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Geology 8
Overall theme: Earth cycles/system
Organization of content:
* Content is organized by "sphere" (the Earth system is broken up into four spheres: geosphere
...land, atmosphere...gases, hydrosphere....water and biosphere....life)
* Geosphere will be covered during first semester
* Hydro- and Atmosphere during the second semester. (Biosphere is covered in biology in the
10th)
* Human interaction with the spheres will be covered in the Environment unit
* Space unit will explore Earth’s role in the solar system
FIRST SEMESTER
Geosphere
Chapter/Section
Section 1.1
Subject
Content
Vocabulary
Earth
The parts of the
System, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere,
system
earth system
Biosphere, Geosphere
Geosphere: Minerals and Rocks
Unit Goal: Students will identify the characteristics, properties and uses of minerals and
explain how rocks can change into other rocks over time
Chapter/Section Subject
Content
Vocabulary
Chapter2
Minerals
Characteristics,
Mineral, Element, Crystal, Streak,
properties,
Luster, Cleavage, Fracture, Density,
minerals as a
Hardness, Magma, Lava, Ore
resource
Chapter 3
Rocks
Rock cycle,
Rock, Rock cycle, Igneous rock,
characteristics and Sedimentary rock, Metamorphic
properties of the 3 rock, Intrusive igneous rock,
rock types
Extrusive igneous rock, Sediment,
Metamorphism, Recrystallization,
Foliation
Geosphere: Weathering, Soil, Erosion, Deposition
Unit Goal: Students will explain how rocks are naturally broken down, transported, and how
Earth’s surface is continually changed by these processes.
Chapter/Section Subject
Content
Vocabulary
Chapter 4
Weathering/ Types of
Weathering, Mechanical weathering,
Soil
weathering, soil
Exfoliation, Abrasion, Chemical
formation, how
weathering, Humus, Soil horizon, Soil
human activities
profile, Desertification, Erosion,
affect soil
Deposition
Chapter 5
Erosion/
Forces of erosion
Mass wasting, Floodplain, Alluvial fan,
Deposition
and deposition:
Delta, Sinkhole, Glacier, Till,
gravity, water,
Moraine, Kettle lake
wind, ice. How the
forces shape the
land
Geosphere: Plate tectonics, Earthquakes, Volcanoes
Unit Goal: Students will identify the layers of the earth and explain how the movements of
Earth’s tectonic plates cause significant and sometimes sudden changes resulting in
destruction and formation of landforms.
Chapter/Section Subject
Content
Vocabulary
Chapter 6
Plate
Layers of Earth,
Inner core, Outer core, Mantle,
tectonics
Theory of Plate
Crust, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere,
Tectonics, Plate
Tectonic plate, Continental drift,
boundary types and Pangaea, Mid-ocean ridge,
how they affect
Convection, Theory of Plate
the land
Tectonics, Divergent boundary,
Convergent boundary, Transform
boundary, Rift valley, Subduction,
Continental-continental collision,
Oceanic-oceanic subduction,
Oceanic-continental subduction
Chapter 7
Earthquakes Fault types, seismic Fault, Stress, Earthquake, Seismic
wave types and how wave, Focus, Epicenter, Seismograph,
earthquakes can be Aftershock, Tsunami
predicted and
reduced
Chapter 8
Volcanoes
3 types of
Volcano, Pyroclastic flow, Acid rain,
volcanoes and how
Geyser
they affect Earth
SECOND SEMESTER
Hydrosphere
Unit Goal: Students will explain the steps of the water cycle, differentiate between fresh
and salt water systems, and will describe water movement patterns on the planet.
