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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ
БЕЛАРУСЬ
БЕЛОРУССКАЯ МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ
ПОСЛЕДИПЛОМНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
«УТВЕРЖДАЮ»
Проректор по учебной работе
Проф. М.И. Римжа
« »______________2002 г.
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
«ПОИСК ИНФОРМАЦИИ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ НАУЧНОМ
МЕДИЦИНСКОМ ТЕКСТЕ»
Обсуждено на Совете факультета
и рекомендовано для внедрения
в учебный процесс
« »_____________ 2002 г.
Декан факультета,
проф. Э.А. Вальчук__________
« »____________2002 г.
Обсуждено на кафедре иностранных
языков и рекомендовано для
внедрения в учебный процесс
« »____________ 2002 г.
Зав. кафедрой иностранных языков
С.Ф. Новицкая _______________
МИНСК 2002
Учебное пособие «Поиск информации в английском медицинском
научном тексте» предназначено для слушателей 2-годичного очнозаочного курса «Управление здравоохранением» при кафедре…
БелМАПО и составлено на основании Учебной программы для этой
категории слушателей. Авторы: ст. преп. Кафедры иностранных
языков БелМАПО С.Ф. Новицкая, И.М. Брылёва и Л.В. Котова.
Рецензент
2
Unit 1.
 Текст.
The patient was a 26 - year - old woman with progressive systemic
sclerosis of six years’ duration. She was given penicillamine, 250 mg daily,
dosage was increased to 2 gm after 30 days. One year later she noted that
food such as ice- cream and fish were tasteless. The drug was discontinued,
and subjective taste sensitivity returned to normal within four weeks.
 Грамматика.
1. TO BE.
I
he she it
we you they
Present
am
is
are
Past
was
was
were
Future
will be
will be
will be
Part.11
been
been
been
2. Группа времён INDEFINITE.
ВРЕМЯ
Present
Past
Future
АКТИВНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
/WE/ NOTE
/МЫ/ ОТМЕЧАЕМ
/WE/ NOTED
/МЫ/ ОТМЕЧАЛИ
/WE/ WILL NOTE
/МЫ/ БУДЕМ
ОТМЕЧАТЬ
ПАССИВНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
/SUCH FACTS/ ARE NOTED
/ТАКИЕ ФАКТЫ/ ОТМЕЧАЮТСЯ
/THE FACTS/ WERE NOTED
/ФАКТЫ/ ОТМЕЧАЛИСЬ
/THE FACTS/ WILL BE NOTED
/ФАКТЫ/ БУДУТ ОТМЕЧАТЬСЯ
 Лексика.
1. Предлоги времени:
SINCE
TILL / UNTIL
FROM
TO
------------------------------------
С
ДО
-----------------------------------ПЕРЕД В
ПОСЛЕ
BEFORE
В РАМКАХ
В ТЕЧЕНИЕ
3
FOR
WITHIN
DURING
AFTER
2. Отрицательное значение имеют:
A -, AN - apathy, anaesthesia, amnesia, anuria
IN insane, indefinite, incomplete, inoperable
IM impossible, immortal, impalpable, immobilization
IL illegal, illiterate, illegitimate, illogical
IR irregular, irrational, irresponsible, irreparable
DE decode, decompose, decolorize, devalue
DIS discharge, discomfort, disinfect, discoloured
NON - non - stop, non - aggression, non - resistant
MIS mislead, miscarry, misunderstand
UN unknown, uncommon, uncertain, unconscious
-LESS tasteless, sleepless, bloodless, helpless
3. Глаголы:
давать
увеличивать / уменьшать
отмечать
продолжать, отменять
возвращать, возвращаться
give / gave, given /
increase / to decrease
note
continue / to discontinue
return to
4. Служебные слова:
the / a
that
with
within
артикли
 тот, та, то, те  который, кто  что  то, что
 тв. п. - кем? чем?  с, со  путём, с помощью
в пределах, в рамках, в течение
 Упражнения.
 Выделите префиксы и суффиксы:
Immobile, formless, disorder, irregular, impure, depose, non - party,
arrhythmia, uncertain, inattention, non- resistant, misrepresentation,
indirect, amoral, disfavour, unkind, incorrect, irresistible, imperfect,
painless, hopeless, non - stop, invalid, misguide, disappear, non - effective,
asymptomatic, ataxia, misprint, inorganic, harmless.
4
 Найдите главные члены предложения:
1. Most patients recover but 15 % to 20 % have some degree of renal
impairment.
2. Deterioration in the function of major organs in patients with systemic
lupus erythematosis is related to the disease itself or to non - lupus related
causes.
3. Maximal beneficial effects occurred when the dose was 5. 0 mg / kg of
beraprost.
4. The clinical picture included fever, weakness, arthralgia, and oedema.
5. These results indicate that beraprost attenuates the nephritis in mice.
6. This questions the benefit of this technique.
7. Their renal function was normal before these episodes.
8. Cytomegalovirus infection is common in patients infected with human
immunodeficiency virus.
9. The case is discussed, and some aspects of acute nephritis induced by
diuretics are briefly reviewed.
10. Even with this focused approach, results often differ.
11. The patient ’s gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms promptly
subsided.
12. Gastroscopy did not identify a source for the bleeding and he was given
omeprazole 20 mg every day.
13. The evolution to lymphoproliferative disorders is well known in SS.
14. Routine laboratory tests did not disclose any abnormalities.
3. Укажите, в каких предложениях выделенное слово является
сказуемым:
1. After discontinuation of a prolonged treatment with enalapril, plasma
creatinine increased without an apparent cause. Tetracyclines are highly
acidic and cause an intense inflammatory reaction.
5
2. This is the first report describing aorto - pulmonary collaterals in a preterm infant with a structurally normal heart. We report a beneficial effect
of the drug in 30 patients.
3. Clinical and echocardiographical signs did not change after ligation. Xray abnormalities included change in kidney position.
4. The Table I shows the results of the liver function tests. Blood vessels
obstruction results in congestion and rupture.
5. The incidence of liver polycystosis in these patients ranges from 1540%. Because of decreased range of motion shoulder radiographs were
performed in December 2001.
6. This case is an unusual example of neuroblastoma with haematuria and
damage to renal vessels. Smoking damages seriously your health.
7. We review 34 patients with Parkinson’s disease. A review of the
literature concerning the non-surgical treatment of these cysts is presented.
8. Goldstein et al use this agent to successfully treat a hepatic cyst. We
described the first successful use of doxycycline in the treatment of simple
hepatic cysts.
9. A 50- year- old woman needed ß- blockers for control of hypertension.
This form of treatment can effectively control these skin conditions.
10. A prolonged course of amoxillin resulted in a prompt return of kidney
function to baseline values. After drainage amylase levels return to normal.
11.Cooling decreases and warming increases excitability. The clinical
examination shows a marked increase in systemic inflammatory activity.
12. The Danish study indicated that beer increases the risk of oesophageal
cancer. We study the safety, the efficacy, and the tolerance of this
medicine.
Домашнее задание:
Образуйте слова, имеющие отрицательное значение:
Range, carry, ability, colorize, thermic, compose, comfort, constant, exact,
moral, mature, qualified, perfect, infect, agree, accord, patient, material,
definite, complete, interference, reversible, lead, sense, pyrexia, vascular,
conscious, take, intervention, valvular, certitude, rational, expected,
common, understand, equal, axial, kinetic, septic, logical.
6
Unit 2.
 Текст.
The patient was a 40 - year - old man with rapidly progressive
systemic sclerosis of 11 months’ duration, with pulmonary, myocardial and
esophageal involvement. He was given penicillamine, 250 mg daily. Three
days later he had a sudden worsening. The drug was discontinued. He
reported a decrease in his ability to taste on the last of day drug
administration, his taste returned to normal within the first 24 hours after
drug therapy was stopped.
 Грамматика.
1. Способы передачи русских падежей:
Русские
падежи
И. п.
/кто? что?/
Р. п.
/кого? чего?/
Д. п.
/ кому? чему? /
В. п.
/кого? что?/
Т. п.
/ кем? чем?/
П. п.
/о ком? о чём?
где? /
Способы
Примеры
передачи
падежных
отношений
The book is good.
Перевод
Книга
хорошая.
of, ‘s
The book of my son. Книга моего
My son’s book.
сына.
to, I write many letters to Я пишу много
my mother. I write
писем матери.
my mother many
letters.
I write letters.
Я пишу
письма.
by, with
The letter was written Письмо было
by his mother.
написано его
The letter was written матерью.
with a pen.
Письмо было
написано
ручкой.
about, to, on The book is on the
Книга на
…
table.
столе.
7
2. Притяжательный падеж.
Существует для выражения отношения принадлежности, частично
соответствует родительному падежу в русском языке и отвечает на
вопрос «чей?»
симптомы пациента
Patient’s symptoms
 Лексика.
