Download Bio 212 Unit 2 Review Spring 2010 DNA Replication What type of

Bio 212 Unit 2 Review
Spring 2010
DNA Replication
1. What type of macromolecule is DNA? What 3 features of this type of monomers of this
macromolecule distinguish it from others (e.g. amino acids)?
2. How is DNA organized in a cell (what are the different levels of chromatin structure)? What
function does binding up DNA into this structure have for a cell?
3. Using the chart below, compare and contrast DNA replication and PCR.
in vivo Replication
PCR
How DNA unwinds
Primers
Polymerase
Monomeric units of DNA
Purpose
Anything else you can think of
4. What is a gene? What does this have to do with proteins?
Transcription
5. How does DNA differ from RNA? (Hint: base pairing is not the only way they are different)
6. What is a codon? How would you read a codon chart? What does it mean to say that codons are
nonoverlapping and redundant? What is the “wobble” base?
7. What is RNA processing? What kind of organisms does this occur in? What are the three main
type of mRNA processing?
Translation
8. What is translation?
9. Sketch a ribosome complex and label the important parts. Be sure to know what happens at
each of those parts.
10. What does it mean to say a tRNA molecule is “charged?” How is the structure of tRNA different
from mRNA?
11. What are the three main stages of translation? How do those stages correspond to the drawing
you did above?
12. What is a point mutation? Are there different kinds? How is a point mutation different from a
frame shift mutation?
13. How and why would a protein be moved to the ER for synthesis?
Regulation of Gene Expression
14. What is the theory of genomic equivalence? How is what it describes possible?
15. Give 4 examples of possible post-translational modification of proteins.
16. What is feedback inhibition? Why is it beneficial?
17. What is an operon? It is only present in which type of organism?
18. How does the trp operon function (what turns it on or off)?
19. How is the lac operon different from the trp operon?
20. Besides post-translational mechanisms of regulation, what are some other ways a cell can
regulate its gene expression?
Cell Signaling
21. When is cell signaling important?
22. What is a ligand and how does it participate in cell-cell signaling?
23. What is the difference between juxtacrine and paracrine signaling?
24. What is a signal transduction pathway? Give a specific example and describe how it works.
Review
25. Draw the monomer of a protein. What type of reaction would create a polymer between two of
these monomers?
26. What is the difference between competitive inhibition and allosteric regulation?