation is.
garbled???????, that's correct.
And,
tape
And there was a medical student
who was sitting in class; premed (always the premed) named Sutton,
and he saw something that everybody else saw.
He saw slides of
mitosis and meiosis, and he saw, basically, just that pattern of
chromosomes lining up.
And he made one assumption in his head.
He said, "If this can move to the right half the time or this
moves to
left half the time, then it might postulate that this structure is
carrying a gene, or the characteristic for a plant???, then half
the time it'll move to this cell and half of the time it'll move
to that cell".
If that's the case, then I'd have a binomial
distribution, then I've explained Mendel's genetics.
But, the whole proof for Mendel's genetics, that if you look at
the slide, it looks like the chromosome can go either to the right
4
or to the left.
There's no evidence it does that.
You don't know
whether they all aren't going to go to this daughter chromosome.
But the assumption is that they randomly go to the right or to the
left.
If they randomly go to the right or the left, then you
explain this equation.
So, the mechanism to explain this equation
was independent and random assortment.
Random, let's say random
assortment to right or left of chromosome...
Nobody's done that
experiment, by the way... of putting a marker on a piece of DNA on
chromosome and seeing if it goes 50% of the time to the daughter
cells.
And, it's doable now; it's never been doable, but now, you
can actually physically check to see if a chromosome goes 50% of
the time to one side or the other.
genetics.
Then, you have mendelian
If it doesn't do that, it's not a mendelian gene.
And
because this explains this rule, he could say, very strongly, that
genes are on the structures, that genes are on chromosomes.
So, is a gene, in the mendelian sense, the gene's definition of a
gene... a mendelian gene means it has to be on a chromosome and it
has to sort 50-50 to the daughter cells and it has to pass a
binomial distribution.
It's a different assay.
Is it the same gene as a DNA gene?
No.
The assay for a mendelian gene is this
binomial distribution.
What other gene did I mention before in the other lectures, will
be on the exam?
That's right, and who presented that?
5
Who was
the guy who proposed the first gene?
"I will sacrifice my life
for one brother or two cousins or one sister."
Remember that.
I
asked you whether you'd sacrifice your life for your brother or
sister.
Did I ask you that?
Anybody here... who'd sacrifice
their life for their brother or sister?
You'd do that?
that's nice, but how about for two cousins?
Anybody else?
interesting.
O.K,
That's
Genetically, that's equivalent in the gene pool, not
according to mendelian genetics, but according to a population
biologist.
gene.
But that gene is a different gene than the mendelian
It's
population.
a
gene
that
just
increases
in
frequency
in
the
There's no evidence that gene's as popular as a
mendelian gene.
And, when they talk about genes involved in
intelligence or mediocrity or any kind of behavior, no one's ever
proved that those genes are mendelian genes.
You can ask, "Do
they have, do they sort independently and randomly?"
That's a
mendelian gene.
Same with DNA... If you see a molecular biology gene, or they
claim it's a gene, it's a sequence, you can ask, "Does it sort
independently and randomly 50-50?"
So, that's an important issue.
So, those are three types of genes, but I really brought this up
to say to you, that's why Mendel was unappreciated; not because he
didn't get the equation for the pattern... are you still going to
sacrifice for the cousins?... No?
6
He didn't have an assay.
That's YOUR assay.
you, "I think this is genetic.
If someone says to
I think exam taking is genetic,
the ability to do well on exams."
You have to say to them, "Well,
what kind of gene?" and then they'll say, "I don't know what you
mean."
And, you'll say, "Well, is it a mendelian gene?, and
they'll say, "I don't know what you mean."
Then say, "Well, does
that characteristic sort independently and randomly?
If I tested
for that characteristic in the next generation, would I get this
distribution?"
That's the assay for the mendelian gene."
Or,
will that characteristic just increase a certain proportion in the
next generation?
That would be a population biology gene, which
is a little ????????????? as a concept.
say
that's
the
case,
tell
me
what
Or, even harder, if you
the
DNA
piece
is
that
corresponds to that.
Let's do it in a medical sense.
say what?...
It
means
"Breast cancer is genetic."
You
That's right, you say, "What do you mean, genetic?"
that
my
inherited in women.
father
Aha!
Then
had
it...I'll
have
it?
No,
it's
So, now, it has to be on the X
chromosome,
right?
you
say,
"Does
it
sort?
Is
it
a
mendelian?
Does it sort independently and randomly, or did you
just find a piece of DNA on a gel that correlates to the disease?"
Do you see what I'm saying?
And what happens if that piece of DNA shows up in a male?
