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Practice Test – Geology 106, Chapter 19 from The Changing Earth written and formatted by Joseph Wilkinson 1. The Earth was originally heterogeneous/homogeneous and cool/hot (circle correct answers). 2. The Earth’s oceans were formed by _______________ BYa, mainly by _______________ and the expulsion of _______________ (both during volcanic eruptions). 3. Why did vendian organisms and shelly invertebrates replace earlier Precambrian organisms? 4. Early life and the advent of photosynthesis hindered/contributed to (circle correct answer) the formation of an oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth. 5. The formation of amino acids – the “building blocks” of life on Earth – required three elements: _______________, _______________, and _______________. A scientist named _______________ documented the formation of amino acids under these conditions in a laboratory. 6. Are fossils from the Precambrian Era common? Why or why not? 7. Life began in the oceans because water provided protection from ultraviolet rays before the widespread formation of ozone (O3) in the atmosphere. TRUE/FALSE 8. What are the chemical elements essential to the formation of life? _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________. 9. There are no rocks from the Hadean Period. TRUE/FALSE 10. Fossilized green algae found in the _______________ (rock formation) of _______________ (geographic location) and dated between _______________ and _______________ billion years old represent the first evidence of sexual reproduction. 11. What is the albedo effect? 12. The Earth’s crust probably formed and reassimilated with the mantle several times between _______________ and _______________ BYa. Geologists call this time the _______________. 13. By the end of the Cambrian Period, eight invertebrate phyla dominated the fossil record. TRUE/FALSE. 14. The shelly fauna of the Cambrian Period were at an evolutionary advantage, primarily because their shells provided ______________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________, and ______________________________. 15. Cryptozoic glaciation around 2.2 BYa produced the _______________ Formation of tillite. 16. Describe photochemical dissociation and provide three chemical reactions involving the process. 17. The inner, terrestrial planets have densities ranging from _______________ to _______________ g/cm3, while the outer, gaseous planets have densities from _______________ to _______________ g/cm3. Density increases/decreases (circle correct answer) as planets near the sun. 18. Name five types of life-atmosphere exchanges. ______________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________, ______________________________, and ______________________________. 19. Comets are large/small with high/low densities (circle correct answers). They are composed of _______________ and _______________. 20. The Earth’s present atmosphere includes _______________% Nitrogen (N2) and _______________% Oxygen (O2). 21. Earth would have a carbon dioxide rich atmosphere if not for the storage of CO2 during the creation of limestone (CaCO2). TRUE/FALSE 22. Describe and explain this solar system’s asteroid belt. 23. The Earth had a distinct core and mantle by _______________, but did not have a consistent, stable crust until _______________. The separation of the Earth into distinct parts was caused by the heating of the planet, and is known as ______________________________. 24. Name three types of ocean-sediment exchanges. ______________________________, ______________________________, and ______________________________. 25. In the early days of the solar system, solar materials combined (accreted) to form first _______________, then _______________, then _______________ through their increased gravitational pull. 26. The fossil record of the Cryptozoic Eon is characterized by many/few fossils, many/few outcrops, and highly/slightly distorted rocks. This makes interpretation difficult/easy. 27. Name six energy sources that could have aided the origin of life on Earth. _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________. 28. What is the age of the oldest discovered sedimentary rocks? _______________ 29. How did photochemical dissociation affect life on Earth? 30. Isotopic dates obtained from detrital zircons found in the _______________ (rock formation) of _______________ (geographic location) put the zircons at _______________ years old, and prove that by the time that those zircons formed, the Earth’s crust had formed and was being eroded. 31. The Copper Belt of _______________ (African country) produces _______________% of the world’s copper and _______________% of the world’s cobalt. 32. The _______________ Range in the state of _______________ was a major site of taconite deposition during the Great Iron Age _______________ BYa. 33. In North America, Precambrian rocks are found in ______________________________, ______________________________, and ______________________________. Provide examples of each type of location: ______________________________, ______________________________, and ______________________________ respectively. 34. Define the terms outgassing and juvenile water. What do they have to do with each other? 35. Name three methods by which the current theories about the interior of the Earth were determined. _______________, _______________, and _______________. 36. Carbon spheres from _______________ (geographic location) and dated _______________ BYa represent the first evidence of life on Earth. 37. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was abundant/rare during the Cryptozoic Eon, so the temperatures are thought to have been cold/warm (circle correct answers). 38. The Earth’s mantle constitutes _______________ of the planet by volume and _______________ by mass. 39. The dominant marine fossils during the Cambrian Period were the _______________, which accounted for about _______________% of that period’s fossil record, followed by the _______________, which accounted for about _______________%. 40. Name four geologic formations that provide evidence regarding the Earth’s climate during the Cryptozoic Eon. _______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________. 41. Explain the most current theory about the formation of the Earth’s moon. 42. 95% of the universe is composed of two elements: _______________ and _______________. Elements other than these first two evolved from _______________ through a process known as a) thermonuclear reactions, b) revised nebular reactions, c) impact reactions, or d) chain reactions. 43. Metallic meteorites are thought to be core fragments from an ancient planet. TRUE/FALSE 44. Name the three most abundant compounds in the Earth’s present atmosphere. _______________, _______________, and _______________. 45. Define terrane. 46. Moving from the Earth’s crust to its center (core), density increases/decreases, temperature increases/decreases, and pressure increases/decreases. 47. The first self-sustaining organisms lived on materials dissolved in the oceans. TRUE/FALSE 48. The worldwide glaciation from 800 to 700 MYa is known as the ______________________________. 49. Explain what happened to the Helium (He) and Hydrogen (H) left in the Earth’s atmosphere after the formation of the solar system. 50. Name three ways by which the Earth was heated before the Archean Period. _______________, _______________, and _______________. 51. The current model for the origin of the solar system is called a) the revised nuclear hypothesis, b) the simultaneous propagation theory, c) Planck’s Genesis Theory, or d) the revised nebular hypothesis. 52. The formation of a) ozone (O3), b) carbon dioxide (CO2), c) methane (CH4), or d) ammonia (NH3) in the Earth’s early atmosphere contributed to the development of life by protecting the Earth’s surface from ultraviolet waves. 53. Describe in detail the history of the Precambrian strata of the Grand Canyon. 54. The origin of life required a temperature between _______________ and _______________ degrees Celsius. 55. What is the Earth’s “total” or “average” density? _______________ 56. What were the three compounds most abundant in the Earth’s early atmosphere? _______________, _______________, and _______________. 57. The oldest probable fossilized organisms are cyanobacteria (stromatolites) discovered in the _______________ (rock formation) from ______________________________ (geographic location) dated between _______________ and _______________ BYa. 58. What does the revised nebular hypothesis propose? 59. The Paleozoic Era accounts for over 90% of the Earth’s history. TRUE/FALSE 60. Metallic meteorites are comprised of the metals _______________ and _______________. They have a density of _______________ and constitute _______________ of all meteorites to hit the Earth’s surface. Stony meteorites have a density of _______________ and constitute _______________ of all meteorites to hit the Earth. 61. The shelly fauna of the Precambrian and early Cambrian built their shells of _______________, _______________, or _______________. 62. Taconite deposits from the Cryptozoic Eon have only been found in North America. TRUE/FALSE 63. Africa is the world’s largest producer of gold, cobalt, chromium, and diamonds. TRUE/FALSE 64. List the four rock formations that form the Unkar Group of the Grand Canyon: _______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________. These rocks are _______________ billion years old and are igneous/metamorphic/sedimentary (circle correct answer). ANSWERS: 1. homogeneous and cool. 2. 3.7 BYa; outgassing and the expulsion of juvenile water. 3. Vendian organisms and shelly invertebrates replaced earlier Precambrian organisms after the almost-global Varangian glaciations almost wiped out all life on the planet Earth. The retreat of the Varangian glaciers coincided with a dramatic rise in atmospheric oxygen and tectonic movement, creating numerous shallow seas on the surface of the Earth – this was conducive to the development of life. An increase in the availability of the nutrients with which the shelly invertebrates built their shells helped them to survive, and the predation of the shelly invertebrates upon Precambrian stromatolites hastened the demise of said stromatolites. 4. contributed to. 5. essential elements, proper temperature, and an energy source; Stanley Miller. 6. Fossils from the Precambrian Era are very rare, because the organisms of that time were predominantly microscopic and soft-bodied, and because many of the fossils that were created were then destroyed by erosion (there is an unconformity between the Precambrian Era and the Cambrian Period in many places ) or by metamorphism. 7. TRUE. 8. Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S). 9. TRUE; the Earth did not have a stable and consistent crust until 4.0 BYa (the beginning of the Archean Era). 10. the Beck Springs Dolomite of California; 1.4 and 1.2 BYa. 11. The albedo effect is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface. If it snows on an area, then that area becomes colder due to the reflective nature of the color white, which prevents the sun’s rays from heating the Earth’s surface in that area. This process causes glaciation. 