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Bio103 Course Coordinator: L. Falkow Lecture Outline SKELETAL SYSTEM Introduction A. Components B. Functions 1. Support 2. Storage 3. Blood cell production 4. Protection 5. Leverage Classification A. Bone Shapes 1. Long: 2. Short: 3. Flat: 4. Irregular: 5. Sesamoid: 6. Sutural (Wormian): B. Anatomy of Long Bone 1. Bone (osseous) tissue a. compact b. spongy 2. Diaphysis 3. Epiphysis 4. Metaphysis 5. Marrow (medullary) cavity 6. Articular cartilage 10/05 Martini, 1st ed. [Chapters 6-8] 2 7. Bone marrow a. b. 8. Epiphyseal plate 9. Nutrient foramen Bone Histology A. Bone matrix 1. Inorganic (2/3) 2. Organic (1/3) B. Bone cells 1. Osteoprogenitor 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteocytes 4. Osteoclasts C. Compact Bone Osteon (Haversian system) - central canal - perforating canal - lamellae - lacunae - canaliculi Function: D. Spongy Bone - trabeculae: Function: 3 E. Periosteum and Endosteum Periosteum 2 layers: - outer fibrous - inner cellular Endosteum - Ossification Processes A. Bone growth & development Begins at 6 weeks -----> adulthood "skeleton" of embryo cartilage template fibrous CT BONE B. Intramembranous Ossification 1. Ossification center mesenchyme cells cluster together 2. Spicules form 3. Trabeculae form 4. Spongy bone reorganizes C. Endochondral Ossification 1. Cartilage model 2. Blood vessels grow into perichondrium Collar formation 3. Dev. of primary center of ossification 4 4. Remodeling 5. Secondary centers of ossification 6. Epiphysis filled with spongy bone Cartilage remains at articular ends and metaphysis. D. Appositional Growth: Dynamic Nature of Bone A. Remodeling spongy bone ----> long bone: bone turnover: B. Exercise Effects on Bone C. Hormones & Nutritional Effects on Bone 1. Calcitriol 2. Vitamin C 3. GH (Growth hormone) – pituitary gland Thyroxine – thyroid gland 4. Sex hormones (estrogens and androgens) 5. Calcitonin – thyroid gland Parathyroid hormone – parathyroid gland D. Skeleton as Calcium Reserve 1. Hormones & Calcium balance Calcium = 5 Regulation of Calcium ions PTH calcitonin PTH: 1) 2) 3) ===> Calcitonin 1) 2) ===> Normal blood Ca++ levels: Hypoparathyroidism: - causes low blood Ca++ Hyperparathyroidism: - causes high blood Ca++ Paget's disease (osteitis deformans) ===> irregular thickening and softening of bone E. Fracture Repair Fracture hematoma Callus formation (internal, external) Remodeling F. Effects of Aging on Bone Osteopenia Osteoporosis 6 Cartilage A. Structure - chondroitin sulfates - chondrocytes - avascular - perichondrium a) outer b) inner B. Growth of Cartilage 1. Interstitial 2. Appositional C. Types 1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage Organization of the Skeleton A. Divisions 1. Axial: 2. Appendicular: B. Number of Bones 206 named bones Axial: 80 Appendicular: 126 Survey of landmarks: C. Skull 8 Cranial bones 14 facial bones Ossicles 7 Hyoid D. Vertebral column (26) cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx E. Spinal Curvatures 1. Normal 4 curvatures: cervical thoracic lumbar sacral fetus: baby: lifts head, stands & walks: 2. Abnormal: kyphosis: lordosis: scoliosis: 3. Vertebrae - body - lamina - spinous process - transverse process - articular process - pedicle - vertebral foramen - intervertebral foramen Cervical region: atlas = axis = Thoracic region: Lumbar region: 8 Sacrum: Coccyx 4. Herniated ("slipped") disc: annulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus Compression of intervertebral discs: taller in AM than PM taller at 25 than 75 years Spina bifida: lamina do not fuse F. Thoracic Cage = thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum 1. Ribs a. pairs 1-7 b. pairs 8-12 c. pairs 11-12 2. Sternum manubrium jugular notch body xiphoid process G. Pectoral Girdle = clavicles and scapulae H. Upper Limbs 1. Humerus head anatomical neck surgical neck 2. Ulna (medial) 9 3. Radius (lateral) radial tuberosity Colles' fracture 4. Carpals scaphoid lunate pisiform 5. Hand metacarpals phalanges - proximal, middle, distal I. Pelvic Girdle = 2 fused coxae PELVIS Female Pelvic Inlet Pubic angle Wing of Ilium J. Lower Limbs 1. Femur 2. Tibia 3. Fibula 4. Ankle and Foot Tarsals Metatarsal Phalanges Male 10 Articulations A. Classification by Movement 1. Syntharthrosis - no movement Ex. Sutures (fibrous connection) Epiphyseal plate (cartilaginous) 2. Amphiarthrosis - little movement Ex. distal tibia/fibula (fibrous-ligamentous) pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage) betw. bodies of vertebrae (fibrocartilage) 3. Diarthrosis - free movement - synovial joints a. ball & socket (hip, shoulder) b. hinge ( elbow, knee, ankle, interphalange) c. ellipsoidal or condyloid ( wrist bones) d. pivot (atlas/axis, radius/ulna) e. saddle ( carpometacarpal) f. gliding (carpals, tarsals, articular facets of vert., ends of clavicle) 4. Types of Movement adduction abduction flexion extension plantar flexion dorsiflexion supination pronation rotation (left and right) (medial and lateral) 11 B. Classification by Structure 1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial Disease States A. Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Gouty arthritis B. Endocrine/Ageing Osteoporosis Osteopenia C. Nutritional Rickets Osteomalacia D. Infectious Osteomyelitis Paget’s disease E. Trauma Fractures 12 13