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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This chapter contains the theory or information relates to the analysis of The Lady by Luc Besson. First part is elements of fiction which focuses on plot, character and symbol explanations. Second part talks about women’s rights movement in Asia. Third part explains the second wave feminism. Forth part describes The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir. Fifth part give details the biography of Aung San Suu Kyi. The last part tells the principle of Ahimsa by Gandhi. 2.1 Elements of Fiction According to DiYanni (2001,p.44), to get a better understanding about fiction, it is necessary to learn the techniques of fiction. He said that the basic elements which consist of “Plot and structure, character, setting, point of view, style and language, symbol, irony, and theme,” are a helpful method to learn the techniques of fiction. However, in this analysis the writer only focuses on plot and structure, character, setting and symbol. 2.1.1 Plot DiYanni (2001) defined plot as “The arrangement of events that make up a story.” He also noted that “Causality is an important feature of realistic fictional plots: it simply means that one thing happens because of - as a result of – something else” (p.44). 6 7 There are five typical fictional plots, those are: exposition, complication, turning point or climax, falling action, and resolution. 2.1.1.1 Exposition The plot of a story begins with exposition. The exposition is “Brief-all in the opening paragraph” (Kennedy & Gioia, 2005, p.12). Exposition presents “Background information we need to make sense of the action, describes the setting, and introduces the major characters” (DiYanni, 2001, p. 44). 2.1.1.2 Conflict According to Arp and Johnson (2006), conflict is “A clash of actions, ideas, desires, or wills” (p.46). The conflict is divided into three types, those are: the conflict of person against person, the conflict of person against environment, and the conflict of person against himself of herself. 2.1.1.3 Climax Chesla (2006, p.42) defined the climax as “The main turning point or moment of highest tension in a story.” In climax, “A character usually must make a difficult decision or take some kind of action.” 2.1.1.4 Falling Action After the climax, the story turns to falling action. Falling action happens after “The missing pieces of the story are filled in (secrets are revealed, mysteries solved, and so on)” (Chesla, 2006, p.42). 8 2.1.1.5 Resolution/Denouement According to Chesla, resolution or denouement ends the story. Resolution/denouement is where “The conflicts that drove the story are (to some degree, anyway) resolved, the questions answered, and lives straightened out” (2006, p.42). 2.1.2 Character DiYanni (2001,p.55) explained that, “Character is the imaginary people that the writers create, sometimes identifying them, sometimes judging them.” The authors make the people in the story according to their fantasy where sometimes the writer discovering them or critic them. There are two types of character, they are : 2.1.2.1 Major Character Major character is an “Important figure at the center of the story’s action or theme.” Sometimes, in a story, there are two characters that take over the story. This character is also called as protagonist whose conflict with an antagonist (DiYanni,2001,p.55). 2.1.2.2 Minor Character Minor character is as a supporter for the major character, which sometimes there are also two minor characters. It is easy to differentiate the major and the minor character. Beside the major character has an important role, he/she also takes control of the story. On the other hand, the minor character is only seen in some scenes of the story and the role is not as important as the major character (DiYanni,2001,p.55). 9 2.1.2.3 The Change of the Characters Kennedy & Gioia (2005, p.92) explained that the change of character is divided into two, those are flat and dynamic character. Flat character, “Has only one outstanding trait or feature, or at most a few distinguishing marks.” It means the character will stay the same as long as the story. Flat character is also called as static. Meantime, round or dynamic character appears with some change in the story. DiYanni (2001) stated that dynamic characters, “Exhibit some kind of change-of attitude, of purpose, of behavior – as the story progresses” makes some chances of manner, of aim, or of behavior during the story (p.55). 2.1.3 Symbol According to Kennedy & Gioia (2006,p.251), symbol is “A thing that suggest more than its literal meaning. Symbol generally do not “stand for” any one meaning.” Arp & Johnson (2006) explained that symbol can be a person, a condition, a name, an action and anything that can symbolize other meaning (p.216). For instance, name symbolism. A name in a story does “Not only label them but also suggest something about them” (Arp & Johnson, 2006, p.217). Beside the name symbolism, the symbolic use of objects and actions is more necessary. These symbols will be useful in some stories because readers will not know or realize the symbols when they read the stories at the first time, except for some perceptive readers. In other stories, these symbols are used to yield important meaning. Symbols reinforce and add the meaning or will carry the meaning (Arp & Johnson, 10 2006, p.217). Symbol also can be seen by the repetition in a story or from the “Realistic details that build by accretion” (Arp & Johnson, 2006,p.218). 2.2 Women’s Rights Movement in Asia Asia also influenced by the women’s movement. In Introducing Asian Feminist Theology (2000) by Pui-lan explained that many Asian people demanded their independence after enslaved by colonies for centuries. After the independence, the social and economic aspects in some of the Asian countries increased rapidly, but others still suffered the hunger and poorness. The economic and political changes in the Asian countries influenced “Familial patterns, the status of women, reproduction and traditional gender roles.” The access of Asian women to education and growing participation in the labor market was still in a little amount. In Pakistan and Nepal, 80 per cent of the women were illiterate and about three-quarters of the women in some parts of India and Bangladesh were difficult to read. The situation of Asian women workers had become worse while the Asian businessmen take part in the Asian economic. It is because the women worked in manufacturing, such as textile and garment industries, and service sector where they were paid less than men. Asian women took part in struggling for political independence and selfautonomy. For instance, Filipino women joined with men in struggling to beat Spanish in 1898. Korean women and men fought for political autonomy since their country was 11 colonized by Japan in 1895. In China, female and male students demonstrated to the street to struggle for independence (pp.12-19). 