Download android application

ANDROID APPLICATION
Saumya Srivastava
Department of Information Technology, Buddha Institute of Technology Gorakhpur
I.
Introductions
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that
includes an operating system, middleware and key
applications. Android is a software platform and
operating system for mobile devices based on the
Linux operating system and developed by Google
and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers
to write managed code in a Java-like language that
utilizes Google-developed Java libraries, but does not
support programs developed in native code.
The unveiling of the Android platform on 5
November 2007 was announced with the founding of
the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34
hardware, software and telecom companies devoted
to advancing open standards for mobile devices.
When released in 2008, most of the Android platform
will be made available under the Apache freesoftware and open-source license.[2]
II.
History of Android
In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., a small
startup company based in Palo Alto, CA. Android's
co-founders who went to work at Google included
Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger), Rich Miner (cofounder of Wildfire Communications, Inc), Nick
Sears (once VP at T-Mobile), and Chris White (one
of the first engineers at WebTV). At the time, little
was known about the functions of Android Inc. other
than they made software for mobile phones.
At Google, the team, led by Rubin, developed a
Linux-based mobile device OS which they marketed
to handset makers and carriers on the premise of
providing a flexible, upgradeable system. It was
reported that Google had already lined up a series of
hardware component and software partners and
signaled to carriers that it was open to various
degrees of cooperation on their part.[4]
2005


Google acquires startup Android Inc. to
start Android platform
Work on Dalvik VM begins
2007


Open Handset Alliance announced
Early look at SDK
2008

Google sponsors 1st Android Developer
Challenge
 T-Mobile G1 announced
 SDK 1.0 released
Android released open source (Apache License)
2009
 SDK 1.5 (Cupcake)
New soft keyboard with “autocomplete” feature
 SDK 1.6 (Donut)
Support Wide VGA
 SDK 2.0/2.0.1/2.1 (Eclair)
Revamped UI, browser
2010
 Nexus One released to the public
 SDK 2.2 (Froyo)
Flash support, tethering
 SDK 2.3 (Gingerbread)
UI update, system-wide copy-paste
2011
 SDK 3.x (Honeycomb)
Optimized for tablet support
 SDK 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)
Virtual UI buttons
2012
 SDK 4.1.1 (Jelly Bean)
Triple buffered graphics pipeline.[4]
III.
1.
Feature of Android
Application Framework –
It is used to write applications for Android.
Unlike
other
embedded
mobile
environments, Android applications are all
equal, for instance, an applications which
come with the phone are no different than
those that any developer writes. The
framework is supported by numerous open
source libraries such as openness, SQLite
and libc. It is also supported by the Android
core libraries. From the point of security, the
framework is based on UNIX file system
permissions that assure applications have
only those abilities that mobile phone owner
gave them at install time. [3]
2.
4.
7.
Integrated Browser –
Google made a right choice on choosing
WebKit as open source web browser. They
added a two pass layout and frame
flattening. Two pass layout loads a page
without waiting for blocking elements, such
as external CSS or external JavaScript and
after a while renders again with all resources
downloaded to the device. Frame flattening
converts founded frames into single one and
loads into the browser. These features
increase speed and usability browsing the
internet via mobile phone.
Connectivity –
Android supports a wide variety of
connectivity technologies including GSM,
CDMA, Bluetooth, EDGE, EVDO, 3G and
Wi-Fi.
Dalvik Virtual Machine –
It is extremely low-memory based virtual
machine, which was designed especially for
Android to run on embedded systems and
work well in low power situations. It is also
tuned to the CPU attributes. The Dalvik VM
creates a special file format (.DEX) that is
created through build time post processing.
Conversion between Java classes and .DEX
format is done by included “dx” tool. [3]
3.
SQLite is used for structured data storage
.SQLite is a powerful and lightweight
relational database engine available to all
applications.
8.
Java Virtual Machine –
Software written in Java can be compiled
into Dalvik bytecodes and executed in the
Dalvikvirtual machine, which is a
specialized VM implementation designed
for mobile device use, although not
technically a standard Java Virtual Machine.
[3]
IV.
Tools of Android
1.
2.
3.
Android SDK Tools, revision 20 or newer.
SDK Platform Android 3.0 (API 11).
The minimal platform supported by Java
API is Android 2.2 (API 8).But for
successful compilation the target platform
should be set to Android 3.0 (API 11) or
higher. It will not prevent them from
running on Android 2.2.
4.
Eclipse IDE
There is a list of Eclipse versions that are
compatible with the Android SDK. In this
paper we are using Eclipse 3.7 (Indigo).
ADT plug-in for Eclipse
Optimized Graphics –
As Android has 2D graphics library and 3D
graphics based on OpenGL ES 1.0, possibly
we will see great applications like Google
Earth and spectacular games like Second
Life, which come on Linux version. At this
moment, the shooting legendary 3Dgame
Doom was presented using Android on the
mobile phone.
5.
SQLite –
Extremely small (500kb) relational database
management system, which is integrated in
Android. It is based on function calls and
single file, where all definitions, tables and
data are stored. This simple design is more
than suitable for a platform such as Android.
6.
Data Storage –
5.
Android Development Tools (ADT) is a
plug-in for the Eclipse IDE that is designed
to give us a powerful, integrated
environment in which to build Android
applications.
ADT extends the capabilities of Eclipse to
let us quickly set up new Android projects,
create an application UI, add packages based
on the Android Framework API, debug
applications using the Android SDK tools,
and even export signed (or unsigned) .apk
files in order to distribute the application.
Developing in Eclipse with ADT is highly
recommended and is the fastest way to get
started. With the guided project setup it
provides, as well as tools integration, custom
XML editors, and debug output pane, ADT
gives us an incredible boost in developing
Android applications.
Following steps are used to download and
install the ADT plug-in:
 Start Eclipse, and then select Help
‣ Install New Software.
 Click Add (in the top-right corner).

