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Your Name _______________________________Period_____ Date___________________
Ch. 17 Title Record Here _____________________________________________________________________
Central Case: Charging toward Cleanier Air in London - pp. 473-474
*in 13th century London’s __________burning was so bad that King Edward I decreed that anyone caught
burning a certain “dirty” form would be ____________________
*in 1952 weather conditions trapped pollutants creating a “___________ __________” that killed 4,000 people
*today London battles a new source of pollution, smog from the _____________emissions from the 250,000
vehicles traveling at an average speed of ____mph
*today – drivers coming into central London during the weekday must pay 8 pounds (about $____) per day
What were the results of this program within 1 year of its implementation?
THE ATMOSPHERE- pp. 474-480
*the atmosphere consists of roughly 78% _____________ and 21% _______________; the remaining 1% is
composed of _________________and minute concentrations of several other gases
Using Figure 17.1 list the four “other permanent gases” and the 6 “variable gases” below
The atmosphere consists of layers
Describe the characteristics of each #1-4
1-
1223344-
Atmospheric properties include temperature, pressure, and humidity
*atmospheric pressure, which measures the _____________per unit ______ produced by a column of air, also
________________________ with altitude, because at higher altitudes fewer molecules are pulled down by
_________________________
*another property of air is ___________________________, the ratio of water vapor a given volume of air
contains to the maximum amount it could contain at a given ____________________________
Explain in your own words- why high humidity make it feel hotter than it really is?
What are some factors at a local scale the causes the temperature to vary with location and time?
Solar energy heats the atmosphere, helps create seasons, and causes air to circulate
*because of Earth’s curvature, _________________regions receive on average less solar energy than
_____________________ regions; one reason is that sunlight gets spread over a larger area when striking the
surface at an _______________; another reason is that sunlight approaching at a lower angle near the poles
must traverse a longer distance through the atmosphere, during which more energy is ______________or
reflected.
Explain what creates the seasons- using diagrams and a written description in your own words:
**this is a very important concept to understand- watch this video if you do not have a strong grasp on the
seasons --http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyKvXX8iGE4&feature=fvwrel
What is the process of “convective circulation”?
The atmosphere drives weather and climate
*Weather specifies atmospheric conditions over ____________ time periods, typically hours or days, and
within relatively small ____________________areas; Climate, in contrast, describes the atmospheric conditions
found across larger regions over long periods of time, typically seasons, years, or millennia
*“Climate is what we ______________-; weather is what we _________”, a famous quote by Mark Twain
Air masses interact to produce weather
*the boundary between air masses that differ in temperature and moisture (and therefore density) is called a
________________
What is the difference between a “cold” and a “warm” front?
What is the difference between a “high-pressure” and a “low-pressure” system?
*a_____________________is a natural atmospheric occurrence that can worsen ______ pollution locally;
under normal conditions a tropospheric temperature decreases with _____________________, and air of
different altitudes mixes, dispersing pollutants ________________and outward from their sources; if cool ari
remains near the ground underneath an “inversion layer” of air that warms with altitude, little mixing occurs,
and pollutants are ____________________near the surface (See Figure 17.8)
Large-scale circulation systems produce global climate patterns
*at larger geographic scales, convective air currents contribute to broad climatic patterns, near the equator, solar
radiation sets in motion a pair of convective cells known as ____________________cells. Warm air near the
equator _________________, expands, and cools, and moisture condenses, giving rise to a wet climate in
__________________regions
*Air travels toward the poles and descends around _____degrees latitude; these regions tend to be _______
*_____________cells occur between 30 and 60 degrees latitude north and south
*_____________ cells occur between 60 and 90 degrees latitude
These 3 sets of cells account for the latitudinal distribution of moisture across Earth’s surface; ______ climates
near the equator; __________climates near 30 degrees latitude; ____________regions near 60 degrees latitude;
and __________conditions near the poles; these patterns, combined with _________________variation help
explain why ___________________tend to be arrayed in latitudinal bands.