1. Основные префиксы:
признак глагола, обычно от
ENlarge
существительного и прилагательного
OUT - выход за пределы
OUTflow
OVER - превышение меры, переход
OVERdose
UNDER - недостаточность, положение внизу UNDERvalue
UNDERlip
EN -
REPREPOST-
повторность действия
предшествование
последующее действие
REview
PREdict
POSTwar
2. Основные суффиксы глаголов:
- EN
- IFY
- IZE, - ISE,
- YZE, - YSE
- ATE
3.
to threatEN
to simplIFY
to organIZE
to separATE
Основные суффиксы существительных:
- ER, - OR
- EE
- ANCE, - ENCE
- AGE
- DOM
- TUDE
- NESS
workER, authOR
addressEE
importANCE, differENCE
drainAGE
freeDOM
attiTUDE
acuteNESS
8
- ITY
- TH
- SHIP
- HOOD
- ICS
- ING
- URE
- MENT
-Y
- ION
activITY
lengTH
friendSHIP
childHOOD
genetICS
meetING
natURE
improveMENT
theorY
rotatION, erosION, professION
4. Глаголы:
have
worsen
stop
report
иметь
ухудшать, ухудшаться
останавливать, останавливаться
сообщать
5. Служебные слова:
 р.п. - кого? чего?  из
 в - место, время
 через - время  у
 на - место  в, по, после, на - время  о,
относительно / в названиях /  после / перед
герундием /  вперёд, дальше
to
 д. п. - кому? чему?  к, в, на - куда?
my, your, his, мой, твой, ваш, его,
her, our, their её, наш, их
of
in
on
 Упражнения.
 Выделите корень слова:
Adaptor, adaptation, adaptability; acceptance, acceptor, acceptability;
anatomy, anatomist, anatomize; aggression, aggressor, aggressiveness;
accelerate, acceleration, accelerator; acidity, acidize, acidify.
9
 Найдите главные члены предложения:
1. A patient with acute interstitial nephritis secondary to ingestion of a
Chinese herbal medicine is presented.
2. To our knowledge this is the first report of this pathology.
3. We describe a patient with immunoglobin A nephropathy that was
treated with sucrose-containing immunoglobulin.
4. Current recommendations based on a critical literature survey are
provided.
5. In a study of 212 children at the University of Nigeria Teaching
Hospital, 14 had infected shunts and one developed shunt nephritis.
6. In this paper we will focus on the role of angiotensin II in
atherosclerosis.
7. The illness started with the sudden onset of high fever, skin rash and
gastrointestinal symptoms.
8. For selected patients with aggressive life - threatening disease,
experimental therapies such as plasmapheresis or intravenous
immunoglobulin may be used.
9. Future studies will clarify the precise mechanisms through which insulin
resistance contributes to hypertension and atherosclerosis.
10. A 46 - year -old male had hemodialysis because of progressed
glomerulonephritis.
11. The cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage remains undiagnosed.
12. A chest radiograph obtained in June 1999 showed stabilization of the
pulmonary nodulosis.
13. Treatment is indicated if symptoms develop.
14. Large cysts will require drainage and high volumes of alcohol.
 Переведите, обращая внимание на предлоги:
1. The 52-year- old patient was admitted to his local hospital in March
1998 after a large, fresh hematemesis.
2. Biopsies of minor salivary glands revealed a dense, nodular infiltrate
mainly composed of lymphoid and plasma cells, with partial destruction of
normal structures.
3. A 34-year-old woman was referred to the hospital by her general
practitioner in April 1997.
4. Symptoms caused by the polycystic liver appear in only 10-15% of
patients.
10
5. After the successful use of alcohol to sclerose renal cysts, Bean and
Rodan treated six patients by the aspiration of the cysts.
6. Complete emptying of the cyst cavity was confirmed by ultrasound.
7. We described the first successful use of doxycycline in the treatment of
simple hepatic cysts.
8. Nearly all patients die within 1 year in the absence of a suitable therapy.
9. We report a beneficial effect of colchicine in 2 men with CF with
secondary nephropathic amyloidosis.
10. We reviewed 14 cases with a mean age of 21 years at the time of
diagnosis of proteinuria.
11. A pre-term infant / 31 weeks’ gestation / with bronchopulmonary
dysplasia after hyaline membrane disease was transferred from neonatal
unit on day 42 for ligation of the arterial duct.
12. He was ventilated before transfer to our hospital.
13. A CT scan of the chest obtained at another hospital three months before
admission revealed numerous thin-walled cysts in both lungs.
14. In the previous studies of aspirin that included women, their number did
not exceed 500.
Домашнее задание:
Выделите суффиксы:
Grouping, experiment, assistance, operate, realize, darkness, acceptance,
location, indicate, toxicity, influence, modify, coagulation, equipment,
partnership, babyhood, purify, dryness, shorten, regression, evaluate,
sleeplessness, fracture, adoptee, constructor,
depth, actor, altitude,
monitoring, reactivity, rupture, drainage, mobilize, expression, treatment,
structure, examination, simplify.
11
Unit 3.
 Текст.
This 27 - year - old woman had multisystem disease with
paresthesias, peripheral polyneuropathy, arthralgias, transient migratory
rash, recurrent fever, “ asthma” and severe uncontrollable hypertension
(200/160 mm Hg). Results of lupus erythematosis preparation and
urinalyses were normal as were multiple biopsies, including those of
involved muscles.
 Грамматика.
1. Степени сравнения прилагательных:
Положительная
степень
Односложные
Long
длинный
Двусложные
Easy
Лёгкий
Многосложные Difficult
Трудный
Сравнительная
степень
Longer
Длиннее
Easier
Легче
More difficult
Труднее
превосходная
степень
longest
самый длинный
easiest
самый лёгкий
most difficult
самый трудный
Примечания:
 Если прилагательное заканчивается на -Y с
предшествующей согласной, -Y меняется на -I.
 Некоторые прилагательные и наречия образуют степени
сравнения от других корней.
Особые формы:
лучше
Good,
well better
хороший, хорошо
Bad,
badly Worse
плохой, плохо
Many,
much More
многие, много
хуже
более
12
best
самый
лучший, лучше всего
worst
наихудший,
хуже всего
most
наиболее
 Лексика.
1. Наиболее
употребительные
терминоэлементы.
латинские
общенаучные:
медицинские:
aero anti bio electr hydr hyper hypo infra inter intra micr multi morph poly pseud radio sub super trans -
arthr - algia
-cide
cry - cyt
erythr haem -, hem leuk - lysis
my neur - pathy
pleur pneum psych rhin - rrhea
schiz urin -
и
2. Суффиксы прилагательных:
- AL, - ANT / - ENT, - IVE, - IC,
- /I/ AN, -OUS, - Y, - ING, SOME, - ABLE / - IBLE,
AR , -ARY, - ORY, - ERY
наличие качества
- FUL
полнота качества
- ISH
ослабление качества
- LESS
отсутствие качества
13
греческие
3.
Сохранившиеся
существительных:
um
is
us
a




из
древних
языков
окончания
datum  data
analysis  analyses
uterus  uteri
formula  formulae
-a
- es
-i
- ae
4. Глаголы:
result
 получаться  from / происходить в
результате, вытекать из  in /приводить к,
кончаться чем - либо
involve
include
exclude
conclude
occlude
preclude
 поражать
 вовлекать
включать
исключать
заключать, делать вывод
преграждать, закрывать
предотвращать, устранять
5. Служебные слова:
as
 так как, поскольку / в начале предложения /
 как, в качестве / перед существительным /
 по мере того, как / со сказуемым /
этот, эта, это; эти
this; these
 Упражнения.
 Сравните:
painful
useful
harmful
careful
hopeful
thankful
-------------------------
painless
useless
harmless
careless
hopeless
thankless
14
 Укажите форму множественного числа:
Erratum, medium, atrium, memorandum, ovum, serum, criterium,
bacterium, spectrum, stimulus, nucleus, bronchus, alveolus, bacillus,
thrombus, calculus, coccus, focus, radius, glomerulus, status, cyclus,
fundus, basis, stenosis, crisis, hypothesis, axis, diagnosis, thesis, macula,
vertebra, pleura, trabecula, pustula, sclera.
 Найдите пары:
submandibular
infratemporal
infracostal
infraocclusion
subdental
sublingual
subcutaneous
infraorbital
multicapsular
polychromic
polycystic
multicellular
multinuclear
polyuria
multipara
polyneuritis
подвисочный
подглазничный
подрёберный
расположенный ниже корня зуба
подъязычный
подкожный
инфраокклюзия
подчелюстной
повторнородящая
многоклеточный
имеющий несколько ядер
полиурия
имеющий несколько оболочек
полиневрит
поликистозный
гиперпигментированный
4. Найдите главные члены предложения:
1. Case history of cancer survivors indicates that early detection often saves
lives.
2. Lung cancer often does not produce obvious symptoms.
3. At that time the patient complained of abdominal pain and vomiting.
4. Diets eaten in economically developed countries and urban areas of the
developing world are relatively low in cereals and relatively high in sugar,
fat, protein of animal origin, salt.
5. Traditional lifestyles usually involve regular moderate physical activity.
6. The growth of a malignant tumour usually destroys surrounding tissue,
induces increased blood vessel formation, and may spread to distant tissues
metastasis.
