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TOWARDS THE RESOLUTION
In 1763 British parliament passed a law to keep American colonists out of the Ohio Valley. The
Proclamation of 1763 declared that all land west of the Appalachian Mountains was not to be settled by
the colonists. Its main reasons were:
*to keep Indian attacks on the western frontier
*to help British companies control the fur trade in Ohio valley
*to have easier control over the colonists
The Proclamation didn’t stop the westward movement but become a source of friction between Great
Britain and the British colonies. As a result of the French and Indian War the British Government began
a new policy for ruling the colonies. It had 4 goals:
1)The British Government wanted to continue the control of the colonial trade.
2)It wanted the American colonists to pay a part of debt for the French and Indian War
3)It wanted to strengthen the British empire
4)Britain wanted to get greater wealth from the colonies.
To achieve these goals Great Britain took several steps:
1)The Quartering Act forced the colonists to have and feed Britain soldiers who were supposed
to inforce the British trade laws.
2)British warships were patrolling American harbours to catch smugglers
3)Writes of Assistance(Court Orders) allowed British soldiers to search houses, ships and warehouses for
smuggled goods. The accused colonists were put on trial in British courts.
4)New taxes were placed on American colonists to raise money for the British empire:
*The Sugar Act (05.04.1764) – raised taxes on: cloth, wine, sugar, molasses
*The Currency Act (19.04.1764) – it made illegal for the colonists to print their own money and they
were also ordered to use gold and silver only to trade with Great Britain
*The Stamp Act (22.03.1765) – required paying tax on printed materials(books, newspapers etc.)
Colonists anger grew and they started protesting against the Stamp Act. On 07.10.1765 leaders of 9
colonies met in New York - Stamp Act Congress:
1)They sent a letter to the British Parliament in which they asked to repeal the Stamp Act
2)They also claimed that only colonial government had the right to tax the colonists. They believed in
“no taxation without representation’
3)Apart from this official way they also encouraged boycotting British goods.
The Stamp Act was repeated on 18.03.1766, however on the same day a Declaratory Act was passed
which stated that the Parliament was written to tax the colonists. On the 29.06.1767 Parliament passed
the Townshend Act. They put taxes on many products such as paint, glass, led, paper and tea. It result
in boycott due to which the tax was removed in 1770 except for the tea tax.
More and more colonists questioned the right of Great Britain to tax the colonies and beliefs in home
rule began to grow. These attitudes led to greater tensions and resulted in 3 major incidents:
1)on 05.03.1770 a group of colonists began to throw the snowballs at British soldiers in Boston. The
crowd of colonists grew larger and British soldiers called for help. Insults snowballs and rocks were
thrown at the British troops. When a soldier was knocked down, the other soldiers fired into the crowd.
Five colonists were killed. The event is called Boston Massacre.
2)On 10.06.1772 colonists set fire to a British ship patrolling the coastline of New England. As a
result Committees of Correspondence were set up in the colonies. Their purpose was t inform
Americans of British actions and to unite the 13 colonies against British control of Trade.
3) Tea Act in 1773 was passed and allowed the British company to sell its tea in American colonies
without paying taxes. It resulted in boycott, especially the one known as the Boston Tea Party –
16.12.1773. Colonists disguised themselves as Indians bordered British ships and damped British tea
into the ocean. Boston Tea Party was seen as open disobedience to British law. Colony of
Massachusetts was placed under military rule and British Parliament passed 4 new laws to tighten its
control over the colonies(Coercive Acts):
1.Boston harbour was closed
2.Self-government in Massachusetts was limited
3.Quartering Acts were crime in Massachusetts were sent to Great Britain for trial.
Many colonists joined in protests against these acts(Intolerable Acts). Committees of Correspondence
called for a meeting of all the colonies. Representatives of 12 colonies (without Georgia) met in
Philadelphia on 05.09.1774 – the First Continental Congress. They wanted a peaceful settlement with
Great Britain and sent a letter to king George III stating that the colonists would not obey the
Intolerable Acts and threatening to break off all trade between colonies and Great Britain. In response
the King sent more troops.
