Download EXAM REVISION QUESTIONS

EXAM REVISION QUESTIONS
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Biology is the science of living things. The nature of Life.
The levels of organization of living things
State the Cell theory
Molecular Structure of Cells. Inorganic and organic molecules.
5. Polymers and monomers. Protein structure
6. Cell is a smallest basic unit of the organisms. The main points of the cell theory
7. The major characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
8. Eukaryotic cells structure
9. Cell membrane structure. Passive and active transport
10. The diverse of life. Five-kingdom system.
11. Classification of living things. Binominal nomenclature of K. Linneus.
12. Viral structure and reproduction
13. Explain the structure and the principal functions of DNA. Chargaff’s rules.
14. Describe the model of DNA double helix. B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA
15. Compare and contrast the structure of DNA and RNA.
16. Describe the overall direction of DNA replication in relation to the origin and replication
fork.
17. Summarize the process of replication. List the ferments work in replication fork.
18. Provide a detailed discussion of the steps of DNA replication.
19. Why is DNA replication problematic for the ends of the molecule? How do telomeres solve
this problem?
20. PCR methods: main principles and requirements. List the components of the reaction
mixture for PCR.
21. Show the diagram of three steps of one PCR cycle: denaturation, annealing, polymerization.
22. Describe the structural organization of the prokaryotic chromosome.
23. Describe the structural organization of the eukaryotic chromosomes.
24. Describe the nucleosome structure. The chromosomal proteins: histones and non-histones.
25. Classification of DNA mutations.
26. Explain the molecular mechanisms of copy error mutations (tautomers and base analogues).
27. Explain the effect of chemicals: depurination, alkylation, deamination. Thymine dimers
formation.
28. Base substitutions – transitions and transversions. Frame shift mutations.
29. Name the main types of DNA reparation systems. Excision repair system. Photoreactivation
repair system.
30. Mismatch repair system.
31. Transcription: DNA→RNA (initiation, elongation and termination)
32. List five characteristics of the genetic code.
33. The structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes.
34. The protein synthesis. Summarize the process of translation: RNA → Polypeptide
35. The central dogma of molecular biology: DNA→RNA→ protein
36. Name the types of RNA molecules and describe its structure and functions.
37. The structure and functions of tRNA.
38. The structure of RNA-polymerase holoenzime. The σ –factor and ρ-factor.
39. The promoter region of prokaryotes. Name the recognition sequences.
40. List the characteristics for RNA-pol.I, RNA-pol.II, RNA-pol.III of eukaryotes.
41. Initiation, elongation and termination of translation in prokaryotic cells.
42. Eukaryotic gene structure: promoter region, exons and introns.
43. Diagram and describe the protein synthesis. Define: the genetic code, codon and anticodon.
44. What is an operon? What are operator, promoter, regulatory gene, protein repressor, inducer,
cAMP, activator CAP?
45. Describe the process of gene regulation in prokaryotes, using the lactose operon as a model.
46. The trp-operon structure and function in the presence and in the absence of tryptophan.
47. What are processing and splicing? Prrocessing of mRNA: capping, polyadenilation,
splicing.
48. Describe the process of gene regulation in eukaryotes. Name the characteristics of
enhancers, silencers, insulators
49. Chromosome complex, characteristics of human karyotype.
50. The cell cycle, characteristics of its steps and genetic regulation.
51. Chromosomes in mitosis.
52. Chromosomes in meiosis.
53. Sexual and asexual reproduction.
54. Allelic and non-allelic genes: characteristics and chromosomal localization.
55. Dominance, incomplete dominance, co dominance.
56. Epistasis, polymery (duplicate dominant genes), complementary.
57. Lethal genes. Penetrance. Expressivity. Pleiotropism.
58. Mendel’s law of segregation.
59. Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
60. Linkage genes. Crossing over.
61. Sex determination and sex linkage.
62. Extra-chromosomal inheritance. Mitochondrial DNA (characteristics and inheritance).
63. Plasmids: structure and functions.
64. Transposable genetic elements: transposons and retrotransposons/
65. Recombinant DNA techniques. Cloning of DNA fragments.
66. The cytogenetics method, its application and possibilities.
67. Sex chromosomes abnormalities in human beings.
68. “Barr body”, the origin and applications.
69. The types of chromosomes abnormalities: aberrations, non-disjunction, translocation.
70. Pedigree analysis, its application and possibilities.
71. Genetic diseases of humans. Polygenic and monogenic diseases; mitochondrial diseases.
72. Inborn errors of metabolism (recessive allelic disorders): albinism, pheniyketonuria,
alcaptonuria, Tay-Sachs disease.
73. Sickle-cell anemia: the origin, pleiotropy and polymorphism.
74. Dominant allelic disorders: achondroplastic dwarfism, polydactyl, Huntington’s disease.
75. Sex-linked diseases: hemophilia, color blindness, Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD). The
origin and symptoms.
76. Prenatal detection of chromosomes abnormalities. Amniocentesis.
77. Twins study, its application and possibilities. Multifactorial diseases (examples and
characteristics).
78. Population sampling. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, its application and possibilities.
79. Molecular study of human heredity diseases: PCR-method, Gel-electrophoresis method,
DNA sequencing.
PARASITOLOGY
1. Entamoeba histolytica.
2. Trypanosoma gambiense.
3. Trypanosoma rhodesiense.
4. Trypanosoma cruzi.
5. Leishmania donovani.
6. Leishmania tropica.
7. Leishmania brasiliensis.
8. Trichomonas vaginalis.
9. Trichomonas intestinalis.
10. Lamblia intestinalis.
11. Toxoplasma gondii.
12. Plasmodium vivax.
13. Plasmodium malariae.
14. Plasmodium falciparum.
15. Plasmodium ovale.
16. Balantidium coli.
17. Fasciola hepatica.
18. Opisthorсhis felineus.
19. Clonorсhis sinensis.
20. Paragonimus westermani.
21. Sсhistosoma mansoni.
22. Sсhistosoma haemаtobium.
23. Sсhistosoma japonicum.
24. Taenia solium.
25. Taeniarhynchus saginatus.
26. Hymenolepis nana.
27. Diphyllobothrium latum.
28. Echinococcus granulosus
29. Alveococcus multilocularis.
30. Ascaris lumbricoides.
31. Enterobius vermicularis.
32. Trichocephalus trichiurus.
33. Ancilostoma duodenale.
34. Necator americanus.
35. Strongiloides stercoralis.
36. Trichinella spiralis.
37. Dracunculus medinensis.
38. Wuchereria bancrofti.
39. Brugia malayi.
40. Loa loa.
41. Onchocerca volvulus.
42. Sarcoptes scabiei.
43. Wohlfahrtia magnifica.
Vectors and intermediate host
1. Anopheles sp.
2. Aedes sp.
3. Cimex sp.
4. Cyclops sp.
5. Chrysops sp.
6. Culex sp.
7. Dermacentor.
10. Glossina sp.
11. Ixodes sp.
12. Musca domestica.
13. Ornithodorus sp.
14. Phlebothomus sp.
15. Pulex sp.
16. Pediculus humanus.
17. Simulium sp.
18. Triatoma sp.
19. Rhodnius sp.
20. Melania, Limnea, Bithynia, Oncomelania.