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Supplementary information
Supplementary Table 1. Sex biased genes1 in D. pseudoobscura and the corresponding orthologues in D. melanogaster gene ontology
annotation terms
Gene Ontology
Gene in
Gene in
D. pseudoobscura
D. melanogaster
Cellular component
GA13052-RA
CG14521
-
Tag
Molecular function
Biological process
Male biased
TTGCTGGTGG
-
cell communication,
cell adhesion, signal
transduction, cell-cell
adhesion,
TCGAAAGAGA
GA22030-RA
CG9779
-
-
development,
GAGTTGATGT
GA14975-RA
CG18530
-
-
lipid metabolism,
GACGAGCTGG
GA18200-RA
CG4461
-
-
response to heat,
CACTGAGCCA
GA14968-RA
CG1851
-
adenosine kinase
nucleobase,
activity, nucleotide
nucleoside, nucleotide
kinase activity
and nucleic acid
metabolism,
TCGCTGGGTC
GA14242-RA
CG16965
-
alpha,alpha-trehalase
monosaccharide
activity, phosphorylase
metabolism,
activity,
CAGCAGTTCG
GA14224-RA
CG16932
-
calcium ion binding,
intracellular protein
transport, receptor
mediated endocytosis,
neurotransmitter
secretion, vesiclemediated transport,
synaptic vesicle
endocytosis,
GCCTTCCACG
GA11590-RA
CG12374
-
carboxypeptidase A
proteolysis and
activity
peptidolysis,
CAGGTGGTGA
GA18974-RA
CG5565
-
catalytic activity
metabolism,
CCATACGCAT
GA10694-RA
CG10992
-
cathepsin B activity
proteolysis and
peptidolysis, salivary
gland cell death,
autophagic cell death,
GGCAATGACC
GA13759-RA
CG1548
-
cathepsin D activity,
proteolysis and
pepsin A activity
peptidolysis, salivary
gland cell death,
autophagic cell death,
AGCACACCGG
TGGCTGGAGG
GA19498-RA
GA17436-RA
CG6298
CG3415
-
-
chymotrypsin activity,
proteolysis and
trypsin activity
peptidolysis,
cysteine-type
proteolysis and
endopeptidase activity,
peptidolysis, fatty
estradiol 17-beta-
acid biosynthesis,
AGCTGGACAA
CTCATCTGGG
GA13337-RA
GA19298-RA
CG1490
CG6016
-
-
dehydrogenase activity
steroid metabolism,
cysteine-type
proteolysis and
endopeptidase activity,
peptidolysis,
ubiquitin thiolesterase
ubiquitin-dependent
activity, ubiquitin-
protein catabolism,
specific protease
protein
activity
deubiquitination,
ethanolaminephosphotr
phospholipid
ansferase activity,
metabolism,
phospholipid
biosynthesis,
GGCCCTGACC
ATCGAGGTGG
GA19329-RA
GA19751-RA
CG6058
CG6649
-
-
fructose-bisphosphate
glycolysis, mesoderm
aldolase activity,
development,
glucuronosyltransferase polysaccharide
activity
metabolism, defense
response, steroid
metabolism, response
to toxin,
ACCGCCAAGG
GAGCAGGGCG
GA10031-RA
GA11680-RA
CG10045
CG12530
-
-
glutathione transferase
defense response,
activity
response to toxin,
GTPase activity, GTP
cytoskeleton
binding
organization and
biogenesis, actin
filament organization,
transforming growth
factor beta receptor
signaling pathway, Gprotein coupled
receptor protein
signaling pathway,
JNK cascade, small
GTPase mediated
signal transduction,
cellularization, dorsal
closure, suture of
dorsal opening,
axonogenesis, axon
guidance, regulation
of cell shape,
oogenesis (sensu
Insecta), dendrite
morphogenesis, cell
projection biogenesis,
actin cytoskeleton
organization and
biogenesis, actin
filament
polymerization,
ovarian follicle cell
development (sensu
Insecta), cortical actin
cytoskeleton