7. Pharmacokinetic studies in laboratory animals indicate that 50 - 90 % of
dietary TCDD is absorbed and that it concentrates in adipose tissue and in
the liver.
15
8. Diets high in vegetables and fruits will also protect against obesity and
coronary heart disease.
9. Coffee and tea contain flavonoids and phenols, which have
anticarcinogenic properties.
10. Natural ice refrigeration first developed in the mid - nineteenth century.
11. High alcohol intake possibly increases the risk of lung cancer.
12. The majority of these studies involved only men, one study included
both sexes.
13. In one study selenium did not reduce lipid peroxidation, but was still an
effective chemopreventive agent.
14. In the first two studies the amount of aflatoxin was based on the
average for this group.
Домашнее задание.
Переведите:
1. We do not routinely use oral calcium tolerance tests.
2. Urological complications of acute appendicitis were reported previously.
3. The definition of hypercalciuria still remains a matter of debate, partly
because urinary calcium excretion depends upon factors such as age, sex,
body weight, and diet.
4. Earlier studies verified that in MCN spontaneous remission is often seen.
5. Two mechanisms are responsible for the development of edema.
6. His blood sugar concentration was well controlled, and little proteinuria
was detected.
7. In this article we will show that for a number of reasons it is not possible
to demonstrate a better outcome in continuous renal replacement therapy.
8. A 16 - year - old female was admitted to the emergency room because of
headache and vomiting for about one week.
9. Occasionally acute renal failure develops on the basis of an unknown
nephrotic syndrome.
10. The etiology of hypertensive crisis is shown in Table 2.
11. Two dopamine specific receptors were described.
12. Any of these approaches has its advantages and disadvantages.
16
Unit 4.
 Текст.
This 27 - year - old man with a four - year history of a multisystem
disorder characterized by conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, recurrent
fevers, weight loss, arthritis, bloody urethral discharge, subcutaneous
nodules, polyneuritis, hematuria, pleurisy, and marked peripheral vascular
disease, sustained a severe myocardial infarction at the age of 26 years,
with subsequent formation of a ventricular aneurysm. Biopsy of a
subcutaneous nodule revealed vasculitis of the small vessels, and
pathological examination of a leg amputated after spontaneous arterial
occlusion revealed destruction of the internal elastic membrane with
secondary cholesterol deposits.
 Грамматика.
1. Определители существительного:
 артикль
the, a
 числительное
 существительное в притяжательной форме ‘ s
 наречия
many / much, few /
little
 указательные прилагательные
this / these, that / those
 неопределённые местоимения
some, any, no
 притяжательные местоимения
my, your, his, her,
its, our, their
2. Правило ряда:
Если после артикля (или другого определителя существительного)
стоит ряд слов, чаще всего, существительных в единственном числе и
без предлога /предлоги всегда прерывают ряд!/, то только
последнее из них будет тем словом, к которому относится артикль и с
которого надо начинать перевод этого ряда.
Все остальные слова являются, прямо или косвенно, его
определениями. Если в ряду есть причастие, деепричастие,
прилагательное, все они тоже относятся к последнему слову. Союзы
(and, or) не прерывают ряд!
17
liver cancer mortality rate
10 000 volunteer blood donors
high - quality incidence data
laser ablation of the transformation zone
3. Причастие II.
Соответствует русскому страдательному причастию / -ем, -ен, -ан, -ат ... / :
played
done
играемый, сыгранный
делаемый, сделанный
Функции:
 определение
отвечает на вопрос «какой?», одиночное причастие может стоять до и
после определяемого слова, причастный оборот ставится всегда после
него;
 обстоятельство
отвечает на вопросы “когда?”, “как?”, “почему?” и другие, может
вводиться словами:
when когда , if если , as как , though
только , until пока не .
хотя , once раз уж, как
 Лексика.
1. Глаголы:
sustain
characterize
mark
reveal
amputate
examine
lose / lost, lost /
destroy
перенести
характеризовать /ся /
отмечать, обозначать
выявлять
ампутировать
исследовать, осматривать
терять
разрушать
18
2. Служебные слова:
at
at last
at least
 в, на, у - место
наконец
по крайней мере
 в - время
by
 тв. п. - кем? чем?  путём, с помощью
 у, около  к - время
 написанный, составленный и тому подобное
перед именем собственным
 Упражнения.
 Переведите:
Hodgkin’s disease patients
drug users
stomach pain
blood pressure
normal calibre renal arteries
side effects
heart rate
New - York Medical Society members
calcium channel blocker
small bowel disease
small bile duct damage
2. Сравните и переведите:
1. We confirmed colposcopically cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. We
observed a patient with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia confirmed
colposcopically.
2. We included in this study 50 patients, 25 males and 25 females. All
patients included in this study had cystic fibrosis.
3. We treated 185 patients with acute renal failure. 21 patients personally
treated by the author are included in this report.
4. The author reviewed 45 patients with subglottic stenosis. The patients
reviewed in this study were adults with subglottic stenosis.
5. The surgeon performed the tracheotomy under local anesthesia. The
tracheotomy performed either under local anesthesia or under general
anesthesia after bronchoscopic intubation is indicated in this case.
6. We administrated prostaglandins locally. Medical therapy consisted of
prostaglandins administrated locally.
19
7. We determined the frequency and prognostic importance of the disease
detected by a rapid immunological assay. The frequency and prognostic
importance of the disease were determined.
8. We describe four female patients with psoriasis treated with fumaric
acid esters. The patient described in this report developed renal failure,
fever, arthritis and arthralgia.
9. We administered absolute alcohol intravenously. Absolute alcohol
administered intravenously is a thromboembolic agent.
10. The authors demonstrated that the tissue calcium content was
unchanged after calcium infusion. Pancreatic necrosis demonstrated by
pancreatography in 38 of 194 patients was confirmed at surgery in 28.
3. Найдите и переведите предложения, в которых причастие II
выполняет функцию обстоятельства:
1. Each renal artery branches into many small arteries called arterioles.
2. Blood platelets rupture when exposed to any other environment.
3. Methoxamine and phenylephrine are vasopressors that, when given
intravenously, elevate systemic vascular resistance.
4. The contraction and relaxation in vascular smooth muscle display more
differences than similarities when compared with processes in skeletal and
cardiac muscle.
5. Normal results were found for bone marrow biopsy, skeletal
radiography, and CT scans of the thorax and abdomen.
6. When stimulated, the heart muscle contracts.
7. Both these methods of examining lungs are frequently used.
8. Once activated, this mechanism causes cell destruction.
9. When confirmed, excessive ingestion of calcium has to be reduced.
10.Several bronchoscopic examinations, including one performed shortly
before admission, were non-diagnostic.
11.The past history was complicated by diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerotic
heart disease and a long history of smoking.
12. Acute osteomyelitis is generally caused by staphylococcus aureus.
4. Переведите:
1. Taken together, these observations support our hypothesis.
2. Two children aged 3 and 4 years were successfully transplanted in
Rome.
3. Extensive trials of both agents showed that they are on the whole well
tolerated.
4. It is quite difficult or impossible for most of the people trained under the
western medical system to study the classical oriental medicine.
20
5. When compared to the period before they took the supplements, the
patients reported fewer exacerbations.
6. Once diagnosed, the principle of management is to drain collections of
pus and remove all necrotic tissue.
7. Мultiple sclerosis is a clinical diagnosis based on a person’s reported
symptoms.
8. Usually, the body is able to repair part of damage done to the myelin.
9. Cytomegalovirus infection is common in patients infected with human
immunodeficiency virus.
10. When injected into the biliary tree, alcohol can lead to marked sclerosis
of the bile ducts.
11. Once considered untreatable, ischemic stroke became subject to
emerging therapies.
12. Renal biopsy done during the early recovery phase showed features of
acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis.
Домашнее задание:
Найдите границу ряда и переведите:
1. Because of a congenital or surgical atrioventricular block pacemakers
were inserted in two patients.
2. Many childhood leukaemia cases occurred in isolated communities,
communities experiencing rapid growth.
3. For correlations the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was
calculated.
4. An excess risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was found
for wards, which are farthest from large urban centres.
5. The role environmental factors play in multiple sclerosis is not
completely understood.
6. In this type of reaction circulating antibodies bind to the surface antigens
of certain cells.
7. Fehr et al showed that the clearance of opsonized red blood cells by the
spleen and liver was reduced by intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.
8. The patient had the cystic lung changes.
9. Six weeks after completion of chemotherapy and radiation therapy the
patient was readmitted for a course of autogenous vaccine.
10. A prospective study found that high pre-diagnostic serum levels of
vitamin D metabolites are associated with decreased risk of breast cancer.
11. Two specific compounds with potent glutathione - 5 - transferase inducing activity were isolated from green coffee beans.
12. The 3 years continuous treatment with 0,5 mg calcitriol daily led to
statistically significant reductions in the new vertebral fractures.
21
Unit 5.
 Текст.