6.
AVD Manager –
The AVD Manager provides a graphical
user interface in which we can create and
manage
Android Virtual Devices (AVDs), which are
required by the Android Emulator.
 For emulation, we need to define a
device.
 Select Window -> Android AVD
Manager from the menu
7.


Importing Project
Open the import Dialog
Select File > Import ... to open the import
dialog.
Import the "MyProject" project
In the import dialog, expand the General
node and select Existing Projects into
Workspace,
then click Next to
move to the Import Projects step. Make sure
that Select root directory is selected, then
click the Browse... button.
In the Browse for Folder dialog, locate the
"MyProject" folder, select it and click OK.
Then, click Finish to import the project. The
project now shows up in the Package
Explorer.
Launch the "MyProject" project
Right click the "MyProject" in the Package
Explorer window, and then select Run As >
Android Application from the menu.[1]







In the Add Repository dialog that
appears, enter “ADT Plug-in” for
the Name and the URL refer to
Figure
Click OK (System must be
connected to internet).
In the Available Software dialog,
select the checkbox next to
Developer Tools and click Next.
In the next window, we’ll see a list
of the tools to be downloaded.
Click Next.
Read and accept the license
agreements, then click Finish.
When the installation completes,
restart Eclipse.[1]



8.
Deleting Project –
Here is the project-wise solution. Right click
the "MyProject" in the Package Explorer
window, and then select Delete from the
menu. In the dialog that appears, ensure that
delete project contents on disk is not
selected if we want to use the project's
folders in workspace. If not, we can check it
before be click OK.[1]
V.

Creating Application
Go to file>new>android application
project.
VI.
Execution Process

Open project go to
res>layout>activity_main.xml
Here we can start layout details

Right click on project>Run As>1 Android
Application
VII.
Advantage

Open - Android allows you to access core
mobile device functionality through standard
API calls.

All applications are equal - Android does
not differentiate between the phone's basic
and third-party applications -- even the
dialer or home screen can be replaced.[6]

Breaking down boundaries - Combine
information from the web with data on the
phone -- such as contacts or geographic
location -- to create new user experiences.

Fast and easy development - The SDK
contains what you need to build and run
Android applications, including a true
Set the Target -
device emulator and advanced debugging
tools. [6]
Reference
1.
VIII.


Disadvantage
2.
Security - Making source code available to
everyone inevitably invites the attention of
black hat hackers. [6]
3.
Open Source - A disadvantage of opensource
development
is
that
anyonecanscrutinizethesourcecodetofindvul
nerabilitiesandwriteexploits.
5.

Login - Platform doesn't run on an encrypted
file system and has a vulnerable log-in.

Incompetence - Google’s dependence on
hardware and carrier partner puts the final
product out of their control. [6]
IX.
Conclusion and Future scope
Android has been criticized for not being all opensource software despite what was announced by
Google. Parts of the SDK are proprietary and closed
source, and some believe this is so that Google can
control the platform. Software installed by end-users
must be written in Java, and will not have access to
lower level device APIs. This provides end-users
with less control over their phone's functionality than
other free and open source phone platforms, such as
Open Moko. With all upcoming applications and
mobile services Google Android is stepping into the
next level of Mobile Internet. Android participates in
many of the successful open source projects. That is,
architect the solution for participation and the
developers will not only come but will play well
together. This is notable contrast with Apple and
other companies, where such architecture of
participation is clearly belated .The first Android
based official devices may well be launched
sometime in the early half of 2009. Obviously, that's
an age away when it comes to handset design, and
Android may well find itself competing against the
forthcoming Nokia touch screen phones and may be
even the iPhone. [5]
4.
6.
www.android.com- Android Official
Webpage
http://code.google.com/android/- Official
Android Google Code Webpage
http://www.androidwiki.com– Android
Wiki
http://googleblog.blogspot.com/- Official
Google Blog
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(mobi
le_phone_platform) –Wikipedia
http://www.itworld.com/google-android-dr080213