organization and
biogenesis, wing hair
outgrowth, wound
healing, dorsal
appendage formation,
GTCACCCAGG
GA11442-RA
CG12156
-
GTPase activity, GTP
intracellular protein
binding
transport,
phagocytosis,
lysosomal transport,
small GTPase
mediated signal
transduction
GAGTGCTCCG
GA18989-RA
CG5588
-
GTPase activity, GTP
morphogenesis of an
binding
epithelium,
cytoskeleton
organization and
biogenesis, G-protein
coupled receptor
protein signaling
pathway, small
GTPase mediated
signal transduction,
dorsal closure
AGATACCTCA
GA20440-RA
CG7560
-
methylenetetrahydrofol
methionine
ate reductase (NADPH) metabolism,
activity
coenzyme
metabolism,
prosthetic group
metabolism
TCCTCCCCGG
GA19321-RA
CG6049
-
mRNA binding
-
TGGAGCGCCA
GA10214-RA
CG10279
-
mRNA binding, ATP-
RNA interference
dependent RNA
helicase activity,
protein binding, ATP
binding, ATPdependent helicase
activity,
CCCATCTCGG
GA10875-RA
CG11265
-
nucleic acid binding,
DNA replication,
DNA topoisomerase
sister chromatid
activity, sigma DNA
cohesion,
polymerase activity,
CTGCGGCCCC
ACCGTCACCG
TGGCACCACG
GAGTTTGGGG
GA11006-RA
GA20213-RA
GA20127-RA
GA17479-RA
CG11440
CG7254
CG7134
CG3494
-
-
-
-
phosphatidate
lipid metabolism,
phosphatase activity,
dephosphorylation,
phosphorylase activity,
carbohydrate
glycogen
metabolism, glycogen
phosphorylase activity,
metabolism,
protein tyrosine
regulation of cell
phosphatase activity,
cycle, protein amino
protein
acid
tyrosine/serine/threonin
dephosphorylation,
e phosphatase activity,
mitosis,
receptor binding,
-
structural molecule
activity,
GCCAACCGCC
GA20544-RA
CG7722
-
serine-type
proteolysis and
endopeptidase inhibitor
peptidolysis,
activity
GAGGCTACTA
GA18926-RA
CG5494
-
structural constituent of
-
cuticle (sensu Insecta),
GCAGCTACAG
GA11357-RA
CG12045
-
structural constituent of
-
cuticle
GACTACACGG
GA10736-RA
CG11064
-
structural molecule
transport, lipid
activity, lipid
transport
transporter activity,
retinoid binding, fatty
acid binding,
microtubule binding,
heme binding
AGGGCCGCTT
GA14075-RA
CG1652
-
sugar binding,
-
galactose binding
CAAAGCAGGT
GA11529-RA
CG12279
-
thiosulfate
protein folding,
sulfurtransferase
sulfate transport,
activity, unfolded
protein binding
TCCGAGGTGG
GA14681-RA
CG1782
-
ubiquitin activating
proteolysis and
enzyme activity,
peptidolysis, ubiquitin
ubiquitin-protein ligase
cycle,
activity,
TACGCCCGGC
CGCATCCCAC
GA13211-RA
GA20345-RA
CG14739
CG7430
-
ubiquitin conjugating
protein modification,
enzyme activity, ligase
ubiquitin cycle,
activity,
protein metabolism,
alpha-ketoglutarate
dihydrolipoyl
glycolysis,
dehydrogenase complex
dehydrogenase activity,
tricarboxylic acid
(sensu Eukaryota),
disulfide
cycle, electron
glycine cleavage
oxidoreductase activity, transport, glycine
complex,
metal ion binding,
catabolism, lipoamide
metabolism,
TGGATGCCCC
GA13119-RA
CG1462
anchored to plasma
alkaline phosphatase
skeletal development,
membrane,
activity, nucleotide
neurogenesis,
phosphatase activity,
mesoderm
development,
metabolism, epithelial
fluid transport,
CTGCCCAGCT
GAGAAGGCAT
CTGGAGGCAC
GA16271-RA
GA16486-RA
GA17753-RA
CG31468
CG31800
CG3887
cellular component
molecular function
biological process
unknown,
unknown,
