Download Chapter 1 Note taking guide History of Forensic Science Why do we

Chapter 1 Note taking guide
History of Forensic Science
Why do we look to science for assistance in our legal system?
• Increasing __________________
• New or Changed ____________
• New _________________
• New ______________(*see next slide)
• Response to __________________________.
• Response to ____________________________.
New Weapons
________________________, ______________________, ______________________,
__________________________.
Applying Science to Law
 Applying science to the Criminal Justice System depends on a scientist’s
_____________________ to supply _________________ & ___________________
information that reflects the events that have occurred at a crime.
Forensic Science defined:
 ___________________________ (or _________________________)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 It is vague & hard to define b/c it includes so many other areas of science.
Civil vs. Criminal Law
CIVIL LAW
 filed by a ________________ party.
o a _______________________
o an _____________________________person
 Penalty: a guilty defendant ________________________ the plaintiff for
___________________ caused by their ____________________________.
o no __________________________________
CRIMINAL LAW
 filed by the _________________________________
 Penalty: a __________________________ defendant is punished by
o _______________________________ (in jail/prison)
o ________ paid to the _______________________
o _________________________ (death penalty)
 Crimes are divided into 2 classes:
o _____________________________ - less than 1 year incarceration
o _______________________ - sentence of 1+ year
 “Forensic” comes from the Latin word “___________________” meaning forum.
 During the time of the _____________________, a ________________________ charge
meant presenting the case before the ____________________________.
 Both the person ________________________ of the crime & the
______________________ would give _____________________ based on their side of
the story.
 The individual with the best _______________________ would determine the outcome
of the case.
 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle- Sci-fi author in late 1800’s
o __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
 Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853) –
o “Father of _________________________”
o Wrote about the detection of __________________________ & their effects on
animals.
 Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914)
o Father of _______________________________”
o Developed a _____________________ to distinguish one ________________
___________________________ from another based on certain ____________
________________________________.
 Anthropometry
 Francis Galton (1822-1911)
 “Father of _____________________________”
 Developed _______________________ as a way to uniquely identify
____________________________---.
 Leone Lattes (1887-1954)
 “Father of ______________________ _________________________”
 He developed a procedure for determining the ____________ ___________ (A,
B, AB, or O) of a ________________________________________.
 Calvin Goddard (1891-1955)
 “Father of ___________________________”
 Developed the technique to examine ___________________________, using a
comparison microscope, to determine whether or not a
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
 Albert Osborn (1858-1946)
 Father of ____________ ________________”
 His work led to the acceptance of documents as
_________________________________ by the _____________________.
 Walter McCrone (1916-2002)
 “Father of _______________________________________”
 He developed & applied his
________________________________________________________________
_ to examine evidence in countless court cases.
 Hans Gross (1847-1915)
 “Father of ___________________________________”
 Wrote the book on applying all the
_____________________________________________ to the field of criminal
investigation.
 Edmond Locard (1877-1966)
 “Father of the ____________________________
 In 1910, he started the ________________crime lab in an attic of a police
station.
 With few tools, he quickly became known world-wide to forensic scientists &
criminal investigators & eventually founded the
________________________________________________ in France.
 His most important contribution was the
“______________________________________________________________”
 Locard’s Exchange Principle
 “________________________________.”
 He believed that every criminal can be connected to a crime by
______________________ carried from the crime scene.
 When a criminal comes in contact with an _______________ or
___________________, a _______-_________________ of evidence occurs.
 J. Edgar Hoover
 “_______________________________________” - Director of Federal Bureau
of Investigation during the 1930’s
 Hoover's leadership spanned _______ yrs & _____ presidential administrations.
His reign covered ______________________, the Great _______________,
________________, the _____________ War, the _________________ War,
& the __________________ War.
 He organized a ___________________________ laboratory to offer forensic
services to ________ law enforcement agencies in the U.S.
 VERY _____________________________________
 He __________________ & ________________ his authority with unjustified
investigations & ________________ ______________________ based on
______________________ beliefs rather than
___________________________ criminal activity
 FBI directors are now limited to _____________________________
 Applications of Forensic Science
 ________________________ of ____________________ or ______________
 Solving ________________
 ______________ crimes (______________ or _______________ convicted)
 _________, ________________, ___________ of _________________ _______________ cases
 _______________ crimes
 _______________________ Crimes (Enron)
 ____________________ Analysis
 Application of ____________________ as evidence
 _________________ vs. _______________________ __________________ & ____________________
 _______________- remains of victims (either civilian or soldiers)
 ex. Holocaust or Katrina
 Military & International Forensics
 ___________________________
 The search for WMD’s




 stockpiled or stored weapons from past wars
The Trial of the Century
 __________________________________- was a NFL football legend.
 He is now famous for having been tried for the ______________________- of
ex-wife ____________________________________- & her friend
_______________ ____________________ in 1994.
 He was _________________________- in criminal court after a lengthy, highly
publicized trial.
What went wrong?
 1st on the scene, police found evidence of ____________________ & entered
the Simpson home ___________________ a ____________
____________________, an action permissible b/c the situation was an
__________________.
 HOWEVER, the police ___________________ a pair of _______________________ gloves during their search.
 __________________ of ___________________ without _______________
_________________ became the key argument used by Simpson’s legal team
& ultimately led to his acquital.
What was learned?
 If forensic evidence is to be __________________ in court, the highest
professional ____________________- must be used at the crime scene!
 He was found _____________________ for their deaths in _________ court,
but has yet to pay the ________ _______________ judgment.
THE BODY FARM
 PRIMARY GOAL: To understand the _______________ &
_______________- of _____________________________, primarily to
improve determining the "_______________________________" in murder
cases.
 The Body Farm is a ____________________ of various crime scenes using real
__________________ bodies.
 Started in 1970-80’s to study Forensic ___________________ (the study of
________________ ___________________- after ______________-).
 Used by Law Enforcement, Medical Examiners, Entomologists, Cadaver Dogs,
Anthropologists & FBI for Crime Scene __________________-.
 The BF uses unclaimed ____________________ &
_______________________ (who donate their body to science after death)
 Only _______ Facilities in the U.S.
 ______________________________________- (original)
 __________________________________ Texas State University - local residents opposed it
 Types of Research
 How does the _______________________- rate compare in:
 _________________ vs ________________-?
 In _____________ weather vs ________________ weather?
 In a _________________ grave vs on the ground?
 In _____________?
 Inside a ___________?
 What effect do other variables have—___________, ___________ activity,
_______________, ___________ weight, and so on?
 Why is TSD so important?
 1st question at most murder scenes:
"_______________________________________________?“
 It's crucial to know ________________ the crime was committed.
 it can help narrow the search for a suspect or
 it can help ____________ ____________ __________________
___________________________- who had alibis at the time the victim was
killed.