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HIS102 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
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CHAPTER15
1. The costly palace built by Louis XIV, that became the envy of all European monarchs, was___________________.
P454-455
2. The "sleeping giant" of Eastern Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century was___________________. P466
3. The Parliamentarians were successful in the English Civil War because of _______________________’s New Model
Army. p. 470
4. During the period of the English Commonwealth, Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector relied upon the
___________________ to maintain his rule.
p. 471
5. The "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 in England was significant for bloodlessly bringing
_____________________________ to the throne.
p. 473
6. Absolutism means_______________________________________________________________. p. 451
7. The witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were often directed at ___________________. p.446
8. The French playwright Moliere is noted for ____________________.
p. 480
CHAPTER 16
1. The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was _________________. p.489
2. The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the argument about women was to generate facts about differences
between men and women that were used to prove _________________ dominance.
p.498
3. The philosophy of René Descartes stressed a separation of mind and _____________________. p. 500
4. The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?
_____________________ ___________________________ ______________________________ P485
5. Copernicus was a native of _______________________.
p.486
CHAPTER 17
1. The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was ________________. P.512
2. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment to be
________________________________________.
p.510
3. Of great importance to the Enlightenment were the salons, which provided a forum for discussing the ideas of the
__________________________________.
p. 520-521
4. _______________________________ wrote the Encyclopedia.
P.516
5.
The Carnival of the Mediterranean world was a period of great _________________. p. 530
6.
A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was ______________. p. 530
CHAPTER 18
1. Enlightenment political thought advanced the concept of human natural rights included:
equality before the _______________; the right to ______________________; the freedom of
____________________ worship; the freedom of __________________ and
1
_____________________and the right to hold________________ and the right to seek
_______________________.
p. 539
2. What countries participated in the partition of Poland? _______________________
________________________ ________________________ p. 545 | p. 548-549
3. European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that in a balance of power, one state
should not have more power than another state.
p. 550
4. The War of the Austrian Succession was fought between _____________________________ and
_______________________ with _____________________ gaining ______________________. p. 551
5. Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely
on mercenaries was ____________________________.
p. 553
6. European society in the eighteenth century witnessed the continued dominance of the _____________________
family.
p. 557
7. The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the ______________
system.
p. 559
8. A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was the circulation of paper __________________
compensating for a lack of coinage.
p. 558
9. Eighteenth-century European cities were ____________________________ and lacked proper
____________________________________. p. 566
10. By the eighteenth century, _________________ was the largest European city in terms of population. p. 565
NOTE:
Concerning the Seven Years' War = The Treaty of Paris ended the war and Britain became the
world’s greatest colonial power.
p.522
CHAPTER 19-21
1.
When the American Revolution began, the colonials were deeply divided among themselves about revolting
against ________________________. P572
2.
The Estates-General consisted of representatives of the three orders: the Second Estate (nobles), the Third
Estate (people), and the First Estate, representing the _____________________. P575
3.
The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was _____________________,
_________________________, __________________________. P572
4.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen owed much to the ideas of the
_______________________ Declaration of Independence. P580
5.
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, written by
___________________________________________ was totally ignored by _____________. P580
6.
The Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror was headed by
_________________________________________. P585
7.
The Constitution of the United States of 1789 created a ______________ branch system of government that
allows the branches to check and balance one another. P573-574
8.
The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was the government’s inability to deal with __________
and other economic problems. P576
9.
During the Reign of Terror, the majority of the victims were ________________________. P587
10.
The Industrial Revolution had its beginnings in ____________________. P605
2
11.
The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included canals, roads, bridges, and
____________________________. P605-607
12.
The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred in the ________________ industry. P607
13.
Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century was responsible for the creation of modern
_________________________________. P607
14.
A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British industries
obey the owner's factory discipline was repeated _________________________. P610
15.
Napoleon's domestic policies included the ___________ Code and a uniformed legal system. P595
16.
The Concordat reestablished the ________________________ but limited the Pope’s authority. P595
17.
Napoleon's Continental System tried to defeat the British by preventing British _____________. P598
18.
Napoleon met his final defeat at the Battle of ____________________. P600
19.