7
Then,
they'll say to you, "Well, keep an eye on him; he might get breast
cancer."
STUDENT QUESTION...
this rule.
It can or can't be, as long as they follow
But, I just told you, no one's ever actually watched a
piece of DNA to see, a piece of DNA on a chromosome to see if it
moves independently and randomly.
look at the phenotype.
It's an assumption, because you
But, no one's checked the mechanism.
This
guy, Sutton, did this when he was a premed student in 1910 or
something like that.
And, then he went to medical school, never
heard of again.
Who was the other medical student that was never heard of again?
Lesch-Nyhan, I told you, discovered that HGPRT for monoclonal
antibody.
I'm just giving you good stories about premeds that
were brilliant before they went to medical school, and then how
medical school ground them into mediocrity.
memorize a lot of material.
Well, you have to
This is very creative thinking, but
the point here is that the mechanism explains the equation.
It
took 50 years before someone saw that and explained the equation.
So, Mendel is credited with being such a genius, but really, he
found an observation and an equation.
He didn't have a mechanism.
That's also ???Harvey Weinberg??? actually, but this is also
mendelian
different.
genetics.
Well,
???Harvey
Weinberg's
a
little
It's one minus...square... It's an equilibrium of two
8
genes in a population, a similar situation.
But, it isn't clear
what creates that mechanism.
But, you can see that this, if it turned out that chromosomes move
to one daughter cell two times as frequently as another daughter
cell, than this equation would be different, right?
phenotypes would look different.
And the
It just happens that they claim
there's an equal mobility on either side.
And, it's interesting,
because you could also argue the big chromosomes should move
slower than the small chromosomes, right?
move at the same speed.
things.
this
That puts a kind of a constraint on
I won't go into it.
rule.
You
think
But they all seem to
it
But it has a certain consequence,
should
leave
behind
the
smaller
chromosomes when they're having division, that it should be faster
and the bigger one should be laggard.
Anyway, the point here is, this guy understood that he could
explain the pattern of the equation by an assumption.
I told you
before, that Planck said that the frequency was proportional to
?H-nu??, the energid<<<?? sign.
That the energy was proportional
to the frequency of the radiation.
And he came up, arbitrarily,
with a constant to make an equation.
an equation.
also
on
the
You have to know how to make
Remember what I said about equations, ???, that's
exam.
There
are
proportionality to an equation.
two
parts,
one,
to
How do you do that?
9
convert
a
And what's
the
difference
proportional?
between
inverse
proportional
You have to know what that is.
and
directly
Which is directly
proportional, Michaelis-Menten or Bragg's diffraction equation?
Which is inverse space?
the next one.
You don't have that yet; you'll get it in
What's the other part of that equation?
To find
out if you've got the right equation, what would be the constant
dimensions in the equation, dimensionality, is a good way, and
that way you can write your own equation, and we'll check how you
do.
There's a constant, John's constant... What's John's constant?
That can't show up on the Scarlet notes, can it?
dimensions of John's constant?
grades per hour slept.
go.
What are the
What is it?... That's right;
Who was here for John's?
O.K., there you
That's a very ?????? exam question, but that's a kind of exam
questions I do.
Last year, I gave Michael's constant, that was
another constant.
But, you get the point, O.K.
You can make up your own equation
that is just as valid.
But this is the logic of science.
giving
insight.
you
a
very
understand this.
big
years
to
I had a pattern of nucleotide sequences.
I
analyzed nucleotide sequences.
nucleotide sequences.
rules of harmony ????
It
took
me
many
I'm
I was looking for the logic of
You can say they're random or they're like
And you look for a pattern.
10
I found a
pattern.
I could actually predict equations.
I could predict
different sequences, but I didn't have a logic yet of why they
were there.
And, that logic took many years.
And when I had the
logic to figure out what the equations were for the pattern, then
it became science.
And then it was stolen by Crick, Brennar and
Klug, my colleagues and we all published together.
British way.
And that's the
Until you solve the whole thing, they won't steal it
from you, because it's not science.
In America, they'll sell it
as long as they can sell it along the way; it doesn't matter.
Anyway, that's the logic.
Sutton, in a sense, discovered the logic of mendelian genetics.
It's very important.
And here, the logic is the transition state.
This is a very powerful concept.
Haldane, the same guy that gave
you the population gene, also gave you the energetic that enzymes
interact by weak bonds.
state.
Then, Pauling gave you the transition
And, I'm going to take this concept of the transition
state a little further into this lipid lecture.