The patient was a 17 - year - old girl, gravida 1, whose last normal
menstrual period had ended on October 1, 1999. Her expected date of
confinement was in early July 2000. Her pregnancy was complicated by a
severe, idiopathic, hemolytic anemia, which responded well to steroid
therapy. During the final four weeks of pregnancy, a further complication
arose in the form of moderate hypertension, and two weeks before her
admission to the hospital, fetal heart tones ceased.
She was admitted on July 18 for elective induction of labor. Labor
induction with oxytocin was attempted, but without success. The possibility
of abdominal pregnancy with fetal death was then considered, and
hysterosalpingography was performed.
 Грамматика.
1. Местоимения.
Личные местоимения
Именительный падеж
I
he
ему
she
it
we
you
they
Объектный падеж
я
он
me
him
мне, меня
его,
она
оно /он, она /
мы
вы
они
her
it
us
you
them
её, ей
его, ему, её, ей
нас, нам
вас, вам
их, им
Указательные местоимения
this
that
этот, эта, это
тот, та, то
these
those
22
эти
те
Вопросительные и относительные местоимения
Вопросительные и относительные местоимения совпадают по форме.
Вопросительные
Относительные
who кто?
whose чей?
whom кого?
by whom кем?
with whom /с/ кем?
what что? какой?
about what о чём ?
which который?
which of кто, который из?
who тот, кто; тот, который
whose которого
whom которого, кого
by whom /с/ которым, /c/ кем
with whom /с/ которым, /с/ кем
what что; то, что
about what о том, что
which который, которого
that который, которые
Усилительные и возвратные местоимения
Усилительные и возвратные местоимения совпадают по форме.
Образуются посредством прибавления суффикса -self / - selves.
Единственное число
Множественное число
myself /я/ сам
yourself /вы/ сами
himself /он/ сам
herself /она / сама
itself /оно / само
ourselves /мы/ сами
yourselves /вы/ сами
themselves /они/ сами
Признаком возвратного глагола в инфинитиве является слово oneself,
где one - неопределённо-личное местоимение.
23
Неопределённые местоимения и их производные
Местоимения
Some
Некоторый,
какой-то,
какойнибудь,
несколько
Any
1/всякий,
любой
2/ какойнибудь
+thing
+ body/one
+ where
Употребление
something
что-то,
чтонибудь
Somebody/
someone
кто-то,
ктонибудь
в
утвердительных
предложениях
anything
1/ все
2/что-то,
чтонибудь
anybody/
anyone
1/всякий,
все
2/ кто-то,
ктонибудь
nobody/ no
one
никто + не
Somewhere
Где-то,
куда-то,
где-нибудь,
куданибудь
Anywhere
1/ везде
2/ гденибудь,
куданибудь
no, not any
nothing
Nowhere
никакой + не ничто +
Нигде + не
не
Никуда + не
ничего +
не
Every
everything Everybody/ Everywhere
Всякий,
всё
everyone
Везде,
каждый
все
повсюду
1/ в
утвердительных
предложениях
2/ в вопросах
в
отрицательных
предложениях
во всех типах
предложений
В английском языке существует два варианта построения
отрицательного предложения.
She did not see anybody in the room. = She saw nobody in the room.
Она никого не увидела в комнате.
В отрицательных предложениях при наличии no, nothing, nobody,
no one, none, nowhere глагол ставится в утвердительной форме, так
как двух отрицаний в английском предложении не бывает.
24
 Лексика.
1. Глаголы:
end
complicate
respond
arise / arose, arisen /
cease
attempt
consider
заканчивать, прекращать
осложнять, осложняться
отвечать
возникать
прекращать, прекращаться
пытаться, пробовать
рассматривать
допускать; поступать в больницу
уменьшать, уменьшаться
разрешать
передавать
admit
remit
permit
transmit
form
perform
reform
deform
transform
формировать
выполнять
исправлять, реформировать
искажать, деформировать
превращать, преобразовывать
induce
conduce
introduce
produce
reduce
reproduce
вызывать, побуждать
приводить к, способствовать
вводить, представлять
производить, создавать
уменьшать, сокращать
воспроизводить
expect
inspect
prospect
предполагать, надеяться
осматривать
исследовать, делать изыскания
2. Служебные слова:
but
but for
without
 но, а
если бы не
без
 всего лишь
25
 кроме / как/
 Упражнения.
 На какой вопрос отвечают эти слова?
Basis, basic, attitude, breathless, infectious, protector, supervize,
physiology, accelerate, effective, effectiveness, ligament, centrifugate,
metabolic, senseless, ambulance, passage, interrogate, positive, reddish,
deodorant, readiness, membership, stimulant, indicate, indicator, mouth,
weightlessness, examinational, colorful, sphincter, speedy, ventilate.
 Переведите:
1. Multiple sclerosis is an auto- immune disease which affects 250 000 to
350 000 Americans.
2. The purpose of this book was to let Japanese medical doctors whose
knowledge was restricted to western medicine understand and practice
acupuncture.
3. This plan includes use of medications, which help to maintain or restore
articular cartilage.
4. Participants were medical students who devoted themselves to the study
of acupuncture.
5. The newly improved acupuncture therapy was called Ryodoraku which
means “ good / electro / conductive lines “.
6. Two patients in whom the hepatic artery arose from the trunk of the
superior mesenteric artery were excluded.
7. We present a unique case of Behcet’s syndrome, in whom relapsing
enteric ulcer was a major clinical manifestation.
8. Three patients had premature ventricular contractions, which were not
suppressed by exercise.
9. We present a case where such a symptomatic cyst was treated
successfully.
10. We describe four cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney/liver
disease that presented with exudative ascites.
11. She developed ascites, which became progressively worse.
12. A 54- year-old woman was referred to the local hospital, when she
developed suddenly severe pain in the upper quadrant.
13. She was well until October 1998, when she rapidly developed gross
pedal edema, which was resistant to high dose diuretics.
14. We describe a patient who had recurrent episodes of upper
gastrointestinal bleeding and repeatedly normal gastroscopies, in whom
chronic pancreatitis was diagnosed as a cause of the bleeding.
26
 Измените выделенные конструкции при помощи правила ряда:
1. The rate of mortality ranges between 6 % and 12 %.
2. The excretion of 24 - hour urinary protein remains within the normal
range.
3. Programs of transplantation of bone marrow are also presented.
4. The size of kidney was normal- to- increased.
5. The specimen of biopsy of kidney confirmed this diagnosis in one patient.
6. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the role
of T-cells in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis.
7. Cyclophosphamide decreased the production of cytokine, but did not
affect the infiltration of mononuclear leukocyte.
8. The efficacy of photodynamic therapy depends on the structure of the
photosensitizer, the modality of administration, the source of light, and the
procedure of treatment.
9. 10 000 volunteer donors of blood were screened with the ELYSA.
10. The angiogram showed renal arteries of normal calibre with no
evidence of a stenosis.
11. Metastatic cancers impair the function of organs, they produce the
damage of tissue, necrosis and bleeding.
12. Another mechanism involves the ability of caffeine to increase the
levels of serum cholesterol by decreasing excretion of cholesterol.
13. Five studies in the USA examined the intake of vitamin C and the risk
of cancer of esophagus.
14. Associations between the consumption of fruit and vegetable and the
risk of breast cancer were examined in 3 prospective and 19 casecontrol studies.
 Переведите:
low- dose chemotherapy schedules
the data on post - Chernobyl hematological malignancies incidence rate
measles - rubella immunization program
blood group incompatibility
high dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy
27
laser ablation of the transformation zone
symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus - infected women
advanced human immunodeficiency virus - related disease
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia confirmed colposcopically
 Определите время и форму глагола:
1. The bones of the skull protect the brain structure related to it.
2. All the bones of the body are of different types.
3. Probably the bacteria are made up of various kinds of organisms, some
are related to algae, others to fungi.
4. Before the middle of the nineteenth century, the word „virus“ was
commonly applied to all toxic or poisonous substances, including snake
venom.
5. Viruses are distinguished from poisons and venoms because of their
infectious quality.
6. The patient had signs of severe congestive failure.
7. Sputum production is unusual, because bronchioles do not contain
mucous glands.
8. Indomethacin or other NSAID are discontinued, and a standard
analgesic is prescribed.
9. Bronchiectasis developed in all the patients.
10. The discussion will focus on bronchiolar diagnostic considerations.
11. Early attempts were stalled by a high rate of recurrence and
complications.
12. Herein we present a case report that demonstrates the value of
ultrasound in the diagnosis of a cyst.
Домашнее задание:
Объясните, почему выделенные слова являются существительными:
1. Its effect on papillary function is not elucidated.
2. All patients were reexamined 6 hours after the exploration.
3. The protocol was approved by the hospital board.
28
4.
Both chickenpox and influenza in pregnancy were associated with an
increased risk of leukemia in the child.
5.
A transbronchial biopsy failed to demonstrate the etiology of these
nodules.
6.
Unlike most patients with pulmonary nodulosis, our patient was
symptomatic, and his symptoms completely resolved within one week of
drug discontinuation.