The Industrial Revolution in the United States required thousands of miles of ______________________ and
_______________________ be constructed. P616
20.
Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because there were more
_______________________ workers/laborers in America. P617
21.
Primary reasons for the use of children as a source of labor in the Industrial Revolution was low-paid
____________________ could easily move around large industrial equipment. P624
22.
The so-called American System was the use of _____________________________ parts. P616
23.
The European population explosion of the nineteenth century was primarily because of the disappearance of
______________________ from western Europe. P618
24.
The only European country with a declining population in the nineteenth century was
_____________________. P619
25.
Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830's and 1840's in Great Britain included a reduction of working hours for
children to no more than 12 hours a day, outlawed ____________________ and __________________ in
coal mines, required daily education for working children, and appointment of government factory
inspectors.
P626-630
26.
The Congress of _____________ created policies that would maintain the European balance of power. P634
27.
Giuseppe Mazzini's nationalist organization, _____________________________, failed to achieve his goal of
"resurgence" by 1849. P652
28.
Mass white male democracy in the United States was achieved during the presidency of
____________________________________________. P654
29.
The American romantic author of The Fall of the House of Usher
was_______________________________________________________. P658
30.
The major themes/subjects of Romantic artists were ______________________________ and depictions of
nature. P659
3
31.
Romanticism in art and music was well characterized by _____________________________, whose
compositions bridged the gap between Classicism and Romanticism. P651
32.
In architectural styles, the Romantics were particularly attracted to the ___________________. P650
33.
Regular police forces and prison reform were geared toward the creation of more disciplined and law-abiding
societies.
P654
CHAPTERS 22-24
1. In establishing the Second Empire, _____________________ received the overwhelming electoral support
of the people.
P666
2. Among ___________________ great domestic projects was a reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards,
public squares, and municipal utilities. P667
3. Napoleon's most disastrous foreign policy adventure occurred in __________________. P668
4. The immediate origins of the Crimean War involved Russia's right to protect ____________________
shrines in Palestine.
P668
5. The leader of the Red Shirts who helped to unify Italy through his military command was
______________________________________.
P672
6. The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when _______________________ became the capital
city following the withdrawal of French troops. P672
7. As chancellor of Prussia, Otto von ________________________ largely bypassed parliament in pursuing
his political goals of military modernization.
P674
8. The reforms of Tsar Alexander II centered around the abolition of __________________. P679
9. The Russian ______________________were local assemblies with limited self-governing powers. P680
10. By 1860, there were approximately ____ million slaves in the United States.
P683
11. The ________________________________________________ of Marx and Engels based all historical
development on class struggle.
P686
12. According to Karl Marx, the final result of the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would be a
______________________________ society.
P687
13. Charles _________________________________ theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in
which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival.
P689
14. The germ theory of disease was primarily the work of _________________________. P690
15. Elizabeth Blackwell became the first formally educated female doctor in _______________. P692
16. What type of new energy source powered the second industrial revolution?
_______________________________ p699
17. Industrialization in _________________________________ was the result of government planning and
initiative.
P702
4
18. When not able to find work in the factories, many working class European _____________________ took
jobs as clerks, shop assistants, and nurses.
P705
19. A rise in female prostitution in European cities during the later nineteenth century can best be attributed to
heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic
survival.
P705
20. Initially, trade _________________________ in the first half of the nineteenth century functioned primarily
as mutual aid societies.
P705
21. The chief cause of rising European populations between 1850 and 1880 was a declining
____________________ rate.
P708
22. Octavia _______________________’s housing venture was designed to give the poor an environment they
could use to improve themselves.
P713
23. All of the following were used to limit family size in the late nineteenth century: P715
coitus interruptus
b. abortion
c. abandonment
d. infanticide
a.
24. _____________________ in European working-class families were fully expected to work until marriage.
P715
25. By 1900, most European educational systems were free and compulsory at least at the primary level.
P719
26. Although several motives drove European states to develop systems of mass public education for their
citizens, the chief reason for which they did this was political, to produce more informed voters in
expanding electorates and to heighten patriotism.