unknown,
cellular component
molecular function
biological process
unknown,
unknown,
unknown,
cellular component
molecular function
biological process
unknown,
unknown,
unknown,
-
AAGAACAGCC
GA20964-RA
CG8295
cytoplasm,
-
TCGTCCGGCC
GA11202-RA
CG11793
cytoplasm,
copper, zinc superoxide superoxide
dismutase activity,
metabolism, defense
antioxidant activity,
response, aging,
metal ion binding,
determination of adult
life span, removal of
superoxide radicals,
TGATCAAGCG
GA15293-RA
CG2194
cytoplasm,
dihydroorotate
electron transport,
dehydrogenase activity,
pyrimidine base
dihydroorotate oxidase
metabolism, 'de novo'
activity, electron
pyrimidine base
transporter activity,
biosynthesis,
iron ion binding,
disulfide
oxidoreductase activity,
dihydropyrimidine
dehydrogenase
(NADP+) activity,
TCCATTACGC
GA10408-RA
CG10578
cytoplasm,
unfolded protein
protein folding,
binding
response to stress,
defense response,
response to heat,
CACCAGAAGC
TACGGCAAGC
CGTCGGCTCA
GA17966-RA
GA20691-RA
GA11286-RA
CG4111
CG7923
CG1193
cytosolic large
nucleic acid binding,
ribosomal subunit
structural constituent of
(sensu Eukaryota),
ribosome
endoplasmic reticulum,
stearoyl-CoA 9-
membrane,
desaturase activity, iron fatty acid
endoplasmic reticulum,
protein biosynthesis,
fatty acid metabolism,
ion binding
biosynthesis,
nucleotide binding,
intracellular protein
microtubule associated
ATP binding,
transport,
complex, katanin,
microtubule binding,
microtubule-based
ATPase activity
process, microtubule
severing,
AAGCTCTACG
GA14671-RA
CG1780
extracellular region,
imaginal disc growth
signal transduction,
factor activity,
cell-cell signaling,
hydrolase activity,
imaginal disc
development,
metabolism,
GCCCAGGGGT
GA15417-RA
CG2668
extracellular region,
structural molecule
mating plug
activity,
formation, postmating behavior,
AACTCTCGAC
GA14923-RA
CG18408
focal adhesion,
structural constituent of
MAPKKK cascade,
cytoskeleton, vinculin
cytoskeleton
binding,
organization and
biogenesis,
AGGAAAGCGA
GA16060-RA
CG31169
glycerol-3-phosphate
DNA binding,
dehydrogenase complex,
carbohydrate
metabolism, lipid
metabolism,
AAGAAGGCGG
GA17487-RA
CG3504
inaD signaling complex,
structural molecule
protein targeting, cell
rhabdomere,
activity, protein
surface receptor
binding, calmodulin
linked signal
binding, myosin
transduction,
binding, receptor
phototransduction,
signaling complex
protein localization,
scaffold activity,
deactivation of
rhodopsin mediated
signaling,
GCCACGGGCA
GA21015-RA
CG8357
intracellular,
protein binding,
DNA fragmentation
during apoptosis, anti-
apoptosis, regulation
of apoptosis,
GCTGGCTGGG
TGCCTCCTGT
GA21536-RA
GA16389-RA
CG9092
CG3168
lysosome, beta-
beta-galactosidase
carbohydrate
galactosidase complex,
activity,
metabolism,
membrane, integral to
DNA binding, DNA
carbohydrate
membrane,
topoisomerase (ATP-
metabolism, DNA
hydrolyzing) activity,
metabolism, DNA
transporter activity,
topological change,
ATP binding,
transport, synaptic
carbohydrate
transmission,
transporter activity,
neurotransmitter
secretion,
carbohydrate
transport,
transmission of nerve
impulse,
GCCCACCTCC
GA18684-RA
CG5137
microsome, membrane,
monooxygenase
electron transport,
