Download How cities contribute to green

How cities contribute to green
growth
--- experience from the OECD
Setsuko Saya
Head of the Regional Policies for Sustainable Development
Division, OECD
Low Carbon Model Town Task Force
18 March 2013 – Samui, Thailand
[email protected]
Ur
Social
andjustice
Environment
Urban share of total population (2007)
Urban areas tend to feature higher
income and productivity
Per capita GDP in current prices and PPP(2007)
Source: Calculation based on data from the OECD regional database
Cities create environmental problems, but they
also provide solutions.
Per capita carbon emissions tend to reduce as urban areas become denser
and rely to a greater extent on public transit, walking and cycling.
Europe
30
North America
Japan and Korea
Cincinnati
25
CO2 emissions per capita (2006)
Houston
20
Chicago
15
Los Angeles
New York
Boston
San Francisco
Washington
Katowice
Frankfurt
Berlin
10
Nagoya
Milano
Sapporo Birmingham London
Warszawa
5
Hamburg
Paris
Manchester
Monterrey
Osaka
Tokyo
Daegu
Fukuoka
Seoul Incheon
Busan
Barcelona
Athina
Guadalajara
Mexico City
Puebla
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Total population density (2006)
4000
4500
5000
Cities are the main spender of green
infrastructure
Sub-national governments spend 60% of public investment 2009
State
Local
Central
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
CAN USA
BEL CHE AUT MEX DEU
ITA
JAP
ESP
FRA NDL AUS DEN IRL KOR FIN
Source: OECD regional outlook 2009
Major cities spend 10-45% of
their budget in potential green,
which is expected to generates
employment.
ISR
SVK
POL PTR SVN SWE CZE NOR GBR HUN LUX TUR NZL
ISL
EST GRE
Expenditure shares of major cities by function (2010)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
Source: based on financial statements
of cities in 2009
Other environment: Green spaces, parks
management, environmental services,
streets and sanitation, power,
environmental protection
10%
0%
Building
environment
Transport
Other
Water
Waste
Other
OECD
GREEN CITIES PROGRAMME
OECD Green Cities Programme;
Project framework
· Conceptual framework (June 2011)
· Case studies
City case studies
National-level case studies
Paris
(2011)
Korea (2011)
Chicago
(2011-12) China (2012)
Kitakyushu (2012)
Stockholm (2012)
· Synthesis report: Green Growth in Cities
Launch: 23 May 2013 in Stockholm
Energy issues plays an important role in
making green cities.
Goals of
Green growth policies to prioritise are:
green cities:
Jobs
Energy-efficiency building retrofits, public
transport, and waste management
Urban
Increase the efficiency of transport system,
attractiveness
sustainable public service delivery, climate
change adaptation
Identifying potential for green product and
Green
products/
service specialization, fostering green technology
services
R&D and innovation activities
Urban land
Urban redevelopment (including eco-districts),
values
reducing incentives for green field development
Case study: Urbanisation and Green
Growth in China
Key Facts
· Urbanisation poses important environmental challenges,
including:
– rapid urban land expansion, traffic congestion, air and water
pollution, and the inappropriate disposal of household and industrial
waste.
· Green development has grown as a priority in the 11th and
12th Five-Year Plans (FYPs). The 12th FYP (2011-2015) sets
targets for:
– energy/carbon efficiency, air and
water pollution, land management
and green products and services.
Case Study: Chicago Tri-state metro-area
Recommendation
– Connect property owners to Energy Service Companies for retrofits
– Green design standards to stimulate building-sector innovation
– Increase public transit funding (congestion charges and valueadded taxes)
– Regional priority-setting and information sharing
– Federal price signals and legislative changes for property-tax loans
– Restructure water and waste pricing
– Regional wind consortia
Case Study: Kitakyushu
Recommendation
·More fully integrate land-use and transport planning to revive urban
centres and reduce urban sprawl
·Foster high value added recycling and maximise recycling synergies
between industries and residential areas
·Scale up the Higashida smart-grid experiment and make use of
national feed-in tariffs for renewable energy supply
·Further improve industrial energy efficiency and exploit energy
savings in commercial and residential buildings
How to measure the success of green cities?
---Indicators
Why indicators are necessary?
OECD’s three key principles for selecting indicators
1. Policy relevance
– Provide balanced coverage of the key features
– Be easy to interpret and transparent
– Provide a basis for comparisons across countries
– Lend itself to adaptation to different national contests and to analysis
at different levels of details or aggregation
2. Analytical soundness
3. Measurability
– Be based on data that are available or that can be made so.
