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Review Sheet #4
Chapters 8 and 9
Learning and Memory
Learning:
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
o Conditioned stimulus (CS)
o Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
o Conditioned response (CR)
o Unconditioned response (UCR)
- Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, discrimination, generalization
- Experiments: Pavlov’s dogs and Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment
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Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Shaping, Primary reinforcers, Secondary reinforcers, latent learning, cognitive
mapping, overjustification
Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, discrimination, generalization
Partial schedules of reinforcement: fixed ratio, variable ratio, variable interval,
fixed interval
Key experiment: The Skinner Box (“operant chamber”)
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Observational Learning (Bandura)
Modeling, pro-social behavior, anti-social behavior
Experiment: “The Bobo Doll” experiment
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Memory:
- Flashbulb memories
- Repression
- The context effect
- Misinformation effect and source amnesia
- Retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Encoding
- Mnemonic devices (peg word, method of loci, chunking, imagery, hierarchies)
- Spacing effect
- Serial position effect
o Primacy effect
o Recency effect
Storage
- Iconic and echoic memories
- Implicit vs. explicit memories
- Role of the hippocampus and cerebellum
Retrieval
- Proactive and retroactive interference
- Ebbinghaus curve