P720
27. A new development in the age of mass leisure was ___________________________________.
28. Who was responsible for the theory of relativity? __________________________
P721
p732
29. According to Sigmund ________________________, behavior was determined by one's unconscious and
by inner drives of which people were generally unaware.
P734
30. The first professional occupation to be opened up to women was __________________. P743
31. Who said, "All this colonial business is a sham, but we need it for the elections."
______________________________________
p756
32. The "open door" policy was to allow more freedom of trade in so-called spheres of influence in
_____________________________.
P758
33. The Meiji Restoration in __________________________ created a political system democratic in form but
rigidly authoritarian in practice and sent many Japanese abroad to be educated in the ways of the west and
adopted many western reforms in political and military organization.
P760
34. The Triple Alliance before 1914 included which countries?
_____________________________ and
_________________________________ and _______________________________
p762
CHAPTERS 25-28
5
1. European states felt they had to uphold the power of their allies for their own internal security which helped lead
to the outbreak of _________________________________.
P769
2. Before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the general outlook for the future by most
________________________was highly optimistic with material progress expected to create an earthly utopia.
P769
3. The immediate cause of World War I was the assassination of ________________________________ in
Sarajevo. P769
4. Among nineteenth-century European political movements, the one most responsible for triggering World War I
was _______________________________.
P769
5. Most Europeans believed that the _______________________ would be an exciting, emotional release from the
otherwise dull and boring existence of mass society. P774
6. The development of ________________ warfare in France was characterized by long periods of boredom
broken by artillery barrages and frontal assaults by enemy troops. P777-778
7. As fought in the World War I, ______________________ warfare became a senseless slaughter of troops on all
sides with hundreds of thousands of men dying for battlefield gains of a few miles and became increasingly
unreal as baffled and incompetent officers persistently ordered their men to accomplish battlefield objectives
that were impossible.
P777-778
8. As soldiers on both sides realized that no one could gain an advantage in trench warfare daily life for the soldier
became increasingly squalid and miserable in rat-infested _________________. P777
9. The _________________ would play a larger role in World War II than in World War I.
p783
10. The entry of the _______________________________ into World War I in April 1917 gave the nearly-defeated
allies a psychological boost. P782
11. The chief reason for the United States' entry into World War I was_________________________ violations of
the principles of neutrality and freedom of the seas. P782
12. The women workers of World War I played an important role in gaining women the right to
_________________________ immediately following the war.
P786
13. V.I. Lenin, as a leader of the Bolsheviks, promised "peace, land, and _______________." P791
14. The ethnic group that suffered a million dead as victims of genocide during World War I were the
_______________________________.
P795
15. For Woodrow Wilson, the most important thing after the war was to assure acceptance of his
_________________________________________. P796
16. The Treaty of ______________________ forced Germany to acknowledge "war guilt" and to pay reparations
for its alleged wartime aggression. P799
17. The feature of the Versailles Treaty that most Germans found very hard to accept was Article 231, the
"_____________________________" which imposed heavy war reparations on Germany. P799
18. In the aftermath of World War I, the _____________________ retreated into isolationism. P799-800
6
19. A major cause of the Great Depression in Europe was the recall of ______________________ loans from
European markets.
P806
20. One significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe was the rise of ____________________ movements in
many areas of Europe.
P807
21. Franklin Roosevelt's New _________ policies in the United States brought about a partial economic recovery,
but full employment did not return until World War II's rearmament in the economy. P810
22. The Middle Eastern Muslim nation that made a conscious effort to adopt a Westernized secular culture after
World War I was _______________________.
P811
23. Other than Great Britain, in 1939 the only other major democratic state in Europe was _______________.
P812
24. The first Fascist state in Europe was _______________________.
P813-814
25. The growth of Mussolini's __________________ movement was aided by popular, nationalistic resentment
toward Italy's treatment following World War I.
P814
26. The city in which Hitler spent his formative years and developed his fundamental ideas was
_____________________________.
P817
27. The Nazi policies toward ____________________ claimed that through childbearing and service in the home
women would bring about the triumph of the Aryan race.