12. 4.0 and 4.55 BYa; the Hadean Period of the Precambrian Era. 13. TRUE. 14. protection against solar radiation; protection from drying out in the intertidal zone; protection from predators; structural support; sites for the attachment of muscles to aid in locomotion (this could fall under “structural support”). 15. Gowganda Formation. 16. Photochemical dissociation is the dissociation by ultraviolet rays of compounds in the Earth’s atmosphere into other, simpler compounds. Examples of this include: 2H2O 2H2 + O2 CH4 + 2O2 4NH3 + 3O2 CO2 + 2H2O 2N2 + 6H2O 17. 5.1 to 5.5 g/cm3; 0.71 to 2.47g/cm3; increases. 18. cycling of N by bacteria; plants consume CO2 and produce O; animals consume O and produce CO2; oxygen-fixing bacteria consume O; coal and carbonate rocks store C. 19. small with low densities; ice and stony materials. 20. 78% N and 21% O. 21. TRUE. 22. The asteroid belt is a massive collection of individual asteroids in orbit around the sun between Mars and Jupiter. They are currently thought to be planetesimals that were prevented from accreting into protoplanets and planets by Jupiter’s gravitational field. 23. 4.55 BYa, 4.0 BYa; differentiation based on density. 24. storage of Ca and CO2 in limestone (CaCO2); storage of Ca and SO4 in anhydrite (CaSO4); storage of Na and Cl in rock salt (NaCl). 25. planetesimals, then protoplanets, then planets. 26. few fossils, few outcrops, highly distorted (deformed, faulted, folded, metamorphosed, etc.) rocks; difficult. 27. solar radiation, volcanism, electrical discharges, hot springs, radioactive decay, and black smokers. 28. 3.7 billion years old (the same age as the Earth’s oceans). 29. Photochemical dissociation allowed methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) – both compounds toxic to life – to be converted into carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen gas (N2), and oxygen gas (O2), thus generating compounds necessary to life as we know it. 30. Acasta Gneiss of Northwest Canada; 3.96 billion years old. 31. Zambia; 25%, 25%. 32. Mesabi Range, Minnesota; 2.2 BYa. 33. shield areas (exposed cratons), deep canyons, and the cores of old mountain belts; the Canadian Shield, the Grand Canyon, and the Appalachians respectively. 34. Outgassing is the expulsion of gases from the Earth’s interior to the atmosphere. Steam (H2O) is among those gases; that steam is known as juvenile water. 35. density data, seismic data, and dynamo theory. 36. Greenland; 3.85 BYa. 37. abundant; warm. 38. 82% and 67%. 39. the trilobites, 60%; the brachiopods, 20%. 40. mudcracks, dune deposits, glacial evidence, and evaporites. 41. It is currently thought that the moon formed when an asteroid impact sent Earth material flying into orbit. This material gradually accreted to form a single solid mass with its own gravitational field. 42. Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He); Hydrogen (H); A (thermonuclear reactions). 43. TRUE. Stony meteorites are thought to be fragments from the mantle of another – or maybe the same – planet. 44. Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2). 45. A terrane is an exotic landmass; a named part of an existing continent that may have once been a continent (or a microcontinent) in its own right before accreting onto a larger landmass. 46. increases, increases, increases. 47. FALSE; the first truly self-sustaining organisms lived by photosynthesis. 48. Varangian Glaciation. 49. The Helium (He) was too light to be trapped in the Earth’s gravitational field, so it left the planet’s atmosphere. The Hydrogen bonded with Oxygen to form water (H2O), which was heavy enough to be retained by the Earth’s gravity. 50. gravitational contraction, radioactive decay, and meteor impacts. 51. D (the revised nebular hypothesis). 52. A (Ozone – O3). 53. The Precambrian materials of the Grand Canyon consist of the Vishnu Schist (1.7 BY) intruded by the Zoroaster Granite. These materials were uplifted to form the Vishnu Mountains, which were then eroded. The erosion surface was buried by the sedimentary rocks of the Unkar Group (0.8 BY), creating an unconformity. All materials were uplifted and eroded, producing a surface upon which Paleozoic strata were deposited. 54. 0 and 100 degrees Celsius. 55. 5.5 g/cm3. 56. methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and steam (H2O). 57. the Warrawoona Group from North Pole, Australia; dated from 3.5 to 3.3 BYa. 58. The revised nebular hypothesis suggests that the sun, the planets, and the rest of our solar system came to be simultaneously, and that the current planets were created through accretion of solar materials which combined to form planetesimals, then protoplanets, then planets as their gravitational pull increased and attracted more materials. 59. FALSE; the Precambrian Era accounts for over 90% of the Earth’s history. 60. Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni); 7.6 g/cm3; 25%.; 3.5 g/cm3; 75%. 61. silica, chitin, or calcium. 62. FALSE; taconite deposits have been found in the United States, Australia, Canada, India, Sweden, Russia, Venezuela, and Brazil. 63. TRUE; South Africa produces 75% of the world’s gold, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the world’s largest producer of cobalt, and Zimbabwe is the world’s largest producer of chromium. 64. the Bass Limestone, the Shinumo Quartzite, the Hakatai Redbeds, and the Dox Sandstone; 0.8 billion years old; sedimentary.