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Chapter 3: The Macromolecules of the Cell Classes of Proteins • Enzymes • Structural • Motility • Regulatory • Transport • Hormonal • Receptors • Defensive • Storage Amino Acids Amino group Carboxyl (acid) group LE 3-12b R groups Leucine (Leu) Hydrophobic Serine (Ser) Aspartic acid (Asp) Hydrophilic Primary Structure Amino acids Secondary Structure Amino acids Hydrogen bond Alpha helix Pleated sheet Tertiary Structure Amino acids Hydrogen bond Alpha helix Polypeptide (single subunit of transthyretin) Pleated sheet Quaternary Structure Amino acids Hydrogen bond Alpha helix Polypeptide (single subunit of transthyretin) Transthyretin, with four identical polypeptide subunits Pleated sheet Nucleic Acids • Subunit (monomer) is a nucleotide • Blueprints for proteins • 2 types • DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Nucleotide Nitrogenous base (A) Phosphate group Sugar Nucleotide Polysaccharides Glucose Aldosugar Fructose Ketosugar Fischer Haworth Glucose Glucose Maltose Glycosidic Bonds Alpha Beta Polysaccharides Starch granules in potato tuber cells Glycogen granules in muscle tissues Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall Cellulose molecules STARCH Glucose monomer GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE Lipids 1. Fatty Acids 2. Triacylglycerols 3. Phospholipids 4. Glycolipids 5. Steroids 6. Terpenes Fatty Acids Triacylglycerols Glycerol Fatty acid Phospholipids Glycolipids Steroids CH3 OH C O HO O Cholesterol: The steroid precursor Terpenes
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