And it's not in
Lenninger, but it kind of fell out as I was restudying it to
lecture to you, some interesting aspects of how this concept of a
transition state...
Now, the transition state as a concept for
catalysis was very good and it held and the only evidence was the
Michaelis-Menten
structural
equation
evidence
for
as
the
a
kinetic
transition
building a transition state analogue.
11
argument.
state
Right?
was
The
first
getting
and
Anyone?... Two
things, with enzymes, what did he do?...
population genetics?...
Remember that?
life for a sister or two cousins?
Would you sacrifice your
Population gene... Would you?
The cousins you couldn't care about, huh?
their cousins.
O.K. and in terms of
Most people don't know
Some people dont' even know their sisters.
You
find out later in life...aha... that... what happened?
Anyway, I will give a lecture on how to look at the world from a
DNA point of view as opposed to the phenotype.
a
very
funny
country.
The
concept
of
America looks like
genes,
you
have
to
understand, in terms of, not genes and genetics, in terms of an
assay.
That's what you were asking about.
What's the assay?
An
assay can be like a Buchner funnel, a physical assay, but it can
be a concept like a mendelian gene, a binary distribution.
You
can say, "Does it fit that rule and therefore, I can call it that
type of a gene?"
a
functional
function.
An assay is, basically, a way of describing, in
sense...
Now,
It's
with
this
actually
the
transition
manifestation
state,
there
of
the
was
a
consequence to the concept that if it existed and you could get a
structural representation of the transition state, you could make
a
complimentary
surface
to
that
transition
state,
and
that
complimentary surface would then act as an enzyme for the initial
non-stable version of this state, or the transition state itself.
Is that clear?...
For some.
If this is love, and love is pure
and it's noble (I shouldn't make judgments here too) and you call
12
the
transition
state
analogue
transitory, and it's temporal.
the
stable
of
love
is
But you can have a permanent state
of love, which is sort of a ???brothel.
state analogue.
version
That's the transition
So if you make a complimentary surface to that,
and then go back to love, the analogue, it should be a catalyst on
that.
Now, I'll make this a little classier.
Cleopatra had to take
training before she married Cesar, because she was a virgin.
So,
she had to go make a transition state analogue before she went to
the transition state with Cesar ????? Cesarea.
historical consequence.
Notes either.
So, it also has an
Anyway, that may not show up on Scarlet
But I was trying to figure out the transition state
analogue, is the compliment to the transition state analogue, does
not cleave the transition state analogue.
misunderstand.
That's what people
It cleaves the transition state.
compliment to the phosphone.
If you make a
It'll cleave the ester linkage.
And, the nature of the transition state, chemically, is that it's
usually one valence higher than the previous one.
carbon, you end up with a phosphate.
So, if it's
You have something coming
in, let's say it's a hydroxyl group, you end up with a phosphate.
And if it's a nitrogen, it can be carbon.
it can be nitrogen.
13
And if it's an oxygen,
So these are the analogues to the transition state substrates.
And that's important, because with monoclonal antibodies, if you
can make a complimentary surface to the analogue, you can make an
enzyme for any, ANY, ANY function; not just take the enzymes that
exist in nature or any function that exists in nature.
If you
take an antibody which is complimentary to a particular analogue
structure, it will act as an enzyme on the original substrate.
And, these are called catalytic antibodies...
And I'm going to
show you this,in terms of lipids now, it's not in Lenninger, but
you'll see it now, how clearly, what's happening, by looking at
the structure of lipids.
Lipids, in themselves, used to be not
interesting, and I figured out that they're probably much more
interesting than one would have thought.
If one looks at them,
not as simple substrates, but one looks at them as transition
state analogues.
But they're also energy sources and they're also
involved in structure.
They're also involved in what we call
combinatorial chemistry.
So, historically, also, there's another set that you'll have to
know.
The difference between what we did historically is function
giving structure, going to rational drug design.
rational drug design?
pharmaceutical setting?
And what's
Rational drug design... Anyone work in a
Yes, go ahead... No, rational drug design
means that you're designing the drug to fit the shape of the
receptor.
Again, not dissimilar to the transition logic, but you
14
know the structure of your receptor, three-dimensional structure,
and you design your drug to be something small that fits exactly
the shape of whatever interacts there.
And, if you can inhibit
that interaction or enhance that interaction, then you have a drug
that you can sell.
And, ideally, you want a drug that doesn't
kill the patient, doesn't ?????help?>? the patient very much, but
that he has to take it every week.
flow.
And this gives you a cash
And that's rational drug design.
Now, that's changed, because there you had to know the structure
and you had to know the function and you had to know something
about what you were working on.
