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Muscular System Chapter 7 Muscles All muscles contract A contraction or shortening of a muscle causes movement We have…. 640 muscles in our bodies! Types of Muscles 1. Smooth Muscle Located in the walls of hollow internal organs. These muscles are involuntary or uncontrolled Cardiac Muscle 2. Forms the heart wall Involuntary Have intercalated disks – contractions spread quickly Types of Muscles Types of Muscles Types of Muscles 3. Skeletal Muscle Located all over the body and they attach directly to the skeleton These muscles are voluntary and controlled by the nervous system Types of Muscles Functions of Skeletal Muscles 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Support the body Allows movement Help maintain body temperature Assists blood circulation Protect internal organs Skeletal Muscle Physiology A muscle fiber is the same as a muscle cell Muscle fibers are composed of two main protein filaments: Myosin – thick filaments Actin – thin filaments Skeletal Muscle Physiology The actin and myosin fibers overlap to make a sarcomere. The sarcomere is the functional unit of the muscle Skeletal Muscle Physiology When a nerve stimulates a muscle fiber calcium is released The actin and myosin fibers slide over each other The sarcomere then shortens That is a contraction! Skeletal Muscle Physiology Contracted muscles can only “relax” when an opposing muscle contracts. Ex. biceps vs. triceps Rigor mortis – all of the muscles contract when a body dies Muscle Contraction Animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMT 4PtXRCVA Skeletal Muscle Physiology Slow twitch fibers Darker in color (more blood vessels and mitochondria) Aerobic, steady power, endurance Fast twitch fibers Lighter in color Anaerobic, explosive power, fatigue easily Marathon runner vs. Body builder Muscle Basics Each muscle has a name, origin, insertion, and movement. The origin is the stationary point where the muscle attaches. Usually a bone. The insertion is the attachment on the bone that moves When a muscle contracts it brings the insertion closer to the origin Naming is usually based on size, shape, and location of the muscle Muscles of the Body Muscles of the Face Frontalis O – Parietal I – skin of eyebrows A – Wrinkle forehead Corrugator O supercilii – Nasal I – skin of forehead A – Wrinkle forehead Muscles of the Face Orbicularis oculi O – Frontal bone, Lacrimal bone I – Outer eye A – Closes eye Nasalis O – Maxilla I – Nose A – Nostril movement Muscles of the Face Zygomaticus major O – Zygomatic bone I – corner of mouth A – Draws up corner of the mouth Platysma O – under clavicle I – Skin of cheek, mandible A – Neck flexion, lateral mouth stretch Muscles of the Face Temporalis O – Parietal bone I – Mandible A – Closes jaw Masseter O – Zygomatic and maxilla I – Mandible A – Closes jaw Muscles of the Face Orbicularis oris O – Maxilla, mandible I – Skin around lips A – Puckers lips (kissing) Buccinator O – Maxilla, mandible I – Orbicularis oris A – Compresses cheeks (blowing & chewing) Muscles of the Face Sternocleidomastoid O – Sternum, clavicle I – Temporal bone A – Rotate and flexes head and neck Muscles of the Core External intercostals O – Upper rib I – Lower rib A – Elevate ribs for inhaling Internal O intercostals – Upper rib I – Lower rib A – Depresses ribs for exhaling Muscles of the Core External intercostals O – Upper rib I – Lower rib A – Elevate ribs for inhaling Internal O intercostals – Upper rib I – Lower rib A – Depresses ribs for exhaling Muscles of the Core Transverse abdominis O – Ilium, lower rib cartilage I – Pelvis and linea alba A – Compresses ribs, core stabilization Internal O oblique – Ilium I – Linea alba, sternum, and inferior ribs A – Spinal rotation and abdomen compression Muscles of the Core External oblique O – Lower ribs I – Pelvis A – Flexion and rotation of the spine Rectus O Abdominis – pelvis I – sternum and ribs A – Flexion and rotation of the spine Muscles of the Core Trapezius O – Cervical-Thoracic vertebrae, cranium I – Clavicle & Scapula A – Elevate, rotate, and adduct scapula Latissimus O Dorsi – T