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1775-1783)
On 19.04.1775 700 British soldiers marched from Boston to stop a rebellion of the colonists by capturing
a colonial arms depot in the nearby town of Concord. At the village of Lexington they confronted
70military men. Someone fired a short and the War of Independence began.
The British easily captured Lexington and Concord but as they marched back to Boston they were
attacked by hundreds of Massachusetts volunteers (`Minutemen`).
By June American soldiers attacked Boston successfully and the British were forced to evacuate the city.
In May 1775 Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of
national government. It founded a continental army and navy under the command of George
Washington. It also printed money and opened diplomatic relations with foreign powers. After May
1775 fighting between British and American troops broke out in several places but most of them centered
in Middle Atlantic States.
In June 1775 colonial troops were attacked by the British on a high ground outside Boston called Breeds
Hill. The British won but at a great price. In history this battle is known as the Battle of Bunker Hill.
In July 1776 the Congress finally resolved that united colonies are entitled to be free and independent
states. Therefore Thomas Jefferson assisted by others drafted the Declaration of Independence which
was adapted by the Congress on 04.07.1776.
The Declaration of Independence:
*is formal document in which America gaining independent country by Thomas Jefferson
*stated that the colonies were new nation
*claimed that all people have a natural right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
*claimed that governments have rights to rule only with the consent of citizens.
At first the war went badly for Americans. The Battle of Long Islands fought in August 1776 was won
by the British and general Washington was forced to make a long retreat `The British captured New York
city in September 1776 and Philadelphia was captured in 1777.
American troops were closely followed by the British army under the command of general Cornwallis
who reached Trenton and New Jersey. Being aware of the British position gen. Washington decided to
wait for the right moment to attack. When only a small British force was left to keep watch over the
Americans. Washington entered Trenton and took British positions by surprise.
By January 1777 Washington`s troops defeated British regiments in the Battle of Princeton (new
Jersey). The situation changed for the Americans in October 1777 when the British army surrendered
after a ten day Battle at Saratoga. It proved to be a turning point of this war since it resulted in help from
foreign countries e.g. aid from the French treasury and the French navy or support of experienced army
leaders amongothers Kazimierz Puławski and Tadeusz Kościuszko. After 1778 the fighting shifted
largely to the South and West. Important British positions were captured up to 1780. However,in May
1780 Americans were defeated at Charleston and in August at Camden, South Carolina. But the
Revolutionary War was also fought at sea, which was quite successful due to support of the French navy.
In late September 1781 the French fleet blocked the British navy from reaching Yorktown where
Cornwallis was waiting with his troops. At the same time gen. Washington with the help of other foreign
experienced leaders led American and French troops against the British. They were forced to surrender
on 19.10.1781. Conditional peace treaty was signed on 30.11.1782 but the formal are called the Treaty of
Paris was signed on 03.09.1783. The treaty recognized the independence of the US and granted the new
nation all the territory north of Florida, south of Canada and east of the Mississippi river.
FEDERALISTS AND REPUBLICANS(1789-1800)
After the War of Independence the United States were recognized as an independent nation. However,
the new US had to deal with some serious problems, such as:
-division between states
-weak government
-debts
It was clear that the only way to solve these problems was to join together states into one united nation
and creating a new strong country. It was clear that the US had to introduce some changes so the
Congress decided to organize a meeting known as Constitutional Convention. All delegates of states
were invited to talk about such changes. The meeting took place in Philadelphia and delegates of 12
states(without Rhode Island) attended. It began in May 1787 and George Washington was chosen to
lead the discussions.
Two plans of government were considered during the Constitutional Convention:
1)Virginia plan- it favoured a strong central government made up of 3 separate branches. It
was favoured by larger states since it introduced proportional representation in Congress.
2)New Jersey plan – favoured a government made up of one branch naming Congress with new powers
given to it. Representation was to be equal.
The Great Compromise solved the differences among the delegates. It set up a bicameral legislature.