7.
None of the patients had any confirmed procoagulant disorder.
8.
She is ambulatory with considerable improvement in her quality of
life.
9.
This patient presented with acute renal failure, induced by
asymptomatic, group B streprococcal urinary tract infection.
10. Our preoperative diagnosis was Wilms tumor with probable liver
metastases.
11.
However, no cases were reported where such a volume was instilled.
12. A 10-day course of erythromycin failed to control the patients ’s
symptoms.
29
Unit 6.
 Текст.
A female baby was born on 3 March 1997 to a Rh - negative mother
who had received intrauterine transfusions for rhesus incompatibility, the
last one four days before spontaneous delivery at the 32nd week. The baby
weighted 1900 g, had an Apgar score of 9/10 at five minutes, was hydropic,
and had a palpable spleen /three fingerbreadths / and a palpable liver / four
fingerbreadths/. Card blood results were: hemoglobin 37%, bilirubin 5. 0
mg/ml, direct Coombs test positive, blood group 0 rhesus - positive. The
first exchange transfusion was begun five hours after birth with rhesus negative acid citrate dextrose partially packed blood by two - catheter
continuous technique. Altogether 360 ml of blood was transfused, while
320 ml was taken out. During the exchange 1 ml of 10% Calcium
gluconate was given after every 100 ml of blood, 8.4% Sodium gluconate
was given according to the Astrup results. A course of cephaloridine was
started.
 Грамматика.
1. Страдательный залог.
Структура: be + Participle II / -ed, 3 form /
Страдательный залог показывает, что слово, обозначающее лицо /
предмет и стоящее перед глаголом в страдательном залоге не само
выполняет действие, а действие этого глагола на него направлено.
Глагол be обозначает время, лицо, число и обычно не переводится.
Part. II переводится во времени глагола be.
2. Способы перевода страдательного залога:
 активный глагол в безличной форме
He was asked many questions.
She was given penicilline.
Ему задали много вопросов.
Ей давали пенициллин.
30
 пассивный глагол с возвратной частицей - ся /- сь
The advantage of this method
Преимущество этого метода
was recognized by many scientists признавалось многими учёными.
The problem is discussed.
Проблема обсуждается.
 глагол быть в соответствующей форме и краткое причастие
Статья была переведена.
The article was translated.
Примечание: производитель действия в научной литературе часто не
указывается. Если это необходимо по контексту, его вводят предлогом
by, при переводе сохраняется английский порядок слов (пример
смотри выше).
Предлог with обычно означает, что действие совершается с помощью
этого предмета.
3. Трудности при переводе страдательного залога:
 глаголы, требующие дополнения с предлогом и в русском и в
английском языках, но предлоги разные
depend on / upon smth
refer to smth
act upon
deal with
rely upon
зависеть от чего - либо
ссылаться на что - либо
/воз/действовать на
вести речь о... иметь дело с...
полагаться на...
 глаголы без предлога в английском языке, но с предлогом в
русском
answer smth
affect smth
influence smth
address smth
approach smth
attend smth
follow smth
mention smth
отвечать на что - либо
влиять на
влиять на
обращаться к
приближаться к
присутствовать на
следовать за
упоминать о
В ОБОИХ СЛУЧАЯХ РУССКИЙ ПЕРЕВОД СЛЕДУЕТ НАЧИНАТЬ
С ПРЕДЛОГА :
Many questions were answered
correctly.
На многие вопросы были даны
правильные ответы.
31
Not every experiment can be relied Не на каждый эксперимент
upon.
можно положиться.
This work is often referred to in
На эту работу часто ссылаются
special literature.
в специальной литературе.
Запомним!
He was talked about
He was sent for
He was waited for
He was looked at
He was listened to
He was laughed at.
Сравним:
The doctor was sent
The doctor was sent for
Доктора послали
За доктором послали
2. Слова - заменители существительных:
 вместо существительного с притяжательным прилагательным
употребляется: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs.
 that, those /of/
this, these
 one, ones
 the former ... the latter
3. Значения «one»:
 Числительное «один»: one + существительное.
 Заменитель существительного. Переводится ранее упомянутым
существительным или вообще не переводится.
 Неопределённо-личное местоимение (формальное подлежащее):
one + глагол ( one не переводится)
32
 Лексика.
I. Названия некоторых органов человеческого тела:
существительное
abdomen
brain
esophagus
gallbladder
heart
intestine
kidney
liver
lung
spleen
stomach
uterus
прилагательное
abdominal
cerebral
esophageal
cholecystic
cardiac
intestinal
renal
hepatic
pulmonary
splenic
gastric
uterine
2. Кровь
blood
to bleed; bleeding; to lose blood; to have hemorrhage; loss of blood
bloody, bloodless
кровавый, бескровный
blood test / examination
анализ крови
--- group
группа крови
--- pressure
кровяное давление
--- sedimentation test
СОЭ
--- transfusion
переливание крови
exchange / replacement / substitution обменное переливание крови
blood transfusion
transfuse
переливать
infuse
вливать
perfuse
заливать
относящийся к крови
кровяной, содержащий кровь
гематология
кровь в моче
гемоглобин
кровотечение
кровоостанавливающий
haemal = hemal
haematic
haematology
haematuria
haemoglobin
haemorrhage
haemostatic
33
3. Глаголы:
be born
bear / bore, born /
receive
weight
begin / began, begun /
take / took, taken /
родиться
рожать
получать
весить
начинать
брать
4. Служебные слова:
в соответствии, согласно, по
 пока, в то время, как
 несмотря на то, что; хотя,
тогда как
 всего, вместе  в общем
according to
while
altogether
5. Некоторые химические элементы.
C
Ca
Fe
H
Hg
I
K
N
Na
O
U
carbon
calcium
ferrum
hydrogen
hydrargyrum
iodine
potassium
nitrogen
natrium
oxygen
uranium
=mercury
=kalium
=sodium
 Упражнения.
 Сравните:
1. We obtained informed consent from all the patients prior to surgery.
Informed consent was obtained from all the patients prior to surgery.
2. The author recorded the symptoms for 90 out of 125 patients. The
symptoms were recorded for 90 out of 125 patients.
34
3. In all these patients they established the diagnosis on the basis of
ultrasonography and clinical examination. In all these patients the diagnosis
was established on the basis of ultrasonography and clinical examination.
4. We determined the frequency and prognostic importance of the disease
detected by a rapid immunological assay. The frequency and prognostic
importance of minimal residual disease were determined by a rapid
immunological assay.
5. We evaluate sonograms of 178 consecutive patients with renal failure.
The significance of PCT noted sonographically is evaluated in this study.
6. We drained the fluid and removed the catheter. After 30 minutes, the
fluid was drained and the catheter removed.
7. We prescribed aspirin 325 mg/day according to the study protocol. All
patients were prescribed aspirin 325 mg/day according to the study
protocol.
8. We treated 8 of these 10 patients with a full course of
immunosuppressive drugs. 8 of these 10 patients were treated with a full
course of immunosuppressive drugs.
9. We assigned 36 men with established essential hypertension to an
exercise / n = 17 / or no exercise / n = 19 / group. 36 men with established
essential hypertension were assigned to an exercise / n = 17 / or no
exercise / n = 19 / group.
10. We excluded from the study patients with a history of coronary disease
and stroke. Patients were excluded from the study if they had a history of
coronary disease and stroke.
11. They advised not to alter dietary habits through the duration of the
study. Patients were advised not to alter their dietary habits through the
duration of the study.
12. We suspected and confirmed in 1 patient alcohol consumption.
Alcohol consumption was suspected and confirmed in 1 patient.
13. We measured height and weight on a standard physician’s scale.
Height and weight were measured on a standard physician’s scale.
14. We saw all patients in an acute situation. All patients were seen in an
acute situation.
 Переведите:
1. The stomach was mobilized off the pancreas.
2. He was ventilated for six days.
3. In the first patient, CF was diagnosed late at the age of 19 years.
4. A course of colchicine was started.
5.With continuous colchicine therapy manifestations of renal insufficiency
were delayed for 18 months.
35
6. Treatment with MTX and folic acid was initiated in December 1998.
7.The MTX dosage was gradually increased.
8. She was admitted on July 18 for elective induction of labor.
9. The spleen was not enlarged.
10. She was treated with large doses of penicillin for 6 weeks.
11. The bed was not slept in.
12. Further studies will be required, however, to evaluate this hypothesis.
13. A diagnosis of gastric varices was made and he was given propranolol
40 mg thrice daily and discharged.
14. He was transfused four units and transferred back to St Thomas
Hospital.
3. Укажите, в каких предложениях слово «that» переводится как а/
«что» б/ «который» в/ заменяет существительное:
1. The muscles that form internal organs are called visceral muscles.
2. The structure of smooth muscles differs from that of cardiac muscles.
3. It is well known that colchicine administration successfully prevents
manifestations of SAA amyloidosis.
4. The patient is a 57-year - old man with an 18- year history of RA that
was treated in the past with oral and parenteral gold.
