Download Chapter 2: Balancing Liberty and Order—Outline

Chapter 2: Balancing Liberty and Order—Outline
Section 3: The origin of American politics
I. Liberty vs. Order in the 1790s
1. The debate over the proper role of government did not end, in fact it continued through Washington’s
administration and beyond.
2. Hamilton was a keen supporter of strong national power, he had faith in his people, in his view, and the
government should take active role in directing the development of the American economy.
3. In 1790, Congress approved Hamilton’s plan for national government to take on the debts by the states during
the revolution.
4. In 1790, Hamilton created a plan to pay off $75 million owed, creating a tax on imported goods and a tax on
whiskey.
5. In 1791, Congress followed Hamilton’s lead to create the Bank of the United States to pay off interest.
6. Because of Hamilton’s new plan, the Americans saw it as a reminder of the British to take their liberty away.
7. In 1793, Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State because he thought his voice wasn't being heard by
Washington unlike Hamilton's.
8. Jefferson thought that Hamilton was betraying the whole point of the ideals of the American Revolution,
because he wanted a loose construction against the Constitution; Jefferson believed in strict construction view
of the Constitution, meaning the government should only use imp-lied powers when necessary.
9. In 1789, Britain and France broke out in a war which put the United States in between the two, but the United
States didn't want trouble with Britain because their Navy controlled the oceans, however according to Jefferson
he considered this war the extension of the American Revolution.
10. In April 1793, on the reelection of the president, Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality.
11.In western Pennsylvania and other frontier areas many people refused to pay tax on whisky; In 1794 western
Pennsylvania the state seemed to be rebellion against the tax and the Whisky rebellion followed the opposition
of the Stay Act and Shay’s Rebellion that the rebels closed courts and attacked tax collectors.
12. President Washington and Secretary Hamilton displayed the power of the federal government by putting an
end to the whisky Rebellion in 1794 in Pittsburgh.
13. In 1794 Washington and Hamilton thought that the long term interest should be with British Chief Justice
John Jay was sent to London to negotiate an agreement called Jay’s Treaty; The treaty stated that the British
would lease ports in the Northwest territories but didn’t. Jay was unable to stop the British from stopping
American ships overseas.
14. Many Americans saw Jay’s Treaty as a sellout to the hated British.
15. In the early 1793, professional men formed a group called Democratic Societies to oppose the promoting
resistance to the Federalists, which they were later called them the Jeffersonian Republican and they were the
first political party.
16. George Washington didn't like how events separated people so by his second term he couldn’t wait for it to
finish.
17. In 1796, George Washington predicted that political parties will compete in his farewell address.
II. The Presidency of John Adams
1. For eight years John Adams didn't have much respect for Gorge Washington during the American
Revolution and Vice President and for that situation Adam tried hard to face the party differences
which were harder for him to control.
2. Adam faced the threat of the war with France, The French were angry with Jay's Treaty because he
began to seizing America ships in French, Adams decided to sent officials to Paris to negotiate with
the revolutionary government.
3. The XYZ affair took place in Paris, the American officials were met by secret agents of the French,
these agents were identified only as X, Y, and Z; the agents demanded bribes for the negotiations to
cease.
4. America diplomats quickly returned home refusing to pay the bribe they met with cries
of patriotism war, and defiance against French, by 1798 both fired on and seized the French and U.S.A
were at fight.
5. The Federalist took advantage of the war crisis, made important new measures through congress
like increasing the size of the Army and in 1798 the Alien and Sedition Acts try to prove
more controversial, but the Federalist used the Sedition Act to silence Republican opposition.
6. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison believed that the Sedition Act exceeded the constitutional
power of the federal government, the Alien and Sedition Act with the Virginia and Kentucky
resolution but neither Virginia nor Kentucky tried to enforce the resolution.
III. The Election of 1800
1. During the late 1790's tension grew between the Federalist and Jefferson Republic; Presidential
election of 1800 was getting closer and people believed that their ration was at stake, wondering if the
nation would tilt toward " the spirit of 1776" as Jefferson called it or would it be the spirit of 1787.
2. Jeffersonian newspaper accused Adams of being a monarchist, which was a list, asserted that
Jefferson was a godless man who would lead the US into problems and trouble.
3. Although Jefferson had the popular vote, he was tied with Aaron Burr. The House of
Representatives had to choose between Aaron and John Adams. Hamilton broke the sixty-day
stalemate which put Jefferson in office.
4. In 1799, Adams sent a second mission to France. It cooled both the United States and France.
However, Adams failed critics by many of his own supporters.
5. Thomas Jefferson was a leader that preferred local to the National Government. His followers such
like himself risked to much liberty than the government although he didn't classify himself as a
politician.