activity, electron
steroid metabolism,
transporter activity,
oxidoreductase activity,
AGGCAGGGGC
GA18181-RA
CG4434
mitochondrial matrix,
glutamate
glutamate catabolism
dehydrogenase
to 2-oxoglutarate,
[NAD(P)+] activity,
GTGGCATCCC
GA12802-RA
CG1417
mitochondrial matrix,
proline dehydrogenase
glutamate
activity,
biosynthesis, proline
catabolism,
locomotory behavior,
phototactic behavior,
ATCGAGGCCT
GA18557-RA
CG4963
mitochondrial
carrier activity,
membrane,
binding,
transport,
mitochondrial inner
membrane,
ATGATGCAGT
GA14229-RA
CG16944
mitochondrial
carrier activity,
nucleobase,
membrane,
ATP:ADP antiporter
nucleoside, nucleotide
mitochondrial inner
activity, binding,
and nucleic acid
membrane, integral to
metabolism, cation
membrane,
transport, flight
behavior, response to
mechanical stimulus,
ADP transport, ATP
transport,
GCGGTGCCGG
GA20564-RA
CG7756
mitochondrion,
ATP binding, hydrolase protein folding,
activity, unfolded
protein complex
protein binding,
assembly, defense
response, response to
heat,
GCCAACCAGA
GA12518-RA
CG13777
mitochondrion,
kinesin-associated
axon transport of
mitochondrial adaptor
mitochondrion,
activity,
GTCTGATCGG
GA14714-RA
CG17903
mitochondrion,
electron transporter
electron transport,
mitochondrial inner
activity, oxidoreductase oxidative
membrane,
activity, electron
mitochondrial matrix,
transporter, transferring
phosphorylation,
electrons from CoQH2cytochrome c reductase
complex and
cytochrome c oxidase
complex activity,
CCGGCTGTGC
GA10478-RA
CG10664
mitochondrion,
cytochrome-c oxidase
mitochondrial
mitochondrial inner
activity,
electron transport,
membrane, respiratory
cytochrome c to
chain complex IV (sensu
oxygen,
Eukaryota),
GGTGCAGCGA
GA10498-RA
CG10691
mitochondrion,
-
regulation of cell
mitochondrial
cycle, larval or pupal
membrane,
development (sensu
Insecta), DNA
replication,
GAGCTCGAGG
GA18472-RA
CG4843
muscle thin filament
actin binding, structural muscle contraction,
tropomyosin,
constituent of
cytoskeleton,
GAGCAGGTGA
GA20243-RA
CG7292
nuclear exosome
nucleic acid binding,
(RNase complex),
3'-5' exonuclease
rRNA metabolism,
activity,
CCTCTGGGCG
GA17570-RA
CG3629
nucleus,
DNA binding,
regulation of
transcription factor
transcription from
activity, specific RNA
RNA polymerase II
polymerase II
promoter, ectoderm
transcription factor
development,
activity,
neurogenesis,
proximal/distal
pattern formation,
imaginal disc,
antennal
morphogenesis, leg
disc proximal/distal
pattern formation,
genitalia
morphogenesis (sensu
Endopterygota),
analia morphogenesis
(sensu
Endopterygota),
proximal/distal
pattern formation,
specification of organ
identity, limb
morphogenesis (sensu
Endopterygota), leg
morphogenesis,
genital disc
development,
ACGGTGGCGG
GA15411-RA
CG2655
nucleus,
transcription factor
regulation of
activity,
transcription from
RNA polymerase II
promoter, mesoderm
development,
GGCCCTGAGC
GA11127-RA
CG11661
oxoglutarate
oxoglutarate
tricarboxylic acid
dehydrogenase complex
dehydrogenase
cycle,
(sensu Eukaryota),
(succinyl-transferring)
activity,
CCGCCGGCCC
GA10887-RA
CG11280
plasma membrane,
structural molecule
apoptosis, defense
activity,
response, cell
adhesion, signal
transduction, tracheal