5. Further studies are required to conclude that this malignancy is a newly
described disease.
6. Hepatic venography showed that the hepatic veins were grossly
distorted with multiple collaterals.
7. The function of the liver is different from that of the spleen.
8. It has a prevalence that ranges from 1 in 200 to 1 in 1000 in different
population.
9. Of the two patients that survived orthotopic liver transplantation both
showed considerable improvement on their symptoms.
10.The function of leukocytes is primarily that of protecting against
infection.
11. Other studies showed that noise produces involuntary responses by the
circulatory, digestive and nervous systems.
12. The adrenal cortex exercises control over many body functions, so
important that its removal results in failure of the functions and the death
of the animal.
13.The pulmonary process caused by M. avium complex resembles that of
tuberculosis.
14. Early investigators believed that laser radiation “stimulated” biological
process.
36
4. Установите, вместо каких существительных употреблены слова
заменители:
1. The symptoms are similar to those of idiopathic asthma.
-
2. This form of cancer like the other ones has numerous metastases.
3. Toxicity was similar to that reported in our patients receiving this drug.
4. Average weights were somewhat higher than those reported.
5. The technique used is that described by Craig.
6. The bones of the extremities are longer than those of the spine.
7. The bones of the skull are the ones, which compose the head and the
neck.
8. The action of these two compounds, however, differs from that of
streptozotocin.
9. The treatment of infants is slightly different from that of older children.
10. The principles of treatment are similar to those in adults.
11. Data obtained in the study population were compared with those
obtained in 14 normal subjects.
12. Pathogenetically, this organic brain damage is a polyfactor one.
13. The signs of the 1-st phase correspond to those of a mild radiation
injury.
14. The appearances were those of a recurrent pseudocyst and the patient
was hospitalized.
Домашнее задание:
Переведите на английский язык:
1. Её заболевание осложнилось тяжёлой анемией.
2. Больную направили в больницу, где подтвердился диагноз
внематочной беременности.
3. Больной сделали рентгенографию матки.
4. Больному сказали, что у него порок сердца.
5. Пациентке назначили пенициллин, через месяц дозу увеличили.
6. Больного госпитализировали, курс лечения начали в первые сутки.
7. Провели внутриматочное переливание крови.
8. Ей перелили 400 мл крови.
9. Доктора попросят помочь мне.
10. Биопсию не провели, так как больной возражал против этой
процедуры.
11. Зарегистрировали два случая повышенной концентрации кальция
в сыворотке.
12. Изучали эффективность и безопасность кальцитриола при
постменопаузальном остеопорозе.
37
Unit 7.
 Текст.
On December 1, 1999 a 27- year- old woman was seen by the obstetric
staff. She had a 14 - week - size uterus and a history of amenorrhea since
August 15, 1999. Past history revealed that at age 14 she had experienced
migratory polyarthritis in association with an antecedent sore throat, which
was diagnosed as acute rheumatic fever.
In 1999 she was told that she had rheumatic heart disease, and cardiac
catheterization, performed at another institution, confirmed mitral
regurgitation and probable stenosis.
In 1988 the patient was hospitalized for treatment of congestive heart
failure and atrial fibrillation. At that time she was started on a regimen of
digitalis and quinidine sulfate. In 1997 a diagnosis of subacute endocarditis
with probable septic cerebral embolus was made. She was treated with
large doses of penicillin for six weeks.
 Грамматика.
I. Определители сказуемого:
 вспомогательный глагол в личной форме
to be - am, is, are; was, were; will be
to have - have, has; had
to do - do, does; did
shall, will, should, would
 модальные глаголы - can, could, may, might,ought, must
 окончания смыслового глагола - s, - ed
 наречия, типа - уже
already
часто often
всегда always
редко seldom
 бесспорное подлежащее - личное местоимение - I, he, she, it, we,
they
38
2. Времена группы PERFECT.
Время
Present
Past
Future
Активный залог
Пассивный залог
We have noted
Мы The fact has been noted
/ уже / отметили
Факт / уже / отметили
We
had
noted The fact had been noted
Мы / уже / отметили Факт / уже / был отмечен
/до другого действия
в прошлом /
We will have noted
The fact will have been noted
Мы /уже / отметим Факт / уже / будет отмечен
3. Эти наречия часто употребляются со временами группы Perfect
после первого вспомогательного глагола:
just
ever
never
already
yet
recently
lately
только что
когда - либо
никогда
уже
ещё (в отрицаниях), уже (в вопросах)
недавно
за последнее время, недавно
 Лексика.
1. Глаголы:
see / saw, seen /
diagnose / make a diagnosis
experience
confirm
hospitalize
treat / manage
fail
fail + infinitive
видеть, смотреть
ставить диагноз
переживать, испытывать
подтверждать
госпитализировать
лечить
не иметь успеха, не удаваться
переводится смысловым глаголом с не
2. Служебные слова:
since
for
 с , с момента, с тех пор  поскольку
 для, за  в течение  ибо, так как / в начале
предложения или после запятой
39
 Упражнения.
 Укажите предложения со сказуемым в а/ активной форме
пассивной форме:
б/
1. Two patients have received intestine from living relatives.
2. We have probably overestimated the number of women treated with this
drug.
3. This study has shown no adverse effect of the administration of the drug.
4. Prostaglandine A1 combined with dopamine has been given to one
patient.
5. The early administration of low- dose aspirin in combination with
thrombolytic agents has become an established treatment in acute
myocardial infarction.
6. A small summer excess in births has been reported, but these results are
not persuasive.
7. In conclusion, Dr. Borrows stressed that Anafranil had revolutionised the
treatment of obsessive - compulsive disorder.
8. Gross mitral incompetence had not been suspected clinically previously.
9. All patients had undergone electronic fetal heart rate monitoring.
10. Of the 372 women who had been excluded from treatment because of
pregnancy, 22 (7 %) reported that they had been mistaken and had not been
pregnant.
11. She had experienced migratory polyarthritis.
12. - I see you have epilepsy. Have you had your tablets?
- Yes, I have had them in the evening, but nobody had ever mentioned
that word at all.
13. Tubal surgery has become an anachronism whose time had passed.
14. 7 subjects from 8 have been treated with Zidovudine.
2. Переведите:
1. Mycotoxins have been found in many types of foods.
2. Various treatments have been used.
3. The role of histamine has been questioned.
4. Managers have been told to follow existing patterns.
5.Rejections have been successfully treated with
methylprednisolone and antilymphocyteglobin.
40
intravenous
6. Since March 15, transplantations have been done in Paris and in 3 cases
in Innsbruck.
7. This illness has been described in Southern Europe and North Africa.
8. Arterial replacement with a synthetic prosthesis had been followed by
thrombosis.
9. To the best of our knowledge, this renal complication of cholera has not
yet been described in Israel.
10. Unfortunately, dopamine has never been extensively studied,
11. The natural history of a pancreatic pseudocyst only recently has been
investigated.
12. More recently a multicenter, double - blind, placebo - controlled trial in
504 critically ill patients with acute tubular necrosis has been carried out.
13. His serum glucose concentration had been maintained under 200 mg/dl,
and renal function had been within the normal range.
14.Similar restrictive pulmonary patterns have been observed in other
congenital heart defects.
3. Найдите внешние признаки, по которым выделенное слово
непременно должно являться сказуемым:
1. A good patch test indicates contact sensitization and produces no false
positive reactions.
2. Croxatto and Font reported that 21 % and 17 % of their patients had pain
and visual loss, respectively, at initial examination.
3. All patients were followed yearly both clinically and radiographically.
4. We analyzed the number of patients who had reached remission of at
least 6 months.
5. The results of numerous animal tumour model studies and epidemiologic
investigations indicated that selenium may be a dietary factor that protects
against carcinogenesis.
6. Approximately 50 families with GSS mutations have been identified.
7. The immune response does not react to prions since they are present as
natural proteins from birth.
8. Prusiner’s work has also established a theoretical basis for the treatment
of prion disease.
9. Most patients with hypertensive crisis will have a history of chronic
hypertension.
10. Acute renal failure has been described as a complication of
immunoglobulin therapy.
41
11. When we used such a method, we found similar insulin clearances in
the various groups.
12. Edema was reduced by the administration of furosemide.
13. She reported no jaundice, fever or chills.
14. Cardiac disease remains a major cause of death among diabetic
patients.
4. Переведите:
1. These drugs failed to prevent reinitiation of the arrhythmia.
2. The patient failed to return for further treatment.
3. Upon close examination such reports fail to convincingly support or
actually contradict the authors’ concept.
4. Mice infected with murine plasmodia failed to produce normal antibody
responses.
5. The authors failed to state a definition of breast-feeding.
6. All patients studied had previously failed treatment with the usual
physical measures.
7. This study failed to show any etiological link between H pylori and
duodenal ulcer by increased maximal gastric secretion.
8. Initial examination by computed tomography failed to visualize the
mass.
9. Visualization of the kidneys during aortography failed to demonstrate a
renal lesion.
10.For instance, routine neonatal examination fails to detect more than half
of babies with congenital heart disease.