What's the new chemistry now?
It's perfect for students that don't want to study, don't want to
know
anything.
If
you
don't
want
to
know
anything
about
chemistry, you don't want to study structure of chemistry, you
don't want to study how to put them together and you don't want to
know anything about how to make them, what do you do?
everything.
chemistry.
If
you
make
everything,
that's
You make
combinatorial
And, that's what they're doing now, make everything...
And this guy knows everything and he's been sleeping through this
class, that's right, that's subliminal, and that's what you should
do now.
Everybody, take a nap, because obviously, you're doing
very well.
material.
Everyone, sleep...sleep...relax.
Don't be anxious.
15
You will learn this
Combinatorial chemistry means, you make everything first and then
select afterwards.
And, that's what physicians do, right?
You go
into the emergency room, you get a new intern, he knows nothing.
What does he do?
What are the four things a doctor can do?
told you... in medical school.
is he going to do?
You go in with chest pains.
What are the four things.
I
What
I told you already,
what? Lasix, cortisone, probably have an inflammation around the
heart, right, and it's not going to hurt you, and you're in pain,
what does he give you?
Pain medication?
right away...go ahead... what else?
you get an infection from the IV.
He gives you morphine
And some antibiotics in case
Right, that's it, he gives you
all four. Go ahead...no, you were in the bathroom when this
happened, no...
O.K.
What?
Lasix...you should stay in your class, peaceful,
Oh, I'm sorry about that, I shouldn't joke, O.K.
Lasix, this is all the medicine.
It's a diuretic.
What does Lasix do, anybody?
It's the only thing that works when you're
filling up your lungs, when you're going into pulmonary failure.
Obviously you're having...and you're fortunate enough not to know.
But, usually, when you get to a certain age, somebody in your
family has a heart condition, and it's the only thing that works.
And, it's dramatic.
You're filling up with water in your lungs
and that's how you die.
And unless you get Lasix into the patient
immediately, and that what the paramedics do...
It will drain you
out, it's a diuretic and it's dramatic, and all of a sudden, you
can breathe again.
O.K., so that works.
16
And then you have pain, so that's only pain medication, right?
And antibiotics, right and cortisone for any skin disease or
inflammation.
Everything else has so many side effects, it's not
worth trying.
Plus, there's a thing called the "placebo effect".
The placebo
effect
What's
is
what?
What's
the
percentage?
effectiveness of most rational drug design?
30%.
Not 80%, 80?
on! Seventy, 60-70% if you're lucky, on THEIR numbers, O.K.?
usually 50%, O.K.?
their drugs.
the
Come
It's
And, it doesn't affect the whole population,
It only affects a small proportion.
That's what
they're all looking for, the genetics of the receptor, to find out
how to experiment.
Anyway, that's also what you call combinatorial medicine.
You
give the patient everything and if they survive, you're a goddamn
genius!
Okay?
That's the doctor, that's your usual intern.
people know this is true.
Most
There's a good movie by George C.
Scott: A guy comes in completely healthy and ends up in a coma.
What do you do for AIDS?
Nothing!
What are you going to do for AIDS?
You sell them a cash-flow of drugs, okay, $15,000 a year
and you come in and put them on a morphine drip.
mean, what are you going to do?
17
Anything else, I
Cancer:
What can you do?.
STUDENT COMMENT ..for what for AIDS,
yes, I'll tell you about it.
They use it for antibodies...
You're big on that issue... We'll discuss that.
discuss it.
I'm not going to
Well, I'll tell you, actually, people have used it
historically also for antigens for vaccines, because it's sterile
and there's a whole history.
It doesn't work, okay?
That doesn't
work; this doesn't work.
That's combinatorial medicine.
So, you can do everything first
and see what happens afterwards, okay?
If it's limited.
And so
you have to know the logic of that, that combinatorial chemistry.
All
of
science
before
was
apriori.
Aposteriori, okay...after the fact.
theory.
It's blind.
And
this
chemistry
now,
what?...
This is like evolutionary
You do all the random changes and then you
see what the environment selects as being adaptive.
in
is
it's
easier,
faster
everything and then see what happens.
and
It turns out,
cheaper
to
make
You can make it in two
ways, systematically or randomly, you can get everything.
People
are sequencing randomly, and later, we'll go into the logic of the
nuances of making this kind of chemistry.
So
that's
the
overview
of
what
we
were
looking
at
with
the
enzymology and the receptor sites, and the combinatorial chemistry
will fit in a little bit here with lipids, I'll give you more on
18
that.