P822
28. The only eastern European nation to maintain political democracy throughout the 1930s was
____________________________. P827
29. Among the positive achievements of the Stalinist era in the Soviet Union was more
_____________________________ opportunities. P826
30. The most famous of the Surrealistic painters was __________________________.
P832
31. Hitler's first act of aggression took place in 1936 when the Germans occupied what area?
___________________________________ p842
32. Hitler took Poland in 1939 using Blitzkrieg or "_________________________" tactics and with active support
from Joseph Stalin. P845-848
33. Immediately following the fall of ________________________, France and Britain declared war, but remained
relatively inactive militarily. P848
34. The British politician who was told by a member of his own party that "You have sat too long for any good you
have been doing. Depart, I say, and let us have done with you. In the name of God, go!" was
________________________________________. P848
35. Hitler's plan for defeating Britain relied on Germany's Luftwaffe gaining control of the
________________________. P848
36. Serious conflict in Asia contributing to the outbreak of World War Two in the Pacific began with Japan's 1937
violent incident with ____________________.
P846
37. The ancient "way of the warrior" that was revived during the 1930s was ___________________. P865
7
38. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the main priority for the United States was defeating Germany first and then
turning its great naval war machine against ____________________. P851
39. The naval battle in the Pacific that is considered the turning point of the war and established U.S. Naval
supremacy in the area was _________________________. P853-854
40. In the Pacific theater by 1942, the American technique in combating Japan was known as
“________________________________.” P854
41. Hitler's "Final Solution" to the Jewish problem called for the extermination of all European
_____________________. P859
42. Besides the Jews, another group singled out by the Nazis for extermination were the
________________________________.
P861
43. The only country to use women as combatants in World War II was _____________________.
44. The ___________________ Project was to develop the atomic bomb.
P864
P864
45. Atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of __________________________ and
___________________________________.
P868
46. The official reason for dropping atomic bombs on Japan was to save the hundreds of thousands of
____________________ lives it was calculated that a U.S.-led invasion of Japan would cost. P868
47. The nation that experienced the greatest losses in World War II was the ____________________________.
P868
48. The ______________________ Plan intended to rebuild European prosperity and stability. P877-878
49. A critical event causing the development of the Cold War outside of Europe was the victory in 1949 of
Communist forces in the ___________________________ Civil War.
P880
50. The Communist military response to the formation of NATO was the _________________ Pact. P880
51. The policy created in 1947 and used by the Americans against Communism was called
_____________________________________.
P878
52. The event that immediately preceded and sparked the Cuban Missile Crisis was the
_______________________________________.
P883
53. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 concluded with improved communications between the U.S. and the
______________________________ to prevent nuclear war. P883
54. ________________________ from World War II through the 1970s was characterized by the leadership of Tito,
who asserted Yugoslavia's independence from the Soviet Union.
P892
55. The _________________________ Market was founded for economic reasons, including to promote free trade
among member nations.
P897
56. The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s included all of the following:
a. race riots in the Los Angeles district of Watts.
8
P898-899
b. the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
c. saw the Supreme Court approve the concept of "separate but equal" in public schools.
d. the civil rights leadership of Martin Luther King.
57. All of the following statements regarding women in the post-war era are correct:
P901-902
a. many more married women joined the work force than before.
b. working-class women continued to receive less pay than men.
c. the post-war "baby boom" declined in the 1960s, in part due to "the pill."
d. much of the theoretical foundation for the women's liberation movement was found in the
work of Simone de Beauvoir.
58. American motion pictures in the post-war years have been the primary vehicle for the diffusion of American
popular culture throughout the world.
P905
59. The following statements are correct about popular music during the 1950s and 1960s:
P906
a. American musicians such as Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley inspired many British
musicians.
b. There was an "invasion" of British musical groups into the United States in the 1960s.
c. American popular music spread beyond the boundaries of just western civilization.
d. White American singers such as Elvis Presley were influenced by African-American
rhythm and blues.
CHAPTERS 29 - Epilogue
1. The "permissive society" is characterized by all of the following:
a. sexual freedom.
b. experimentation with drugs.
c. decriminalization of homosexuality.
d. increasing rates of divorce.
