Download SkelOUT_000

Bio103
Course Coordinator:
L. Falkow
Lecture Outline
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Introduction
A. Components
B. Functions
1. Support
2. Storage
3. Blood cell production
4. Protection
5. Leverage
Classification
A. Bone Shapes
1. Long:
2. Short:
3. Flat:
4. Irregular:
5. Sesamoid:
6. Sutural (Wormian):
B. Anatomy of Long Bone
1. Bone (osseous) tissue
a. compact
b. spongy
2. Diaphysis
3. Epiphysis
4. Metaphysis
5. Marrow (medullary) cavity
6. Articular cartilage
10/05
Martini, 1st ed.
[Chapters 6-8]
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7. Bone marrow
a.
b.
8. Epiphyseal plate
9. Nutrient foramen
Bone Histology
A. Bone matrix
1. Inorganic (2/3)
2. Organic (1/3)
B. Bone cells
1. Osteoprogenitor
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteocytes
4. Osteoclasts
C. Compact Bone
Osteon (Haversian system)
- central canal
- perforating canal
- lamellae
- lacunae
- canaliculi
Function:
D. Spongy Bone
- trabeculae:
Function:
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E. Periosteum and Endosteum
Periosteum 2 layers:
- outer fibrous
- inner cellular
Endosteum -
Ossification Processes
A. Bone growth & development
Begins at 6 weeks -----> adulthood
"skeleton" of embryo
cartilage template
fibrous CT
BONE
B. Intramembranous Ossification
1. Ossification center
mesenchyme cells cluster together
2. Spicules form
3. Trabeculae form
4. Spongy bone reorganizes
C. Endochondral Ossification
1. Cartilage model
2. Blood vessels grow into perichondrium
Collar formation 3. Dev. of primary center of ossification
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4. Remodeling
5. Secondary centers of ossification
6. Epiphysis filled with spongy bone
Cartilage remains at articular ends and metaphysis.
D. Appositional Growth:
Dynamic Nature of Bone
A. Remodeling
spongy bone ---->
long bone:
bone turnover:
B. Exercise Effects on Bone
C. Hormones & Nutritional Effects on Bone
1. Calcitriol 2. Vitamin C
3. GH (Growth hormone) – pituitary gland
Thyroxine – thyroid gland
4. Sex hormones (estrogens and androgens)
5. Calcitonin – thyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone – parathyroid gland
D. Skeleton as Calcium Reserve
1. Hormones & Calcium balance
Calcium =
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Regulation of Calcium ions
PTH
calcitonin
PTH:
1)
2)
3)
===>
Calcitonin
1)
2)
===>
Normal blood Ca++ levels:
Hypoparathyroidism:
- causes low blood Ca++
Hyperparathyroidism:
- causes high blood Ca++
Paget's disease (osteitis deformans)
===> irregular thickening and softening of bone
E. Fracture Repair
Fracture hematoma
Callus formation (internal, external)
Remodeling
F. Effects of Aging on Bone
Osteopenia
Osteoporosis
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Cartilage
A. Structure
- chondroitin sulfates
- chondrocytes
- avascular
- perichondrium
a) outer
b) inner
B. Growth of Cartilage
1. Interstitial
2. Appositional
C. Types
1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage
Organization of the Skeleton
A. Divisions
1. Axial:
2. Appendicular:
B. Number of Bones
206 named bones
Axial: 80
Appendicular: 126
Survey of landmarks:
C. Skull
8 Cranial bones
14 facial bones
Ossicles
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Hyoid
D. Vertebral column (26)
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
E. Spinal Curvatures
1. Normal
4 curvatures: cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
fetus:
baby: lifts head, stands & walks:
2. Abnormal:
kyphosis:
lordosis:
scoliosis:
3. Vertebrae
- body
- lamina
- spinous process
- transverse process
- articular process
- pedicle
- vertebral foramen
- intervertebral foramen
Cervical region:
atlas =
axis =
Thoracic region:
Lumbar region:
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Sacrum:
Coccyx
4. Herniated ("slipped") disc:
annulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus
Compression of intervertebral discs:
taller in AM than PM
taller at 25 than 75 years
Spina bifida:
lamina do not fuse
F. Thoracic Cage
= thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
1. Ribs
a. pairs 1-7
b. pairs 8-12
c. pairs 11-12
2. Sternum
manubrium
jugular notch
body
xiphoid process
G. Pectoral Girdle
= clavicles and scapulae
H. Upper Limbs
1. Humerus
head
anatomical neck
surgical neck
2. Ulna (medial)
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3. Radius (lateral)
radial tuberosity
Colles' fracture
4. Carpals
scaphoid
lunate
pisiform
5. Hand
metacarpals
phalanges
- proximal, middle, distal
I. Pelvic Girdle
= 2 fused coxae
PELVIS
Female
Pelvic Inlet
Pubic angle
Wing of Ilium
J. Lower Limbs
1. Femur
2. Tibia
3. Fibula
4. Ankle and Foot
Tarsals
Metatarsal
Phalanges
Male
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Articulations
A. Classification by Movement
1. Syntharthrosis
- no movement
Ex.
Sutures (fibrous connection)
Epiphyseal plate (cartilaginous)
2. Amphiarthrosis
- little movement
Ex.
distal tibia/fibula
(fibrous-ligamentous)
pubic symphysis
(fibrocartilage)
betw. bodies of vertebrae (fibrocartilage)
3. Diarthrosis
- free movement
- synovial joints
a. ball & socket (hip, shoulder)
b. hinge ( elbow, knee, ankle, interphalange)
c. ellipsoidal or condyloid ( wrist bones)
d. pivot (atlas/axis, radius/ulna)
e. saddle ( carpometacarpal)
f. gliding (carpals, tarsals, articular facets of vert., ends of clavicle)
4. Types of Movement
adduction
abduction
flexion
extension
plantar flexion
dorsiflexion
supination
pronation
rotation
(left and right)
(medial and lateral)
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B. Classification by Structure
1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
Disease States
A. Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Gouty arthritis
B. Endocrine/Ageing
Osteoporosis
Osteopenia
C. Nutritional
Rickets
Osteomalacia
D. Infectious
Osteomyelitis
Paget’s disease
E. Trauma
Fractures
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