11.Clinical screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip also fails to
pick up a proportion of cases.
12.In congestive heart failure, the heart fails to pump blood effectively.
13.A transbronchial biopsy failed to demonstrate the etiology of these
nodules.
14.If the drug fails to improve the condition, the pacemaker can be
implanted.
42
Домашнее задание.
Переведите:
1. Her urine had been dark and her sclerae yellow for one day.
2. These results have been reproduced in humans during mitral balloon
valvuloplasty.
3. The decision to increase the dose of medication was taken on clinical
grounds.
4. In 6 cases the pulmonary pressure was less than the normal osmotic
pressure of the plasma proteins.
5. All this has been noted in pregnant women.
6. The patient has been maintained for a year without further episodes of
heart failure.
7. Patients with hepatic cirrhosis develop oliguric renal failure in response
to minor decrease in circulating blood volume.
8. His blood sugar concentration had been well controlled.
9. The left ventricle was grossly dilated with poor movements of all areas.
10. We admitted him to the hospital with essential hypertension.
11. In the past several years it has been discovered that post ischemic
renovascular injury is mediated by oxidants, proteases and cytokines.
12. Negative calcium balances have been demonstrated in hypercalciuric
stone formers.
43
Unit 8.
 Текст.
A 40 - year - old housewife was transferred from a mental hospital
with increasing central abdominal pain and shock of 24 hours ‘ duration.
There was known 15 - year history of epigastric pain, which might be
ascribed to her psychiatric syndrome of anxiety and depression. This pain
had been pronounced for two days, she vomited once.
On admission she was pale and sweating, with rapid shallow
respiration and peripheral cyanosis, the pulse barely palpable at 150 beats
per minute, and the blood pressure could not be recorded. There were
generalized tenderness and rigidity of the abdomen. Her condition
improved greatly after the infusion of four units of dried plasma. On
clinical grounds the differential diagnosis could be between a perforated
duodenal ulcer and acute pancreatitis.
 Грамматика.
1. Оборот THERE + TO BE
В этом обороте слово there не переводится, а глагол to be обычно
переводят глаголами
находиться, иметься, существовать.
Фактическое подлежащее стоит после глагола to be.
There are two ways out.
Существуют два выхода.
Если в предложении есть обстоятельство, перевод начинают с него:
There is a new point of
view on the problem.
По этому вопросу существует
новая точка зрения.
Глагол to be может иметь любую форму, кроме повелительного
наклонения. В научном тексте вместо глагола to be могут
использоваться другие глаголы.
44
2. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
Модальные глаголы обозначают не само действие, а указывают на
отношение говорящего к действию, выраженному смысловым
глаголом, с которым они употребляются.
Модальные глаголы не имеют неличных форм, не изменяются по
лицам и числам, образуют вопросительные и отрицательные формы
без вспомогательного глагола to do.
Способность или возможность совершения действия
 can
в настоящем времени, could в прошедшем времени могу / умею, физически можно
 to be able / to / во всех временах - мочь / быть способным, быть в
состоянии
Допустимость совершения действия
 may в настоящем времени, might
в прошедшем времени
могу / разрешено, есть возможность
 to be allowed / to / во всех временах - быть разрешённым
-
Долженствование
 must в настоящем времени, приказание, настоятельный совет должен / должно быть сделано, нужно
 to have / to / во всех временах , долженствование из-за внешних
условий - должен
 to be / to / в настоящем и прошедшем времени , долженствование,
обусловленное предварительной договорённостью или планом должен
 should , моральный долг или совет - должен / следует
 ought / to / , моральный долг; совет- упрёк - следовало бы ,
вежливое настояние
 need / to /, необходимость - нужно
Некоторые затруднения могут возникнуть при понимании модальных
глаголов в сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом. Такие конструкции
выражают предположение и переводятся при помощи слов
«вероятно», «по-видимому», «должно быть»:
The doctor might have seen the pathological changes in the pharynx.
Врач, вероятно, увидел патологические изменения в глотке.
45
 Лексика.
1. Глаголы:
pronounce
vomit
improve
consider
record
sweat
know /knew, known/
проявляться
иметь рвоту
улучшать
полагать, считать
регистрировать
потеть
знать
refer to
transfer
confer
prefer
направлять, обращаться; ссылаться
переводить, переходить
совещаться, вести переговоры
предпочитать
ascribe to
describe
prescribe
proscribe
приписывать
описывать
прописывать, предписывать
запрещать
2. Служебные слова:
between
from
once
at once
per
между
 из  от, у  с - время
 один раз, однажды  когда-то, некогда
 раз уж, как только
тотчас же
в, за
 Упражнения.
 Переведите:
1. There are only two known causes of leukemia in children - exposure to
X rays in utero and ionizing radiation.
2. There were no clinical differences between the patients with and without
protein C deficiency.
3. There is little evidence of benefit from anticonvulsants in prophylaxis for
febrile convulsions.
46
4. There was no significant difference in the sex distribution.
5. There were two groups of patients included in the study.
6. There have been cases of severe illness, and even death, due to
consumption of cyanide - rich apples.
7. There was no involvement of the ureters.
8. In our patient there is no explanation for the proteinuria.
9. There were differences between the two products.
10. There have been at least two possible explanations for the findings.
11. There was severe dehydratation with profound hypovolemia and
infection.
12. There are many problems associated with the use of kidneys from these
groups.
13. There is no indication that the patient has a risk for later impotence.
14. While there have been no reports in early ARF, controlled studies have
been performed in patients with established ARF.
2. Переведите:
1. Osteotomies of the hip and knee decrease pain and, in some patients, can
lead to formation of a new articular surface.
2. High blood pressure must be treated in all patients with coronary heart
disease.
3. Much work needs to be done before these approaches can be accepted
as effective treatments.
4. Once the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is made, standard treatment may
include intravenous steroids, or prednisone pills.
5. Pancreatic necrosis can develop in approximately 20 % of patients with
acute pancreatitis.
6. Prion diseases may be inherited, transmitted or occur spontaneously.
7. We need the time to find that out.
8. Pain may result from bleeding into or infection of a cyst, alternatively,
a cyst may enlarge without any obvious factor.
9. The term septicemia should be eliminated from current usage.
10. It should be noted that scientific community greeted this discovery
with great skepticism.
11. Intraarterial alcohol can also result in neurotoxicity.
12. The case illustrates an unusual combination of systemic features that
may not be widely recognized.
13. The results of numerous animal tumor studies indicated that selenium
may be a dietary factor that may protect against carcinogenesis.
14. Recently, we have been able to demonstrate that heparin can be
“bound” to the surface of different dialysis filters.
47
3. Прокомментируйте:
1. Both the volume and time of instillation may have been inadequate.
2. Prusiner must have made a mistake !
3. In their studies the genetic risk may have been weak and masked by
other factors.
4. Some diseases may have been reported under more than one name.
5. The haemodynamic changes may have caused further injury, and the
severe aortic regurgitation may have reduced perfusion pressure.
6. Chordal rupture or erosion may have contributed to this process.
7. As was true for diuretics, the initial rationale for the use of vasoactive
substance may have been naive by today’s standards.
8. None received any medication, which may have altered serum lipids.
This patient may have been predisposed to infection with candida.
11. The edema may have caused most or all of his symptoms.
12. He may have at least one transient disturbance of blood flow.
13. Stalin may have suffered slight strokes in 1945 and 1947.
Домашнее задание:
Переведите:
1. To control diabetes, you must follow your prescribed medication
regimen.
2. You must take preventive health care measures.
3. You need to test your urine for ketones when you have high blood
sugar.
4. Congestive heart failure can result from many different
cardiovascular conditions.
5. You can control some factors and make changes in your lifestyle.
6. Other risk factors can be used to identify high-risk patients.
7. Greater attention should be given to this problem.
8. In these cases the enteroclysis can be successful in a good
percentage (11 %) of patients.
9. The maximum number of points that participants could score on
the depression scale was 66.
10. Of these 110 patients, 1 had to be excluded.
11. Radiation can be recommended before or after the surgery.
12. You should eat no more than 2 teaspoons of fat daily.
13. Medication taken for other purposes may also affect the symptoms
of hernia.
14. Tests cannot specifically diagnose irritable bowel syndrome, but
they can rule out other disorders.
48
Unit 9.
 Текст.
A 31 - year - old female complaining of chills, fever and dyspnea
was referred to the hospital on April 23, 2002. About three weeks before
admission, she developed symptoms of a urinary tract infection, and her
physician started treatment with sulfisoxazole on April 9, 2002. This was
changed to nitrofurantoin, 100 mg four times daily, on April 17, because of
persisting pyuria. On the evening of April 22, she experienced onset of
fatigue, woke with nausea at 3 AM, and at 6 AM had chills, fever to 39C,
and cough with tightness in her chest reminiscent to her of childhood
asthma, which symptoms she had not experienced for 15 years. She also
had headache, low backache, diffuse muscular aching, thirst and increasing
dyspnea. On admission to the hospital at 11.30, she was so dyspneic that
she talked in short sentences; her respiration was 40 per minute. She had
occasional cough, and no cyanosis.