P910
2. The recreational drug of choice among college and university students in the 1960s was
__________________________.
P910
3. The author of The Feminine Mystique and who was a founder of the National Organization of Women was
_______________________________.
P913
4. A shocking event of the antiwar protests was the 1970 killing of four student protesters at
_______________________________.
P914
5. A major cause of the 1973 economic recession in Europe was a significant increase in the price of
_________________.
P917
9
6. During the Vietnam War, the South Vietnamese Communist guerillas backed by North Vietnam were known as the
________________________________.
P920
7. The issue that led to Jimmy Carter's defeat in 1980 was his inability to gain the release of American hostages held in
__________________________.
P920
8. The American president who made the decision to bomb North Vietnam and who significantly increased the number of
American troops in the Second Vietnam War was ____________________________. P922
9. The American president who journeyed to the People's Republic of China in 1972 was
________________________________________.
P924
10. Under the U.S. presidency of Jimmy ____________________________, a major goal of American foreign policy was
the protection of human rights globally.
P925
11. The American President who referred to the Soviet Union as the "evil empire" and who was a supporter of the SDI was
____________________________________.
P925
12. The American president who helped maintain a Vietman-like war in Afghanistan by aiding anti-Soviet insurgents
was_____________________________________.
P925
13. World-wide, the most popular of "mass sports" is soccer’s __________________________________. P931
14. The terrorist group who murdered Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic Games was the
______________________________________________.
P931
15. In 1988, the first free parliamentary elections to occur in Eastern Europe for forty years took place in
____________________________________.
P940
16. Probably the most symbolic events ending the Cold War was the fall of the
__________________________________________.
P941
17. The Yugoslavian president ousted from power in 2000 and who was subsequently put on trial for war crimes against
humanity was ______________________________________.
P945
18. The individual who succeeded Tony Blair as Britain's prime minister in 2007 was
______________________________________.
P947
19. The British prime minister who gave support to the United States in the war on terror and in the Iraq War was
_______________________________________.
P947
20. The common currency that was initially adopted by eleven member states of the European Union is the
__________________________. P947
21. George H.W. Bush was defeated for reelection in 1992 for all of the following:
P949
a.
government budget deficits.
b.
a downturn in the economy.
c.
Bill Clinton's strategy of claiming to be a "New Democrat" and more conservative than recent
Democratic candidates.
22. All of the following are correct about the Bill Clinton presidency:
P949
a.
an economic revival.
b.
a reduction of government budget deficits.
c.
Clinton was politically damaged because of an affair with a White House intern.
d.
Clinton's vice president became the Democratic presidential candidate in 2000,
10
23. All of the following led to decline in George W. Bush's popularity by his second term as president:
a.
the war in Iraq.
b.
tax cuts that primarily benefitted the wealthy.
c.
poor handling of the relief efforts after Hurricane Katrina.
d.
financial corruption in the Republican Party.
P949
24. The first opportunity for testing the new relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union in the post-Cold
War era was the _____________________________.
P950
25. The politician who called terrorism "the enemy of our generation" was
____________________________________________.
P951
26. An example of state-sponsored terrorism was the bombing of Pan American flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in
1988.
P951
27. In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, the United States initially waged war in ____________________. P951
28. All are correct about the war in Iraq that began in 2003:
P952
a.
the Bush administration claimed that Iraq's Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction.
b.
the Iraqi army was quickly defeated.
c.
by 2006, civil war was taking place between Sunnis and Shiites.
d.
in 2007, Bush increased the number of American troops in Iraq.
29. Pope Paul II was, advocated or practiced all of the following:
a.
the first non-Italian pope since the sixteenth century.
b.
condemned nuclear weapons and war.
c.
was a strong believer in social justice.
d.
travelled widely.
P955
30. A serious criticism of the ____________________________revolution is it has displaced cultural uniqueness and
bodily presence.
P960-961
31. All of the following are social challenges to globalization:
a.
mass migration.
b.
widening gap between the developed and developing nations.
c.
increased degradation of water and soil resources.
d.
global warming.
11
P964-965