system development
(sensu Insecta), cellcell adhesion, cell
migration,
transmission of nerve
impulse,
ACTCTGGACA
GA21704-RA
CG9327
proteasome complex
endopeptidase activity,
ATP-dependent
(sensu Eukaryota),
proteolysis, ubiquitin-
proteasome core
dependent protein
complex (sensu
catabolism,
Eukaryota),
TTCTCCAAGC
CAAGATGCTC
GA10654-RA
GA20484-RA
CG10938
CG7619
proteasome complex
endopeptidase activity,
ATP-dependent
(sensu Eukaryota),
proteolysis, ubiquitin-
proteasome core
dependent protein
complex (sensu
catabolism, cellular
Eukaryota),
physiological process,
proteasome complex
endopeptidase activity,
proteolysis and
(sensu Eukaryota),
peptidolysis,
proteasome regulatory
ubiquitin-dependent
particle (sensu
protein catabolism,
Eukaryota), proteasome
protein metabolism,
regulatory particle, base
subcomplex (sensu
Eukaryota),
GAGGTCCAGG
GA10280-RA
CG10370
proteasome regulatory
nucleotide binding,
proteolysis and
particle (sensu
endopeptidase activity,
peptidolysis, cellular
Eukaryota), proteasome
ATP binding, ATPase
physiological process,
regulatory particle, base
activity,
subcomplex (sensu
Eukaryota),
GGCCAACGGT
GA21492-RA
CG9032
proton-transporting ATP hydrogen-exporting
ATP synthesis
synthase complex,
ATPase activity,
coupled proton
catalytic core F(1)
phosphorylative
transport, proton
(sensu Eukaryota),
mechanism, hydrogen-
transport,
transporting ATP
synthase activity,
rotational mechanism,
hydrogen-transporting
ATPase activity,
rotational mechanism,
GTTGGCCCAA
GA10801-RA
CG11154
proton-transporting ATP nucleotide binding,
purine base
synthase complex,
ATP binding,
metabolism, ATP
catalytic core F(1)
hydrogen-exporting
biosynthesis, cell
(sensu Eukaryota),
ATPase activity,
motility, cytoskeleton
phosphorylative
organization and
mechanism, hydrogen-
biogenesis, ATP
transporting ATP
synthesis coupled
synthase activity,
proton transport,
rotational mechanism,
proton transport,
hydrogen-transporting
ATPase activity,
rotational mechanism,
GTGAACTGGA
GA20881-RA
CG8189
proton-transporting ATP hydrogen-exporting
ATP synthesis
synthase complex,
ATPase activity,
coupled proton
coupling factor F(o)
phosphorylative
transport, proton
(sensu Eukaryota),
mechanism, hydrogen-
transport,
transporting ATP
synthase activity,
rotational mechanism,
hydrogen-transporting
ATPase activity,
rotational mechanism,
TATGGCGTGT
GA11380-RA
CG12079
respiratory chain
NADH dehydrogenase
mitochondrial
complex I (sensu
activity, NADH
electron transport,
Eukaryota),
dehydrogenase
NADH to ubiquinone,
(ubiquinone) activity,
GTGGCGGTCA
GA19069-RA
CG5703
respiratory chain
NADH dehydrogenase
mitochondrial
complex I (sensu
activity, NADH
electron transport,
Eukaryota),
dehydrogenase
NADH to ubiquinone,
(ubiquinone) activity,
GCCCGCAACA
CCAACCAAGG
CGCGATGCCG
GA10233-RA
GA13894-RA
GA11985-RA
CG10305
CG15693
CG13030
ribosome, cytosolic
nucleic acid binding,
protein biosynthesis,
small ribosomal subunit
structural constituent of
(sensu Eukaryota),
ribosome,
ribosome, cytosolic
nucleic acid binding,
small ribosomal subunit
structural constituent of
(sensu Eukaryota),
ribosome,
ubiquitin ligase
ubiquitin-protein ligase
ubiquitin-dependent
complex, nucleus,
activity, zinc ion