Government was to be divided into 3 branches. One more issue to solve was the way of determining
states population since taxation and representation in Congress were to be based on this
factor. Northerners believed that slaves should be counted for tax reason but not for the
representation. Southerners had opposite ideas. Finally, the delegates agreed to count 5 slaves as 3
free persons for both – taxation and representation. It is called Three-Fifths Compromise. The delegates
set out the plan for this government in a document called the Constitution of the United States. It went
into effect in March 1789 however, 2 years later, there were 10 amendments introduced to it,
called the Bill of Rights. The Constitution gave the US a federal System of government.
The opposing parties were created:
1)The Federalist Party:
1.founded in 1792 by Alexander Hamilton who was the Secretary of the Treasury
2.supported by merchants, businessmen, rich people
3.supported strong President and federal government
5.introduced a new policy to fund national debt – by supporting manufactures and industrial
development and rising tariff
6.they were pro-British
7.they engaged in the undeclared naval war with France in 1798-99
8.sought a strong army and navy
9.they were in power in years 1796-1800(president John Adams)
10.after few years the party was dissolved
11.they wanted people to pay taxes
2)The Democratic(republican) Party:
1.founded in 1792 by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
2.supported by less wealthy people(farmers, craftsmen)
3.they supported the rights of individual states (for farmers and craftsmen it seemed easier to control
local government action rather than federal government)
4.they distrusted Britain
5.democracy was believed to be the most important elements of their policy
6.they ascended to power in the election of 1800(president Thomas Jefferson)
*First the Americans were trying to act as one nation under the document called the Articles of
Confederation(1781) but it didn’t work because the central government was still weak.
THE JEFFERSON REPUBLIC (1800-1823)
1)The election of 1800
The election of 1800 was unusual. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Adams (of the Democratic Party) ran
against John Adams and Charles Pinckney (of the Federalist Party). At this time, the candidate who
received the greatest number of electoral votes became President and the one who won the second –
largest number of votes became vice-President. Although the new Democratic Party won the election,
both Jefferson and Burr received the same number of votes. The House of Representatives broke this tie
and Jefferson won the presidency, while Burr became Vice-President. In 1804 the Twelfth
Amendment was passed. It stated that electors would have to cast their votes separately for a President
and a Vice-President.
2)Jefferson’s Policies
1.Jefferson had attacked the Federalists’ political ideas. Under the Federalists he believed the national
government had become far stronger than the Constitution allowed. He distrusted strong central
governments; he felt that they lessened personal freedoms and weakened democracy.
2.Jefferson felt that a strong national government was only a step away from monarchy. This led him to
demanded a narrow construction – or interpretation – of the Constitution. In his new, a narrow
construction would lessen the powers of the federal government.
3.he favoured the idea of states’ rights. He felt that state government were closer to the people than
the national government. As a result, he worked to increase the powers of the state.
4.He didn’t agree with many Federalist ideas. But he believed that some Federalist policies had been
good for the country. So he continued some Federalist programs, such as government building projects
and the United States Bank.
5.Jeferson attempts to lessen federal power didn’t always work. In part, they didn’t work because of the
influence of Chief Justice. John Marshall of the Supreme Court. Marshall wanted to prove that the
Supreme Court had broad constitutional powers. Under his leadership the Supreme Court showed its
strength and became known as the Marshall Court. It could decide if a law agreed or disagreed with the
Constitution (‘power of judicial review’). It also showed that Jefferson’s doctrine of states’ rights was
unconstitutional, because it was ruled that a branch of the federal government had the right to overturn
state laws. In effect, the Supreme Court said the federal government was constitutionally stronger than
state governments.
3)The growth of northern cities.
Many changes took place in the ways Americans lived and worked:
1.By 1800, many northern people began to live in cities. Thus, an urban society (a society in which
people live in or near cities) began to appear in the North, especially in the north-eastern states – New
England, New York and Pennsylvania
2.The large cities of the Northeast strongly influenced northern life. These cities became centres of
American culture. Theatres, schools and libraries were built in ever-growing numbers. The cities became
commercial centres, where ma...
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