*______________________effect results in the curving global wind patterns; north-south air currents of the
convective cells appear to be deflected from a straight path as some portions of the globe move beneath them
more quickly than others
Near the equator lies a region with few winds known as the ______________________; between the equator
and 30 degrees latitude, the ____________winds blow from ____________to ______________; from 30 to 60
degrees latitude, the ___________________-originate from the _____________ and blow ___________.
For explanations on global currents, the Coriolis effect, and these convective cells- watch the following clips:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wda7azMvabE (Coriolis effect)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHrapzHPCSA (global currents)
OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION– pp. 480-494
Natural sources can pollute
*every year, hundreds of millions of tons of ____________ are blown westward by _______ winds across the
Atlantic Ocean from northern Africa to the Americas; these storms bring nutrients to the Amazon basin, as well
as _________________ and bacterial spores that have been linked to die-offs in Caribbean
____________systems
*_____________________release large quantities of particulate matter, as well as ______________________
and other gases, into the troposphere; this gas reactions with _______________ and oxygen, then condenses
into find droplets called ________________, which reflect sunlight back into space and thereby cool the
atmosphere and surface
*Burning ______________also pollutes the atmosphere with soot and gases; over 60 million ha (______million
acres) of forest and grassland burn in a typical year
We create various types of outdoor air pollution
*give an example of a point and nonpoint source of air pollution:
*____________________ pollutants, such as soot and ____________________, are pollutants emitted into the
troposphere in a form that can be directly harmful or that can react to form harmful substances
*___________________pollutants, such as _________________________, are harmful substances produced
when the primary pollutants interact or react with constituents of the atmosphere
Clean Air Act legislation addresses pollution in the United States
*Make a timeline that lists some important dates, laws and a very brief explanation of the legislation addressed
air pollution in the US below:
The EPA sets air quality standards for “criteria pollutants”
*6 criteria pollutants judged to pose especially great threats to
______________________- the EPA has established _______________________________________________
(NAAQS), which are maximum allowable concentrations of these pollutants in ambient outdoor air
*List and describe in your own words each of the 6 criteria pollutants- alternatively- and
ENCOURAGED…make 6 flashcards on these 6 air pollutants
Agencies monitor pollutants that affect air quality
*According to the Figure 17.11 on p. 483, counties in these states seem to be struggling to maintain the NAAQS
standards in 2005:
*_______________________________(VOCs) are carbon-containing chemicals used in and emitted by
__________________________and a wide variety of solvents and industrial processes, as well as by many
household chemicals and consumer items; one group of VOCs consists of __________________________ such
as methane, ________________________, butane (found in ___________________) and octane (C_H_);
Plants produce isoprene and terpene
*according to Figure 17.12, in 2006, the US emitted 137 million tons of the 6 major pollutants; Which pollutant
accounted for most of these emissions, by mass?
Air pollution has decreased markedly since 1970
*What are the reasons for the declines in the dramatic reductions in emissions of monitored pollutants?
Toxic substances also pollute
* in the 1990 Clean Air Act identifies _________different toxic air pollutants; these include substances known
to cause ________________________________________________, as well as substances that affect the health
of animals and plants. ____________________sulfide gas ( ______) gives the mud of swamps and bogs the
odor of _________________________; Toxic air pollutants range from the heavy metal ____________ (from
coal-burning power plant emissions and other sources) to VOCs such as _____________(a component of
gasoline) and methylene chloride (found in __________________________________)
Recent policy proposals have been contentious
*Explain the policy that the EPA under Bush proposed to eliminate called the “new source review”
*Explain in your own words the “Clear Skies initiative”
Burning fossil fuels produces industrial smog
Explain the difference between “industrial” and “photochemical” smog:
Photochemical smog is produced by a complex series of reactions
*Using formation of photochemical smog Figure on p. 487- explain how industrial smog is produced
Air quality is a rural issue, too
*a great deal of rural air pollution emanates from _______________, where cattle, hogs, or chickens are raised
in dense concentrations; these produce waste dust containing methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ______________
Industrializing nations are suffering increasing air pollution
*_____________suffers among the world’s worst air pollution; 4 of 5 cities survey by the ________________in
2000 suffered SO2 or NO2 emissions above the threshold set by the
____________________________________; this country and India suffer _____% of the 1.8 million premature
deaths each year globally to outdoor air pollution
*What is the “Asian Brown Cloud”?