protein catabolism,
binding, ligase activity,
sensory organ
protein biosynthesis,
development, protein
ubiquitination,
regulation of R7
differentiation,
Female biased
GCGTCCACCA
GA15558-RA
CG2985
-
catalytic activity,
phospholipid
structural molecule
metabolism,
activity,
vitellogenesis, sex
differentiation,
GTGGAGTTTT
GA11267-RA
CG11899
-
phosphoserine
L-serine biosynthesis,
transaminase activity,
pyridoxine
biosynthesis,
CAGCGCCCCA
GA21503-RA
CG9048
-
structural constituent of
vitelline membrane
vitelline membrane
formation (sensu
(sensu Insecta),
Insecta), oogenesis
(sensu Insecta),
CGCCAGTGCC
GA10847-RA
CG11213
chorion,
structural constituent of
insect chorion
chorion (sensu Insecta), formation,
GCCGCGGCGG
GA19658-RA
CG6519
chorion,
structural constituent of
insect chorion
chorion (sensu Insecta), formation,
TGAACAGCGG
GA13239-RA
CG1478
chorion,
structural constituent of
vitelline membrane
chorion (sensu Insecta), formation (sensu
Insecta), insect
chorion formation,
oogenesis (sensu
Insecta),
GGCGAGTCGG
GA15559-RA
CG2986
cytoplasm, cytosolic
nucleic acid binding,
protein biosynthesis,
small ribosomal subunit
structural constituent of
lymph gland
(sensu Eukaryota),
ribosome,
development (sensu
Arthropoda),
AAGAAGATTG
GA20736-RA
CG7977
cytosolic large
nucleic acid binding,
protein biosynthesis,
ribosomal subunit
mRNA binding,
(sensu Eukaryota),
structural constituent of
ribosome,
TCGGTCGCTT
AAGAGTGACG
ACGACTGCCT
GA18932-RA
GA20236-RA
GA19234-RA
CG5502
CG7283
CG5925
cytosolic large
nucleic acid binding,
ribosomal subunit
structural constituent of
(sensu Eukaryota),
ribosome,
cytosolic large
nucleic acid binding,
ribosomal subunit
structural constituent of
(sensu Eukaryota),
ribosome,
endoplasmic reticulum,
stearoyl-CoA 9-
membrane,
desaturase activity, iron biosynthesis, cuticle
ion binding,
protein biosynthesis,
protein biosynthesis,
fatty acid
hydrocarbon
biosynthesis,
GAGGAAAGTA
GA14796-RA
CG18106
extracellular region,
-
defense response,
TACGAGGCGG
GA11516-RA
CG12262
mitochondrion,
acyl-CoA
electron transport,
mitochondrial matrix,
dehydrogenase activity,
fatty acid betaoxidation, acyl-CoA
metabolism
GGCTTCGGTC
TTTGTGGCCA
GCTGGTATTG
GA20389-RA
GA17595-RA
GA19229-RA
CG7490
CG3661
CG5920
nucleus, cytoplasm,
mRNA binding,
DNA repair, protein
cytosolic ribosome
structural constituent of
biosynthesis,
(sensu Eukaryota),
ribosome, DNA-
translational
ribosome, cytosolic
(apurinic or
elongation,
large ribosomal subunit
apyrimidinic site) lyase
(sensu Eukaryota),
activity,
ribosome, cytosolic
nucleic acid binding,
large ribosomal subunit
structural constituent of
(sensu Eukaryota),
ribosome,
ribosome, cytosolic
nucleic acid binding,
small ribosomal subunit
structural constituent of
(sensu Eukaryota),
ribosome,
protein biosynthesis,
protein biosynthesis,
AGTCCCCCAA
GA10577-RA
CG10816
extracellular region,
-
defense response,
antibacterial humoral
response (sensu
Protostomia), defense
response to bacteria,
defense response to
Gram-negative
bacteria, defense
response to Grampositive bacteria,
1
Based on tags, which differed significantly (P  0.05) in frequency between males and females and only tags that are mapped to a
single gene.