IV. Jefferson Take Office
1. On March 4, 1801, Thomas Jefferson took oath if office. Americans proved they can transfer power
from one party to another and do it peacefully but Jefferson understood that administration won't
succeed or survive unless America disagreed peacefully.
2. Jefferson went into office with a straightforward agenda Jefferson reduced taxes cut the army into
only 3,000 men and became an extremely popular president.
3. Jefferson reduced taxes, cut the size of federal bureaucracy, slashed the size if the army over 3,000
men but he actually didn’t mean to undo all the federalists acts. His aspects of program made him
extremely popular in his first run as president which led to him easily winning the reelection in 1804.
4. Controversy involved the judicial branch specially the Supreme Court and Jefferson’s 1st term
wasn’t without controversy.
5. Congress had passed the Judiciary Act on 1801, near the end of the administration of President John
Adams. The midnight judges which were the last minute appointments included John Marshall, which
led to the historic Marbury v. Madison case.
6. Adam had appointed William Marbury as justice of the peace for the district of Colombia but
Marbury had no official authority because the papers were never delivered. Due to the cause Marbury
sued Madison to allow him to take office Act of 1789 the court could give the order.
7. Marshall didn’t agree on the Supreme Court to quiet that order to the executive branch, in 1789
Marshall was declared part of the judiciary act.
8. It was not only victory for Jefferson, but much more to the Supreme Court because it established the
power of Judicial Review, that’s it where federal courts had the power to look over state laws and stat
court decisions.
9. Jefferson opposed the making of a strong central government because of issues concerning
Americans expanding west of the Appalachians. Jefferson used his power and money badly.
10. In 1803 Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris in hopes of buying new Orleans, Napoleon offered
to sell Louisiana instead. Jefferson had his doubts about purchasing forging land, but urged Congress
to approve the sale; this is known as Louisiana Purchase it dramatically increased national debt and
size of the United States.
11. The Lewis and Clark expedition that set out in 1804 and return in 1806.
12. The U.S and Britain were in press since 1795 until 1805. Jefferson convinced congress to pass the
Embargo Act of 1807 which outlawed almost all trade with foreign countries an embargo is a
restriction on trade.
13. The Britain and French did not injure its targets but however it did to Americans who made their
living through trade also it ruined Jefferson’s. In 1808 James Madison was elected to be president but
their president has retired to his home to Monticello.
V. The War of 1812
1. Trouble between the United States and Britain was not limited to high seas. The resistance to the
Americans by the Native Americans was an encouragement by the British.
2. In the 1790’s, Native Americans joined together to stop Americans from expanding to the west.
Even though they had little success, they suffered many defeats. They were forced to accept the loss of
the southern two thirds of Ohio and that the Ohio River wasn’t a boundary between them.
3. In 1808, Native American leaders tried to stop westward expansion; Tenskwatawa established
Prophetstown on the Wabash River; Tecumseh and his warriors met with Governor Harrison of the
Indiana Territory that whites were buying their lands without the approval of the people who lived
there.
4. In June 1812, President Madison Requested the Congress to wage war on against the British called
War of 1812; Native Americans were encouraged and supported to attack against the settlers.
5. The united states had no help from foreign countries, and invaded British-held Canada and were
beaten by the British in 1812, British also used their power to hold the trade from the United States,
On August 24, 1814 British entered the capital and started fires, President Madison and wife fled.
6. The British troops next moved toward Baltimore. By witnessing a British bombardment of Fort
McHenry, at the entrance to Baltimore harbor, and wrote a testimony to Americans' determination.
The "star spangled banner" which made American forces to turn back from the enemy.
7. Not all the Americans felt as patriotic about the war of 1812, Francis Scott however, described his
feelings toward it and at the end Hartford Convention called only for Constitutional amendments this
made New England's political power increase.
8. The war that no one wanted was recognized by both British and Americans and on December 24,
1814 representatives of both nations signed the Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of 1812.
9. The battle of New Orleans was a great victory for the United States; the battle made General
Andrew Jackson a national here.
VI. Postwar issues
1. A Republican named James Monroe from Virginia ran for president and won easily being the 5th
president of the U.S in 1816 crushing his American politics.
2. The second bank of the United States was created in 1816 and Americans started to move
westward fast and traded with Europe boomed.
3. The United States experienced the first depression, or severe economic downturn which is known
as the panic of 1819 and began across in the Atlantic, London banks demanded that banks in the
United States pay money owed to them.
4. While the economy would eventually rebound from the depression in 1819, and the congress
began debating the admissions of Missouri at state, several members of the congress from the north
objected to admitting Missouri as a slave state.
5. Finally in 1820 congress decided the Missouri Compromise which made slavery restricted in
Missouri but during Maine was carved out of northern Massachusetts and became a free state to the
union, also the congress agreed states north of the Louisiana Purchase would be closed to slavery.