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AG V03 Plant Biology Lecture: Prokaryotes (Ch 19)
I. Prokaryotes = “monerans”
A. 2 domains/kingdoms: Bacteria and Archaea
B. prokaryotic cells - review
1.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d. optional parts
1) cell wall
2) flagellum/a
3) plasmid
4) pilus/i & fimbria(e)
5) folded membranes
6) endospores
3. 3 main shapes
coccus
bacillus
spiral & vibrio
4. binary fission
C. Nutritional life styles
1. source of energy
a. phototroph
b. chemotroph
2. source of C for molecules
a. autotroph
b. heterotroph
3. can combine these:
energy first, carbon source second
D. taxonomy now
II. Domain/Kingdom Bacteria
A. general characteristics
1.
2.
3. Gram stain
a. Gram positives
b. Gram negatives
© copyright 2011 Marta D. de Jesus
c. type of cell wall
4.
B. Examples (note: this book does not have the modern classification used by most microbiologists);
start with Gram negatives
1. Phylum Proteobacteria
a. animal gut inhabitants: chemoheterotrophs
eg: (†)Escherichia coli
eg: †Salmonella spp.
eg: †Yersinia pestis
b. nitrogen-fixers: chemoheterotrophic
eg: Rhizobium spp.
c. photosynthetics
purple sulphur bacteria - photoautotrophic
purple non-sulphur bacteria - some are photoautotrophic & some
photoheterotrophic
d. plant pathogens: chemoheterotrophs
eg: Agrobacterium tumefaciens
eg: Pseudomonas cepacia
e. other pathogens
eg: †Brucella
eg: †Francisella tularensis
eg: †Legionella
eg: †Neisseria gonorrheae
eg: †Rickettsia rickettsia
eg: †Rickettsia spp.
f. others (chemoheterotrophs)
eg: Pseudomonas fluorescens
eg: Spirillum
eg: (†)Vibrio spp.
2. Phylum Chloroflexi = green non-sulphur bacteria
photoheterotrophic
3. Phylum Chlorobi = green sulphur bacteria
4. Phylum Cyanobacteria = blue-green bacteria
a. photoautotrophs
b. N2 fixers
heterocysts
eg: Anabaena, Nostoc
c. endosymbionts
eg: Anabaena,
Prochloron
prochlorobacteria = chloroxybacteria
d. food by us
eg: Nostoc, Spirulina
e. resistant sheaths
eg: Lyngbya
f. move
eg: Oscillatoria
g. numerous
eg: Synechococcus, Trichodesmium, Prochlorococcus
h. make toxins
eg: (†)Anabaena, (†)Microcystis, (†)Lyngbya
i. make antibiotics
eg: Nostoc, Scytonema hofmanii
j. lots of examples briefly mentioned or shown in chapter
eg: Albrightia, Aphanocapsa, Arthrospira, Bacillosiphon, Chamaesiphon,
Eucapsis, Gloeocapsa, Gomphosphaera, Merismopedia, Prochlorothrix
k. chloroplast
5. Phylum Spirochaetes: chemoheterotrophs
eg: †Borrelia burgdorferi
eg: †Treponema pallidum
6. Phylum Chlamydia: chemoheterotrophs
eg: †Chlamydia psittaci
G+
7. Phylum Actinobacteria: chemoheterotrophs
eg: Brevibacterium sp.
eg: Frankia spp.
eg: Streptomyces spp.
G+
7. Phylum Firmicutes: almost all chemoheterotrophs
a. Bacillus
eg: †B. anthracis
eg: B. thuringensis & B. popilliae
b. Clostridium
eg: †Clostridium botulinum
eg: †Clostridium perfringens
eg: †Clostridium tetani
c. Lactobacillus
eg: L. acidophilus
eg: L. acidophilus& Lactococcus
d. †Mycoplasma
e. Sarcina
f. (†)Staphylococcus
g. (†)Streptococcus
eg: S. pneumoniae
III. Domain/Kingdom Archaea = archaebacteria
A. general characteristics
1.
2. pseudomurein
3. extremophiles
4.
5.
B. examples
1. Phylum Euryarcheota
a. methane producers: chemoautotrophs
eg: Methanobacterium smithii
b. halophiles:
eg: Halobacterium photoheterotroph
bacteriorhodopsin
chemoheterotrophs
c. hyperthermophiles:
eg: Thermoplasma thermoacidophile
chemoautotrophic
2. Phylum Crenarcheota
a. hyperthermophiles & thermophiles
eg: Pyrodictium
thermoacidophiles
eg: Sulfolobus: chemoheterotrophic with O2 otherwise chemoautotrophic
eg: Thermoproteus chemoautotrophic
b. lower temperature, oceanic species
(note: 2 other phyla known)