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APES
NDHS
Name: _______________________
Per: _________ Date: ___________
Earth Systems and the Living World
Vocabulary:
1. Tectonic Plates –
2. Convergent Boundary –
3. Divergent Boundary –
4. Transform Fault Boundary –
5. Earthquake focus –
6. Epicenter –
7. Seismograph –
8. Tsunami –
9. Arable Land –
10. Salinization –
11. Desertification –
12. Humus –
13. Leaching –
14. Illuviation –
15. Trade winds –
16. Westerlies –
17. Easterlies –
18. Doldrums –
19. Jet stream –
20. Monsoon –
21. Watershed –
22. Littoral Zone –
23. Limnetic Zone –
24. Profundal Zone –
25. Photic Zone –
26. Bathyal Zone 27. Aphotic Zone –
28. Benthic Zone –
29. Upwellings –
30. Red Tide and Dinoflagellates –
31. Nitrogen Fixation –
32. Nitrification –
33. Assimilation –
34. Ammonification –
35. Denitrification –
36. Ecotone –
37. Ecozone –
38. Law of Tolerance –
39. Law of Minimum –
40. Indicator Species –
Study Questions:
1. How long is the Earth year?
2. What are the main layers of the earth?
3. What is a tectonic plate and how do they lead to continental drift?
4. How do earthquakes occur? How are they measured?
5. How are volcanoes formed?
a. Rift:
b. Subduction:
c. Hot Spot:
6. What are the main processes of rock formation and degradation?
Draw the Rock Cycle.
7. How are the types of rock different? Give an example of each.
Igneous:
Ex:
Sedimentary:
Ex:
Metamorphic:
Ex:
8. What are the different components of soil?
9. What are the different types of particles that make up the inorganic component of
soil? How do these affect the moisture retention of water in the soil?
10. How does acidity and alkalinity affect the biology landscape(the plants) of an
area?
11. Explain the different forces that affect soil formation:
Physical/Mechanical Weathering:
Freeze/Thaw Cycle:
Chemical Weathering:
Biological Weathering:
Example:
12. How do the forces that affect soil formation affect the succession of a newly
formed island?
13. What are the different types of soil layers? What are the main characteristics?
14. What is a monoculture? Why is it bad? How can it be prevented?
15. What are the main sources of soil erosion?
16. What are four methods of soil conservation?
17. How does the Green Revolution of the 1960s differ from the modern Green
Revolution?
18. What are the layers of the atmosphere?
19. Explain the Greenhouse effect.
20. What is the importance of the stratosphere?
21. What causes air circulation? How does this affect climate?
22. How does weather differ from climate?
23. What is a convection cell and how is it formed? Draw one.
24. What is a Hadley cell and what does this mean for latitudinal climate
determination?
25. Explain why it is so much hotter in the summer.
26. Explain the rain shadow effect. How does this affect plant communities in an area
of similar temperature?
27. How does the ENSO differ from normal conditions? What impact does this have
on aquatic ecosystems? (THIS IS IMPORTANT)
28. Where does El Nino occur?
29. Describe the main types of freshwater and saltwater systems on the planet? Which
type has the most fluctuation?
Rivers and Streams:
Lakes and Ponds:
Estuaries:
Wetlands (Marshes and Swamps)
Ocean:
Intertidal Zones:
30. What is the vertical stratification of an aquatic system (fresh and salt)?
31. How are the ocean currents generated? Why are they important for climate
regulation and nutrient cycles in the ocean?
32. Why is ground water so important?
33. What is the difference between a confined and an unconfined aquafer? Which
recharges faster?
34. How is the difference between water scarce and water stressed?
35. What are the main ways that water is used in the U.S.?
36. How does the shape of the orbit of the earth affect the climate patterns of the
earth?
37. Explain the Carbon Cycle. Identify the main natural processes and how human
activity affects it.
38. Explain the nitrogen cycle. Identify the main natural processes and how human
activity affects it.
39. Explain the Phosphorus and Sulfur cycles. Identify the main natural processes and
how human activity affects it.
40. Draw a food chain and relate it to the pyramids of energy, biomass, and numbers.
Label: producers, primary consumer (herbivore), secondary consumer (carnivore),
tertiary consumer, keystone predator, detrivores, and decomposers.
41. In order to represent an omnivore, how would the food chain have to be drawn?
42. What is the 10% rule? (Hint: energy)
43. How does the 10% rule affect the pyramid of numbers and biomass?
44. Review the Biomes.
45. Differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
46. How do competitive exclusion and resource partitioning affect the biodiversity of
an area?
47. What is the difference between a realized niche and a fundamental niche?
48. Define and provide an example:
Mutualism:
Ex:
Parasitism:
Ex:
Commensalism:
Ex:
49. Review Primary and Secondary Succession
50. Why are invasive species so bad? Why are they generally successful? Give 3
examples of an invasive species.