Synthetic chemicals deplete stratospheric ozone
*What is the difference between the ozone in the troposphere vs. the stratosphere?
*__________________________(CFCs) can deplete the stratospheric ozone by releasing chlorine atoms that
spolit ozone molecules, creating from each of them an O2 molecule and a ClO molecule; the
“___________________” consists of a region of thinned ozone density in the stratosphere over
______________________and the southernmost ocean regions; CFCs began to be regulated under the
________________________________ in 1987
The Science Behind the Story: Identifying CFCs as the Main Cause of Ozone Depletion pp. 490-491
*CFCs were invented in 1928 and used as ______________________, fire ____________________ and
propellants for ________________________________cans
*What chemical property of CFCs made them particularly appealing in these and other produces such as
polystyrene foams?
The Montreal Protocol addressed ozone depletion
*in response to the scientific concerns, international policy efforts to restrict ______ production finally bore
fruit in 1987, in this treaty, ______ nations agreed to cut CFC production in ___________; today the production
and use of ozone-depleting compounds has fallen _____% since the late 1980s
*environmental scientists have attributed their success on the issue of ozone depletion primarily to what 2
factors?
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2-
Acidic deposition is another transboundary pollution problem
*Acidic deposition is one type of atmospheric deposition, which refers more broadly to the wet or dry
deposition on land of a wide variety of pollutants including _______________, __________________,
organochlorines, and others
*pollutants can react with water, oxygen, and oxidants to produce compounds of __________pH, primarily
______________ acid and ______________________acid
*What are some of the impacts on the environment of acidic deposition?
Acid deposition has not been reduced as much as scientists had hoped
What are scrubbers?
How have these helped with declining emissions of SO2?
The Science Behind the Story: Acid Rain at Hubbard Brook Research Forest- pp. 494-495
*in the 1960s, ecologists found that precipitation here was several _________________times more acidic than
natural rainwater; from Pennsylvania to Maine had pH values averaging around _____and that individual
rainstorms showed values as low as ____-----almost 10,000 times more acidic than rainwater
*according to this study- what parts of the US have the most severe problems? And why?
*Why in Oct. 1999 did researchers use a helicopter to distribute 50 tons of a calcium-containing mineral called
wollastonite over one of Hubbard Brook’s watersheds?
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION- pp. 494- 496
 the health effects from indoor air pollution in workplaces, schools, and homes
__________________those from outdoor air pollution
 indoor air pollution alone, then takes roughly _________________lives each day- according to the UN
Development Programme in 1998
Indoor air pollution in the developing world arises from fuelwood burning
*in developing parts of the world the concentrations of particulate mater are commonly ______ times above US
EPA standards, the WHO has found; ____________________matter and chemicals from wood and charcoal
smoke are the primary health risks
*in developed nations, the top risks are ____________________________ and radon
Tobacco smoke and radon are the most dangerous indoor pollutants in the developed world
*environmental tobacco smoke consists of a brew of over ________chemical compounds, many of which are
known or suspected to be ______________ or carcinogenic
*the second-leading cause of lung cancer in the developed world, radon gas, is responsible for an estimated
______________________deaths per year in the US alone
*radon is ______________and odorless, one’s risk from radon depends largely on underground ____________
Many VOCs pollute indoor air
*although we are surrounded by products- such as –
that emit VOCs- they are released in very small amounts; the implications for human health of chronic exposure
to VOCs are far from clear; EPA found in 1990 study that 90% of people’s
_______________________exposure came from indoor sources; at levels ____ times levels measured outside
Living organisms can pollute indoor spaces
*dust __________ and animal _____________can worsen _______________in children; some fungi, mold,
and _____________________( in particular, their airborne spores) can cause severe health problems, including
__________________, asthma, and other respiratory ailments
*when the cause for an illness is a mystery, and when symptoms are general and nonspecific, the illness is often
called __________________________________syndrome
We can reduce indoor air pollution – Name some of these ways:
Homework List Modification: pp. 501-502: Testing your Comprehension #3, 6, 9,10; Seeking Solutions #4-6;
Interpreting Graphs and Data #1-3 all