vertebrate, pelvis, lower ribs I – Humerus A – Extends, adducts, and internally rotates shoulder Muscles of the Core Gluteus Maximus O – Pelvis and Sacrum I – Femur A – Extension and lateral rotation of hip Gluteus O Minimus – Pelvis I – Femur A – Abducts and laterally rotates hip Muscles of the Core Gluteus O Medius – Pelvis I – Femur A – Abducts hip and rotates femur Muscles of the Core Levator Scapula O – Cervical vertebrae I –Scapula A – Elevates scapula and rotates and extends neck Rhomoideus O – Thoracic vertebrate I – Scapula A – Retracts scapula Muscles of the Core Teres Major O – Inferior scapula I – Humerus A – Adducts, medial rotation, and arm extension Erector O spinae – Sacrum, Ilium, Lower vertebrae I – Ribs & upper vertebrae A – Spinal extension and side-bending Muscles of the Core Teres Major O – Inferior scapula I – Humerus A – Adducts, medial rotation, and arm extension Erector O spinae – Sacrum, Ilium, Lower vertebrae I – Ribs & upper vertebrae A – Spinal extension and side-bending Muscles of the Core Pectoralis Minor O – Middle ribs I – Scapula A – moves scapula forward and downward Pectoralis O Major – Clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage I – Humerus A – Shoulder adduction, protraction, arm rotation Muscles of the Arm Deltoid O – Clavicle and scapula I – Humerus A – abducts arm Biceps O Brachii – Scapula I – Radius A – Flexes elbow and supinates forearm Muscles of the Arm Brachialis O – Humerus I – Ulna A – elbow flexion Triceps O Brachii – Scapula and humerus I – Ulna A – elbow extension Muscles of the Arm Brachialis O – Humerus I – Ulna A – elbow flexion Triceps O Brachii – Scapula and humerus I – Ulna A – elbow extension Muscles of the Arm Supinator O – Ulna and Humerus I – Radius A – Supinates forearm Pronator O Teres – Ulna and Humerus I – Radius A – Pronates forearm Muscles of the Arm Pronator O Quadratus – Distal ulna I – Distal radius A – Pronates forearm Muscles of the Arm Extensor carpi radialis O – Humerus I – Metacarpal A – extends wrist Extensor O carpi ulnaris – Posterior ulna and humerus I – Metacarpal A – extends wrist Muscles of the Arm Flexor carpi radialis O – Humerus I – Metacarpals A – flexes wrist Flexor O carpi ulnaris – Ulna and humerus I – pisiform, hamate, and metacarpals A – flexes wrist Muscles of the Arm Extensor digitorum O – Humerus I – Phalanges A – Extends fingers and wrist Flexor digitorum profundus O – Ulna I – phalanges A – flexes wrist and fingers Muscles of the Leg Iliopsoas O – lumbar vertebrae I – Femur A – Flex and rotate leg Tensor Fasciae O – Ilium I latae – Iliotibial tract (IT band) A – Hip flexion, abduction and medial rotation Muscles of the Leg Adductor O – Pelvis longus I – Femur A – Hip adduction and flexion Adductor O – Pelvis I magnus – Femur A – Hip adduction and extension Muscles of the Leg Adductor O – Pelvis longus I – Femur A – Hip adduction and flexion Adductor O – Pelvis I magnus – Femur A – Hip adduction and extension Muscles of the Leg Sartorius O – Pelvis I – Tibia A – Thigh flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation Rectus Femoris O –Ilium I – Patella and tibia A – Extends knee and flexes hip Muscles of the Leg Vastus Lateralis O – Femur I – Patella and tibia A – Knee extension Vastus medialis O – Femur I – Patella and tibia A – Knee extension Muscles of the Leg Vastus intermedius O – Femur I – Patella and tibia A – Knee extension Biceps femoris O – Pelvis and Femur I – Fibula A – Knee flexion and hip extension Muscles of the Leg Semitendinosus O – Pelvis I – Tibia A – Knee flexion and hip extension Semimembranosus O – Pelvis I – Tibia A – Knee flexion and hip extension Muscles of the Leg Tibialis Anterior O – Tibia I – Cuneiform and metatarsal A – Dorsiflexion and inversion Gastrocnemius O – Femur I – Calcaneus A – Plantar flexion and knee flexion Muscles of the Leg Soleus O – Fibula and Tibia I – Achilles Tendon A –Plantar flexion and inversion Muscles of the Leg Extensor longus Halliucis O – Fibula I – Big Toe (phalange) A – Extends big toe Flexor halliucis longus O – Fibula I – Big toe (phalange) A – Flexes big toe
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