Chapter/Section Subject
Content
Vocabulary
Section 11.1
Water cycle How water moves
Fresh water, Salt water, Water
through the Earth
cycle, Evaporation, Condensation,
system
Precipitation
Section 11.3
Freshwater
How fresh water
Groundwater, Permeable,
collects and flows
Impermeable, Water table,
underground
Aquifer, Spring, Artesian well
Section 13.1
Oceans
Composition of the
Salinity, Density, Continental shelf,
ocean water,
Sonar
features of the
ocean floor and
ocean exploration
Section 13.2
Currents
Causes and effects
Ocean current, Downwelling,
of ocean currents
Upwelling, El Nino
and how those
influence climate
and weather
Section 13.4
Tides
Causes and effects
Tide, Tidal range, Spring tide, Neap
of tides and how
tide
they can be used as
an energy resource
Atmosphere
Unit Goal: Students will examine the characteristics of the atmosphere and describe how
they influence short and long term weather conditions.
Chapter/Section Subject
Content
Vocabulary
Chapter 15
Earth’s
Composition and
Atmosphere, Altitude, Density,
Changing
layers of the
Cycle, Radiation, Conduction,
Atmosphere atmosphere, energy
Convection, Ultraviolet radiation,
transfer within the
Ozone, Greenhouse effect,
atmosphere, how the Greenhouse gas
atmosphere protects
Earth
Chapter 16
Weather
Characteristics of
Air pressure, Barometer, Weather,
Patterns
air pressure , how
Wind, Global wind, Coriolis effect,
air pressure
Jet stream, Monsoon, Dew point,
differences
Evaporation, Condensation,
influence wind
Precipitation, Humidity, Saturation,
patterns, formation
Relative humidity, Freezing rain,
of clouds,
Sleet, Hail, Acid rain
precipitation types
Chapter 17
Weather
Movement of air
Air mass, Front, High-pressure
Fronts and
masses cause
system, Low-pressure system,
Storms
weather change,
Tropical storm, Hurricane, Storm
causes and effects
surge, Blizzard, Thunderstorm,
of severe storm
Tornado
Chapter 18
Climate and
Factors that
Climate, Latitude, Season, Ocean
Climate
influence climate,
current, Marine climate, Continental
Change
different climate
climate, Climate zone, Microclimate,
zones, changes in
Urban heat island, Rain shadow, Ice
climates
age
Environment
Unit Goal: Students will identify how society obtains and uses resources from the earth and
will compare and contrast the consequences and alternatives.
Chapter/Section Subject
Content
Vocabulary
Section 10.1
Natural
Classify resource
Natural resource, Renewable
resources
types; and benefits
resource, Nonrenewable resource,
and costs of using
Fossil fuel
fossil fuels
Section 10.2
Conserving
Reduce, reuse and
Conservation, Recycling
resources
recycle
Section 10.3
Alternative
Types of renewable
Nuclear fission, Hydroelectric
energy
resources and how
energy, Solar cell, Geothermal
they work
Energy, Biomass, Hydrogen fuel cell
Section 12.2
Safe water
Water pollution,
Concentration, Sewage system,
water quality
Septic system, Point-source
standards, and
pollution, Nonpoint-source pollution
water treatment
Section 14.3
Ocean
Living and nonliving
Overfishing, By-catch
resources
resources of the
affected by
ocean, how pollution
pollution
affects the ocean
Section 15.4
Human
Types and effects
Air pollution, Particulate, Fossil
activities
of air pollution
fuel, Smog
affect the
atmosphere
Space/Astronomy
Unit Goal: Students will describe the causes and effects of the Earth, Moon and Sun
relationship and will classify the planets of the solar system based on their characteristics.
Chapter/Section Subject
Content
Vocabulary
Section 20.1
Earth’s
Causes of day and
Axis of rotation, Revolution,
rotation on a night and Earth’s
Season, Equinox, Solstice
tilted axis
seasons
Section 20.3
Sun Moon
Causes and effects
Eclipse, Umbra, Penumbra
Earth
of solar and lunar
eclipses and tides,
phases of the moon
Section 21.1
Formation of Formation,
Astronomical unit, Ellipse
the Universe arrangement,
patterns of the
solar system
Section 21.2
Inner
Characteristics,
Terrestrial planet, Tectonics,
Planets
formation, and
Volcanism
processes of the
terrestrial planets
Section 21.3
Outer
Characteristics,
Gas giant, Ring
planets
formation and
features of the gas
giants