2.3 The Second Wave Feminism Gillis & friends (2004, p.1) stated, “There have always been women writing about, concerned with and acting in the interests of women. A ‘feminist’ history, though, is distinct from a history of both women and/or the women’s movement.” The feminist history was divided into three waves; first wave, which happened in the nineteenth century, is “Women’s movement which was a response to a shared exclusion from political, social, and economic life.” In the second wave, feminist movement happened between the 1960s until the 1970s. The feminists, “Concerned with broader social relations” and included “A legal and political emancipation.” The third wave has been eager to signal a break from second wave feminism. As mentioned before, the second wave concerned with “A legal and political emancipation.” The key to legal and political emancipation lay in legal and political rights. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, legal means “Someone is allowed to do it or have to do it by law” (2009, p.996). Political means “Relating to the government, politics, and public affairs of a country” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p.1340). While, right means “Something that you are morally, legally, or officially allowed to do or have” (Longman Dictionary of Comtemporary English, p.1504). So, the legal rights mean all things that someone is allowed to do or have by law included to get involved in politics and the political rights 12 means all things that someone is allowed to do or have which relates to the government, politics, and public affairs of a country. 2.4 The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir To complete this thesis, the writer will focus on the second wave. The famous Simone de Beauvoir was not only a feminist, but also a life-long partner of the French philosopher Jean Paul Sartre. She was a very active fighter for women’s rights and a supporter of abortion. Her most significant book is The Second Sex in 1949 (Carter, 2006, p.93). Simone de Beauvoir is the theorist that will be applied for this research. The Second Sex became a bridge between the first and second feminism. It appeared between the ending of the first wave and the beginning of the second wave. De Beauvoir created “An epic account of gender division throughout history, examining biological, psychological, historical, and cultural explanations for the reduction of women to a second and lesser sex.” Sexual discrimination was a precious starting-point for feminists who wanted to advance further than the first wave aspects (Waugh, 2006, pp. 319-320). The Second Sex claimed that “There was no such thing as ‘feminine nature’.” In fact, women treated unequal to men whereas there was no explanation to make women as “Second-class citizens.” De Beauvoir explained that biological differences do not present a fundamental reason for women’s oppression and there was nothing natural about the hierarchical separation of men and women into a first and second sex. Woman is always positioned as the “Other” to man. De Beauvoir visualized ‘the modern woman’ 13 which would be “Equal as men, think and act like a man” (Waugh, 2006, pp.320-322). She also said that “One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman” (Carter, 2006, p.93). 2.5 Biography of Aung San Suu Kyi To support the analysis of the main character, Hasday (2007) told that Suu Kyi studied in Rangoon until she was fifteen years old then in 1960 she moved to New Delhi because her mother was chosen as Burma ambassador in India. In 1962, she began her college education in Delhi University then she decided moving to England to study more about politic in 1964. She was accepted in St. Hughes, Oxford University (pp.43-50). She graduated in 1967 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (p.53).She was married with Dr. Michael Aris, a British scholar, in 1972 and they have two sons, Alexander and Kim (pp.59-61). Hasday explained briefly that on March 31, 1988, she had to go home after received a call that informed if her mother had suffered a severe stroke. While she was in Oxford, the military took over the country and made the Burmese who had been living in prosperity, had to live in miserable insufficiency. The military was led by Ne Win. Since 1962, Ne Win began to isolate Burma from the outside world. General Ne Win led a military and took over the country, included banks, schools, infrastructure and businesses. He also arrested members of parliament and replace with the military officers. Under Ne Win’s regime, Burma was no longer a democratic country, anyone dared to speak out opposed the regime was put in prison or killed, food and fuel shortage happened. Ne Win has been leading Burma for 26 years until Suu Kyi came back to 14 Burma. Ne Win’s party was Burma Socialist Program Party (BSPP) where it established in 1964 (p.66). Suu Kyi arrived in Rangoon when the government in clash with the protesters who began their protest on March, 31. They called it as an end to the repressive regime. Hundreds of people were killed and others were beaten and put in jail. For three months, Suu Kyi just looked out from the window of hospital where her mother was treated. She took her mother home when there was nothing could be done in the hospital. U Tin Oo and U Nu who used to work in government came and spoke to her about a movement to be free and to be a democratic country, just like when her father planned. They wanted her to join them in the struggle. Suu Kyi agreed to get involved in bringing democracy to Burma after a massacre known as the Four Eights strike happened. She had put herself into a political situation where the regime had no mercy for people who opposed them (pp.1-8). As a daughter of Aung San, Suu Kyi became a living symbol of hope for the future of Burmese people. A hope to bring Burma became a democratic country again (p.75). She with U Tin Oo, and U Kyi Maung established the National League for Democracy (NLD) on September, 24 1988 (p.77). Suu Kyi lost her husband on March 27, 1999 because of prostate cancer. Suu Kyi declined the chance to see her husband and leave Burma because she will not be allowed coming back to Burma if she left. She believed that Michael would understand what she has done, winning the struggle for democracy (p.99). 15 The content of the biography of Aung San Suu Kyi is same with the content of The Lady movie. The biography tells more details about Suu, as the main character. 2.6 The Principle of Ahimsa by Gandhi Himsa is “A Sanskrit term that means harm, injury, or violence” while Ahimsa means “nonharm, noninjury, or nonviolence” (Nojeim, 2004, p. 98). Gandhi defined Ahimsa as “Action based not just on the refusal to do harm, but also on the notion of doing good, even to an evildoer” (Nojeim, 2004, p.98). Ahimsa provides “Peace, love, and justice” and there is no violence on it. Gandhi said that the application of Ahimsa refers to everybody, includes the opponent. He asked people to fight their opponents by showing love and never imagined about “uncharitable thought”, such as “the feelings of resentment, hatred, or ill will” (Nojeim, 2004, p. 99). The target of Ahimsa is overcome the devil of opponent, not to look for a triumph.