Download II. Classification of Joints

Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 10 th ed.
Chapter 8: Joints of the Skeletal System
Chapter 8: Joints of the Skeletal System
I. Introduction
A. Joints are also called ____________________________________________________
B. Joints bind _______________________, make possible _______________________ ,
permit _____________________________ and enable ____________________________
II. Classification of Joints
A. Introduction
1. Three general groups of joints are ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Joints can also be grouped according to _______________________________
3. Immovable joints are called _________________________________________
4. Slightly movable joints are called ____________________________________
5. Freely movable joints are called _____________________________________
B. Fibrous Joints
1. Fibrous joints are so named because __________________________________
2. The three types of fibrous joints are __________________________________
3. In syndesmois, bones are bound together by ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. An example of a syndesmosis is _____________________________________
5. Because a syndesmosis permits slight movement, it is called _______________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Sutures are only between ___________________________________________
7. A sutural ligament is ______________________________________________
8. Fontanels allow __________________________________________________
9. An example of a suture is___________________________________________
10. Because sutures are immovable, they are called ________________________
11. A gomphosis is __________________________________________________
12. A periodontal ligament is __________________________________________
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13. An example of a gomphosis is ______________________________________
C. Cartilaginous Joints
1. Bones of cartilaginous joints are joined by _____________________________
2. Two types of cartilaginous joints are __________________________________
3. In a ____________________________ , bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones.
4. Many synchondroses are ___________________ and disappear during growth.
5. Two examples of synchondroses are __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Synchondroses do not permit movement and are therefore _________________
7. In a symphysis, the articular surfaces of bones are covered with ____________
___________________ and the cartilage is attached to _____________________
8. Two examples of symphyses is ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
D. Synovial Joints
1. Most joints are ___________________________________________________
2. Synovial joints allow _____________________________________movement.
and are called ______________________________________________________
3. Synovial joints consist of ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
III. General Structure of a Synovial Joint
A. Articular cartilage is ____________________________________________________
B. The joint capsule is _____________________________________________________
C. The outer layer of the joint capsule consists of ________________________________
D. The inner layer of the joint capsule consists of ________________________________
E. Ligaments reinforce _____________________________________________________
F. The synovial membrane is ________________________________________________
G. Synovial fluid comes from _______________________________________________
H. Besides secreting synovial fluid, the synovial membrane may also ________________
________________________________________________________________________
I. Synovial fluid has a consistency of ____________________________ and functions to
________________________________________________________________________
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J. Menisci are ____________________________________________________________
K. Menisci function to _____________________________________________________
L. Bursae are ____________________________________________________________
M. Bursae are located _____________________________________________________
N. Bursae function to ______________________________________________________
O. The names of bursae reflect ______________________________________________
IV. Types of Synovial Joints
A. The six major types of synovial joints are ___________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
B. A ball-and-socket joint consists of _________________________________________
C. A ball-and-socket joint allows______________________ than any other type of joint.
D. Examples of ball-and-socket joints are ______________________________________
E. The structure of a condyloid joint is ________________________________________
F. An example of a condyloid joint is _________________________________________
G. The articulating surfaces of ____________________ are nearly flat or slightly curved.
H. Examples of gliding joints are ____________________________________________
I. The structure of a hinge joint is ____________________________________________
J. An example of a hinge joint is _____________________________________________
K. The structure of a pivot joint is ____________________________________________
L. Examples of pivot joints are ______________________________________________
M. The structure of a saddle joint is __________________________________________
N. An example of a saddle joint is ____________________________________________
V. Types of Joint Movements
A. An insertion of a muscle is _______________________________________________
B. The origin of a muscle is _________________________________________________
C. Flexion is _____________________________________________________________
D. Extension is ___________________________________________________________
E. Hyperextension is ______________________________________________________
F. Dorsiflexion is _________________________________________________________
G. Plantar flexion is _______________________________________________________
H. Abduction is __________________________________________________________
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I. Adduction is ___________________________________________________________
J. Rotation is_____________________________________________________________
K. Circumduction is _______________________________________________________
L. Supination is __________________________________________________________
M. Pronation is ___________________________________________________________
N. Eversion is ____________________________________________________________
O. Inversion is ___________________________________________________________
P. Protraction is __________________________________________________________
Q. Retraction is __________________________________________________________
R. Elevation is ___________________________________________________________
S. Depression is __________________________________________________________
VI. Examples of Synovial Joints
A. Shoulder Joint
1. The shoulder joint is ___________________ that consists of_______________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The shoulder joint capsule is very ____________________________________
3. __________________________________ reinforce the shoulder joint capsule.
4. The four ligaments that help prevent displacement of the shoulder joint are ___
__________________________________________________________________
5. The coracohumeral ligament strengthens ______________________________
6. The glenohumeral ligament extends __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The transverse humeral ligament runs between __________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. The glenoid labrum functions to _____________________________________
9. The four major bursae associated with each shoulder joint are ______________
__________________________________________________________________
10. The shoulder joint is capable of a wide range of movement due to _________
__________________________________________________________________
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B. Elbow Joint
1. The articulations of the elbow joint are ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The ulnar collateral ligament is located ________________________________
3. The ulnar collateral ligament attaches _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The radial collateral ligament is located _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The radial collateral ligament strengthens ______________________________
6. Fatty pads of the elbow joint protect __________________________________
7. The only movements that occur at the elbow joint are ____________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Hip Joint
1. The hip joint is a _________________________________________________
2. The hip joint consists of ____________________________________________
3. The acetabular labrum is ___________________________________________
and functions to _____________________________________________________
4. The major ligaments of the hip joint are _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The iliofemoral ligament attaches ____________________________________
6. The pubofemoral ligament extends between ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The ischiofemoral ligament connects _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. The hip joint has______________________ movement than the shoulder joint.
9. _________________________________ surround the capsule of the hip joint.
D. Knee Joint
1. The largest and most complex of the synovial joints is the _________________
2. The knee joint consists of __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The femur articulates with _________________________________ anteriorly.
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4. The knee functions as a ____________________________________________
5. The articulation between the femur and tibia is a ________________________
6. The articulation between the femur and patella is a ______________________
7. The knee joint is greatly strengthened by ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. The 5 ligaments of the knee joint are __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. The patellar joint extends from ______________________________________
10. The oblique popliteal ligament connects ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. The arcuate popliteal ligament connects ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. The tibial collateral ligament connects _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. The fibular collateral ligament connects ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. Two ligaments within the knee joint are called _________________________
__________________________________________________________________
15. The anterior cruciate ligament connects ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
16. The posterior cruciate ligament connects _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
17. Two _______________________________ separate the articulating surfaces
of the femur and tibia.
18. Three bursae associated with the knee joint are_________________________
__________________________________________________________________
VII. Life-Span Changes
A. Changes in collagen lie behind ____________________________________________
B. The ___________________________________________ joints are the first to change.
C. Synchondroses that connect ______________________________________ disappear
as the skeleton grows.
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D. Ligaments lose ____________________ as collagen fibers become _______________
________________________________________________________________________
E. In the intervertebral discs, less water diminishes ______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
F. Loss of function of synovial joints begins in the ___________________ decade of life.
G. Fewer ___________________ serving the synovial membrane slows the circulation of
_________________________________ , and the membrane may become infiltrated with
________________________________________________________________________
H. Abduction is __________________________________________________________
I. Adduction is ___________________________________________________________
J. Rotation is_____________________________________________________________
K. Circumduction is _______________________________________________________
L. Supination is __________________________________________________________
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