What else did I cover?
Is there anything YOU want on the exam?
Well, I gave you the questions and the answers.
You
want
the
???Innua
story??
You
want
What...go ahead.
me
to
write
mythological story and then you write the equation for it?
could do that and you write the... Is that too complicated?
a
I
I'll
write up sort of a love poem, and then you write the equation that
corresponds to it?
Or one of these...
I was thinking of doing
that one... What is this... English Literature, Milton's "Paradise
Lost"?
But you can see the analogies.
If you think at a certain level,
there is a logic to things.
Now, lipids come... Yes, that's the transition state.
monoclonal
antibodies,
Mitchell, yes.
that's
phosphone.
Oh,
Martha
Yeah, but no one ever heard of Martha Mitchell.
Did anyone look her up on the WEB.
Tells me how old I am.
his name.
Yes...
That's the
Did anyone look up Watergate?
John Mitchell was her husband.
He was the Attorney General for Nixon.
I forgot
He was the guy
in charge of prosecuting all the crimes in the United States.
And
he was perpetuating the biggest crime, which was Watergate.
Not
only was he perpetuating it, but he was covering it up.
Not only
did he cover it up when his wife went to the newspapers to tell
19
the truth, Martha Mitchell, he went out of his way, I believe, to
have her killed.
Okay?
And the proof lies in whether her
immunoglobulin is the same as any other immunoglobulin in the
database.
She died of a myeloma at Sloan Kettering.
And the
directors of Sloan Kettering, at that time, were Halderman and
Erlichman.
Okay?
Who were they?...
They went to jail for Watergate.
So, chances are, they had access to this material.
And
when you see the latest CIA, where they pushed the guy to the Penn
Station
Building,
you
know,
the
Penn
Hotel
outside
of
Penn
Station, where they tested LSD randomly on New Yorkers... did you
see it on TV recently?
were
random...
There
Oh, there's a whole program where they
they
go
with
combinatorial
LSD.
They
randomly tested LSD on anybody in the bars, in the subways in New
York City to see the effects.
Huh?... It was on A&E, you know.
No, no, it was random. Not only not aware...
let's try it out.
they're
on...
it was completely,
But with New Yorkers, you can't tell whether
It
doesn't
matter.
controlled experiment, you see.
Alright,
that's
not
a
It's probably just increased the
dose a slight bit.
Lipids, okay.
So you don't know.
So with Martha, see, she's a
hero, a heroine, I should say, and since you don't know her, I
bring her up again because there will be another heroine.
Okay,
who's the other heroine for enzyme competitive inhibitors and...
Huh?
No!
Some amoral class here.
20
You got it wrong; that's
wrong...
????????????? (CHUCKLING).
I can see where coming from.
That's an unsung hero, too; there you go.
you get older.
Poor kids.
You'll respect your wife.
Okay, now, lipids have three characteristics.
for energy.
They are a storage
And this is normally a very boring topic, lipids,
because they're just hydrocarbons.
carbon.
Wait till
But,
if
you
think
They're just long chains of
about
world
wars
and
all
relationships, it's really about these long-chain carbons.
the
And
isolating and identifying oil is all part of geopolitics...... In
fact, the whole Bush campaign is related to this.
So, we'll
discuss
a
that.
Also,
lipids
can
be
looked
at
as
natural
combinatorial chemistry because they come in, let's say, multiple
associations where you can have A, B and C, where A, B and C can
be 10 or 11 different types of compounds and they all hook up to a
common backbone.
So complex lipids have combinations of chains
attached to a backbone.
So, there is a combinatorial chemistry
aspect to lipids, and that has never been pointed out except in
this class.
So it may be true, it may not be true and I'll show
you patterns, and we'll actually derive an equation.
Now, they also have another aspect.
there
are...
which
is
They are storage, ????? and
interesting.
They're
involved
in
information transfer, in a very minor way, where you have various
hormones,
and
they're
involved
21
in
structures,
more
complex
structures in terms of membranes and something novel, in terms of
cholesterol, which is what I call "fluidity buffering" or "density
buffering".
And then there's one new thing, which is that they
may be involved, and I don't know how to give it a name yet, but
they seem to have patterns of transition states.
So what I'm
saying to you, I think, is I've found a pattern, and I'm going to
try to get an equation and you try to find a mechanism, maybe in
five to ten years, to explain this pattern that we're observing.
So lipids, even though they started off and in the chapter they're
given, considered kind of boring, they may turn out to be quite
interesting.
Now, the first part of lipids is the global aspect of lipids...
END OF LECTURE #1
22
23