She was treated with tetracycline. Her fever, ranging between 37.5C
and 39.2C, lasted for 48 hours. Oxygen was given by mask and later by tent
with rather rapid improvement in her tachypnea. She was then well until
May 16, 2002.
 Грамматика.
1. Причастие 1.
Форма
Indefinite
Perfect
Активный залог
Planning
having planned
Пассивный залог
being planned
having been planned
Образуется от инфинитива путём прибавления суффикса - ing,
соответствует русским причастиям действительного залога с
суффиксами - ущ, - ющ, - ащ, - ящ, - вш, - ш.
To play - playing - играющий, игравший.
Функции:
 определение / какой? /, одиночное определение может стоять до и
после определяемого слова и переводится соответствующей формой
русского причастия.
49
 обстоятельство / когда? как? почему? и другие /, иногда вводится
словами, типа: when, while и другими и переводится:
- деепричастием
Reading books, I make notes.
Читая книги, я делаю пометки.
- сказуемым в обстоятельственном придаточном предложении, для
которого подбирают по смыслу слова: когда, так как, после того, как и
другие. Повторяется подлежащее главного предложения.
Reading books, I make notes.
Когда я читаю книги, я делаю
пометки.
- существительным
Reading books, I make notes.
При чтении книг я делаю пометки.
Indefinite указывает на то, что действие причастия происходит
одновременно с действием сказуемого.
Perfect указывает на то, что действие причастия произошло до
действия сказуемого.
2. Герундий.
Герундий образуется от инфинитива прибавлением суффикса - ing и
по форме совпадает с причастием 1. Имеет признаки и возможности
двух частей речи:
 глагола - может иметь дополнение;
 существительного - может иметь притяжательные прилагательные,
предлоги и определения, но не употребляется с артиклем и не имеет
множественного числа.
Аналогичной части речи в русском языке нет, переводить можно:
 существительным, обозначающим процесс
Swimming is a kind of sport.
Плавание - один из видов спорта.
 инфинитивом глагола
They kept working.
Они продолжали работать.
 деепричастием
By working hard you can
make up for the time lost.
Работая упорно, вы можете
наверстать потерянное время.
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Функции:
 подлежащее
Smoking damages seriously your health.
 дополнение
I remember seeing you in the therapeutic department.
 определение
The idea of writing this text was just fine.
 обстоятельство
By using this technique we got good results.
3. Группа времён CONTINUOUS.
Время
Present
Past
Future
Активный залог
We are noting Мы
отмечаем
Пассивный залог
/the facts/ are being
noted
/факты/
отмечаются
We were noting
/the facts/ were being
Мы отмечали
noted
/факты/
отмечались
We will be noting. Мы не употребляется
будем отмечать
 Лексика.
1. Глаголы:
complain of
develop
change
persist
wake / woke, woken /
cough
ache
talk
range
last
be well
жаловаться на
развивать, развиваться
менять
удерживаться, сохраняться
просыпаться
кашлять
болеть
разговаривать
колебаться
продолжаться, длиться
хорошо себя чувствовать
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2. Служебные слова:
 о, про, относительно  примерно, около
 вокруг, по
around
 около
 вокруг
before
перед, до; раньше, прежде, чем, до того, как
because
потому что
because of
из - за
also
также, тоже
so
 так  такой  также, тоже  итак
so as, so that
чтобы, с тем, чтобы, так чтобы
AM (ante meridiem) до полудня
PM (post meridiem) после полудня
Celcius
Цельсий
about
 Упражнения.
 Найдите причастие 1 и определите его функцию:
1. We have evaluated the ability of the SACT-SE test to distinguish
tuberculous patients from those with diseases causing similar symptoms.
2. A renal biopsy revealed interstitial infiltrates containing lymphocytes
and eosinophiles.
3. About 10 % of the survivors have chronic renal failure, sometimes
requiring dialysis.
4. The Prostatron is a French invention currently undergoing clinical trials
in a number of European countries.
5. 90 patients were diagnosed as having a disorder other than tuberculosis.
6. Recent studies have suggested that adult patients receiving chronic
levothyroxine /LT4 / treatment, particularly those receiving suppressive
LT4 therapy, may have relatively reduced bone mass leading to increased
risk of fracture.
7.Patients suffering from this unusual form of diabetes are markedly
hyperinsulinemic, but have severe hyperglycemia and ketosis.
8. The following references can be helpful when choosing an acceptable
policy.
9. Four elderly patients developed nephrotic syndrome while receiving
sulindac.
10. After withdrawal of pyrazinamide, while continuing all other drugs,
both renal function and histological findings improved.
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11. When using a glycine - containing immunoglobulin no acute renal
impairment was observed in this patient.
12.While receiving continuous daily rifampin therapy, a 57 - year- old man
developed acute renal failure.
13. While listening to Mr. X., she suddenly slumped forward, coughing up
blood from the nose and mouth.
14. Using this definition, we can estimate that there are some 520 adults
among every 100 000 living at home who are visually disabled.
2. Найдите герундий и определите его функцию:
1. Such sonographic signs may be useful in making the correct diagnosis
and saving the patients from further diagnostics.
2. Ethanol has a bacteriostatic effect, which helps in obtaining apyrogenic
products.
3. A further male patient died 6 months after receiving a cadaveric renal
transplant.
4. Eating fish oils may improve your ratio of HDL to LDL.
5. American women today have a one in ten chance of getting the disease
and a one in eighteen chance of dying from it.
6. We describe a 75- year-old white woman who developed acute renal
failure 10 days after initiating ticlopidine therapy.
7. She stopped taking the drug for 7 weeks between April and June, when
she began again at a dose of 40 mg daily.
8. Harrison spent five years practicing and refining his technique.
9. Frequent rinsing and brushing is not practiced, even by adults.
10. Complement can also provoke harmful effects by increasing
inflammation.
11. On stopping the drug the renal function improved, but not significantly.
12. On smoking cessation, the risk of reinfarction decreases rapidly within
one year.
13. By using these techniques we have recently demonstrated a defect in
both oxidative and non-oxidative glucose disposal.
14. Healing takes time and there will be a scar.
3. Найдите 1/ герундий
определите их функции:
2/ причастие I
3/ существительное и
1. All methods of estimating infarct size in living patients are imprecise.
2. By investigating patients with cirrhosis a direct relationship between
renal haemodynamic changes and cirrhosis of the liver may be established.
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3. This report describes our results using these techniques for treating
severe subglottic stenosis.
4. Lymphocytes fight disease producing antibodies and thus destroying
foreign material.
5. Examining coagulating blood upon a slide by means of the
ultramicroscope, it is possible to see small masses of coagulum.
6. The brain has many different parts controlling different aspects of the
body function.
7. The brain is the primary center for regulating and coordinating body
activities.
8. When exposing human skin, UV is absorbed, reflected and scattered.
9. Paralysis often results from the plugging up of blood vessels, and
consequent arrest of blood supply to an area of the brain.
10. Thyrotropic hormone is of considerable importance not only in
regulating the thyroid secretion but in accounting for many metabolic
effects.
11. Using creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, Grande et al found a close
correlation with histological infarct size in humans.
12. Injecting hormones into normal young animals results in animals of
large size and precocious sexual development.
13. The foreign objects forming stones in the kidneys and bladder are
bacteria and the small shreds of mucus.
14. The thalamus monitors the sensory stimuli we receive by suppressing
some and magnifying others.
4. Укажите, в каких предложениях глаголы стоят в 1/ Indefinite 2/
Perfect 3/ Continuous:
1. Table I presented the details of patients with postoperative infection
who were not receiving prophylactic antibiotics.
2. After a further two months her liver function was again normal, and she
has remained well for the subsequent 18 months.
3. 10 of 20 patients who were inhaling irritants or allergens developed
chronic asthma.
4. His blood sugar concentration had been well controlled, little
proteinuria had been detected until the onset of nephrotic syndrome, and
renal histologic change was mild.
5. In this article we will show that for a number of reasons (mostly, due to
a lack of standardized procedures) it is not possible to demonstrate a
better outcome in continuous renal replacement therapy.
6. She was receiving no regular prescribed drug, and drank less than one
unit of alcohol per week.
7. He had not received any injections or blood transfusions.
54
8. If you develop pain, don’t ignore it. Your body is giving you a sign that
something needs attention.
9. Microscopic examination reveals proliferation of smooth muscle
adjacent to lymphatic vessels.
10. New findings on vitamin D and PTH metabolism in recent years have
also had important implications for theories concerning the development
and classification of renal osteodystrophy.
11. She was eating well without difficulty in swallowing.
12. Fortunately, mortality from coronary heart disease in Scotland is now
decreasing substantially.
14. The etiology of hypertensive crisis is shown in Table 2.
14. Although the cancer deaths due to smoking are starting to decline
among men, at least in the United States and Britain, deaths due to tobacco
are rising in Eastern Europe and the developing countries.
Домашнее задание:
Система личных форм.
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