(OECD’s Green Growth Strategy (2012))
Policies need reflect the reality of cities,
where people live and work
· Many cities don’t match the city boundaries
Source: OECD calculations based on population density disaggregated with Corine Land
Cover.
How does the new approach of Functional
Urban Area change our views of cities?
· Urban areas can be organised around one or more densely
populated “urban core” and its extension of “hinterlands”
Leeds
Manchester
London
Birmingham
Urban cores
Hinterland
Indicators in OECD Metropolitan Database
· OBJECTIVE: Increase the availability of statistics on economic, social and
environmental areas for functional urban areas.
ALREADY AVAILABLE
WORKING ON (end 2012/beginning 2013)
FUTURE INDICATORS
Economic
GDP (millions of US $)
GDP per capita (US $)
Environment
Air pollution
CO2 emissions per
capita (metric tons per person)
GDP growth (%)
Urbanised area (%)
GDP share of national
value (%)
Urbanised area
growth (%)
Employment
CO2 emissions by sector
(transport, industry,…)
Participation rates
Total PCT patent
applications
Total Co-Patents
Social
Demographic
Unemployment
Crime statistics
Population (persons)
Population density (people
per km2)
Population growth (%)
Population share of
national value (%)
Where to find the metropolitan database?
· http://measuringurban.oecd.org/
Tentative list of urban environmental
OECD Urban Environmental Indicators (2011)
indicators
Category
Main and complementary indicators
Land use
12items --- density of city/metro
Urban air
4 items
Water use
8 items
Urban water quality
12 items
Waste management
10 items
Transport & traffic
13 items
Climate change & energy
Carbon intensity of regional/city GDP in tonnes of CO2 e/unit/year,
broken down by sector
Carbon intensity of local energy production in tonnes of
Co2e/unit/year
Energy intensity, by sector,(manufacturing, transport, commercial
& public service, residential), TPES and TFC per capita or unit of
city GDP
Share of city/metro region energy consumption that comes from
renewable resources as a percentage of total city TFC
Share of city/metro region energy production that comes from
renewable resources
Environmental health
9 items
General awareness & behavior
7 items
How do indicators of “density” explain cities’
performance?
Mexico City
(20.2 million, 5 167 km2 total,
1 272 km2 urban)
New York
(18.2 million, 6 838 km2
total, 5 683 km2 urban)
Population density on urban land
Mexico City
Seoul-Incheon
Busan
Puebla
Daegu
Guadalajara
Toluca
Monterrey
Portland
Max 35324
Tronto
Vancouver
Max 11413
Montreal
Vancouver
New York
0
5000
10000
Pop/km2
Source: OECD “Compact City Policies “(2012)
15000
GREEN GROWTH IN
FAST-GROWING ASIAN CITIES:
(2013 - )
Green Cities Programme in
fast-growing cities in Asia
OECD Green Growth Strategy(May 2011)
Defined green growth and policies to achieve it.
OECD Green Cities
OECD Strategy on
Programme (May 2013) Development (May 2012)
Defined green growth in cities.
Incorporating inclusive green growth
into development policies
Green Growth, Development
and Developing Countries
(forthcoming 2013)
OECD Green Cities Programme in fast-growing
cities in Asia(2013-14)
Key policy questions
· Is urban green growth different for cities in
developing countries?
– What policy frameworks and instruments are
needed, and practical, in fast-growing Asian city
contexts?
· How can the OECD support cities in
developing countries, while at the same time
learning from the diverse contexts?
– How can we facilitate knowledge sharing among
OECD and fast-growing Asian cities so they all
can benefit from the mutual learning process?
Project framework: linking OECD’s green
cities with Asia
1. Concept paper (to be delivered in Q2 2013)
– Provide analytical framework in assessing green
growth policies in fast-growing Asian cities
– Parallel work with OECD’s “Green Growth and
Developing Countries Report”
2. City case study (4-6 cities in 2013-14)
– Assess the impact of urban green growth policies on
economic performance and environmental quality
– Individual report as the deliverable
3. Knowledge sharing platform (2013-14)
– Manila, the Philippines (4-5 February, 2013)
– Kitakyushu, Japan (18-20 October, 2013)
– ……
THANK YOU
Further contact:
Setsuko [email protected]