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Argumentative Writing
Egypt vs. Persia
Overview
The purpose of this Interdisciplinary Writing test is to determine how well you can write to persuade
others to think as you do about an issue. In this test, you will read four articles about an important issue; take a
position on the issue and write a first draft of an argumentative essay. You must support your position with
information from each of the source materials.
About This Performance Task
In this Interdisciplinary Writing test, you will think about and take a position on a controversial issue:
Historians have long studied the ancient cultures of Egypt and Persia. Both established long lasting and
successful empires. It has long been a topic of debate as to which empire would have been better to live in.
Your task is to decide where you would rather have lived, and argue why.
Steps to Follow
1.
Read the source materials.
Before taking a position on the issue, it is important that you read all of the source materials related to Egypt
and Persia. As you read the source materials you may underline information, highlight or write notes on the
article themselves.
2.
Prepare to write your essay.
You have been given two organizers which you may find useful as you consider the various arguments for or
against a specific place. You may use the organizer that best suits your position. You are not required to
complete these pages, and they will not be scored.
3.
Your essay should be typed.
Your letter should be typed in Times New Roman size 12 font. It should be no more than three pages long
Source #1
The Society of the Persian Empire
Home Decor
The furniture used by the wealthy classes was very costly. The tables were plated
or inlaid with silver and gold. Splendid couches, spread with gorgeous coverlets, invited
people to rest and relax. In order to better insure their comfort, the legs of the couches
were made to rest upon carpets, which were sufficiently elastic to act as a sort of
spring, rendering the couches softer and more luxurious than they would otherwise
have been. Gold and silver plate, especially in the shape of drinking-cups, was largely
displayed in all the wealthy mansions, each household priding itself on the show which
it could make of the precious metals.
Meals
In respect of eating and drinking, the Persians were in the earlier times noted for
their temperance and sobriety. Their ordinary food was wheaten bread, barley-cakes,
and meat simply roasted or boiled, which they seasoned with salt and with bruised
cress-seed, a substitute for mustard. The sole drink in which they indulged was water.
Moreover, it was their habit to take one meal only each day. The poorer kind of people
were contented with even a simpler diet, supporting themselves on the natural products
of the soil, as dates, figs, wild pears, acorns, and the fruit of the terebinth-tree. The
Persians ate, not only the meats which we are in the habit of consuming, but also the
flesh of goats, horses, donkey, and camels. The hump of the last-named animal is
considered, even at the present day, a delicacy in many parts of the East; but in
ancient Persia it would seem that the entire animal was regarded as fairly palatable.
The horse and Donkey, which no one would touch in modern Persia, were thought,
apparently, quite as good eating as the ox; and goats, which were far commoner than
sheep. The dietary of a grand house was further varied by the admission into it of
poultry and game—the game including wild boars, stags, antelopes, bustards, and
probably partridges; the poultry consisting of geese and chickens. Oysters and other
fish were used largely as food by the inhabitants of the coast-region.
Over time, eating habits were soon given up and replaced by luxury and selfindulgence, when the success of Persia allowing for full and free gratification. Then,
although the custom of having but one meal in the day was kept up, the character of
the custom was entirely altered by beginning the meal early and making it last till night.
Not many sorts of meat were placed on the board, unless the occasion was a grand
one; but course after course of the lighter kinds of food flowed on in an almost endless
succession, intervals of some length being allowed between the courses to enable the
guests to recover their appetites. Instead of water, wine became the usual beverage;
each man prided himself on the quantity he could drink; and the natural result followed
that most banquets terminated in general intoxication. Drunkenness even came to be a
sort of institution.
A Vertical Society
Grades of society were strongly marked among the Persians; and the etiquette of
the Court travelled down to the lowest ranks of the people. Well-known rules
determined how each man was to salute his equal, his inferior, or his superior; and the
observance of these rules was universal. Inferiors on meeting a decided superior bowed
themselves on the ground; equals kissed each other on the lips; persons nearly but not
quite equals kissed each other's cheeks. The Persian men were allowed to marry
several wives. Most of the richer class had a multitude of each, since every Persian
prided himself on the number of his sons, and it is even said that an annual prize was
given by the monarch to the Persian who could show most sons living. It would seem
that wives did not ordinarily accompany their husbands, when these went on military
expeditions.
Wives lived in strict seclusion within the walls of the Gynaeceum (women’s room),
or went abroad in groups, seeing no males except their sons, their husbands, and their
husband’s servants.
Craftsman
There was a small artisan class within Persian society. In Babylonia, an inscription
says that the temples relied on the skilled labor of "carpenters, metal engravers
goldsmiths and ...all the craftsmen (of the temple)". Great Kings used the skills of the
conquered peoples. Lydian stonemasons worked on Pasargadae. The slaves who worked
these sites were called Kurtash, and ration payments for them are recorded on the
Persepolis Fortification tablets, and show that Darius borrowed from the architectural
traditions of the Mesopotamians, the Greeks and the Egyptians. According to the
Treasury tablets, there were Egyptian and Carian stonemasons, and Ionian slaves in the
quarries. The Phoenicians provided purple dye, the Egyptians manufactured rope, the
Greeks built the bridges across the Danube. The social hierarchy put craftsmen between
warriors and peasants. Scribes were essential for administration and for distributing the
propaganda of the Great King. They ranked higher than other craftsmen in the East.
Although they had their own slaves, those who worked in Persepolis were referred to as
slaves in the records. Mostly, they worked in languages foreign to the Persians, mostly
Babylonian, and Akkadian, and little in Old Persian.
Slavery
Domesticated animals and enslaved humans and a vast number of people were
needed to work on projects of agriculture, warfare, and monument construction. State
owned slaves in the mines, and they were well paid, but they had the status of
livestock moveable property. The household of the Great King maintained a large group
of slaves who functioned as plowmen, millers, cow herds, shepherds, winemakers, and
beer brewers, cooks, and bakers. Of the slaves at the capitol city of Persepolis, 12.7%
were boys, and 10% were girls it has been concluded that these slaves lived together
as families but they were also moved around the empire in what amounts to job lots.
Documents record the movements of between 150 and 1500 slaves from one site to
another. In Babylon, Egypt, and the Greek cities of Lydia, the arrangements predating
the Persians were kept. Slaves were usually acquired through warfare, and were known
as "the booty of the bow". The peace established by the Great Kings would have
effectively dried up this source. However, the Great Kings enslaved satrapies and cities
which rebelled. Slavery was usually seen as a hereditary state, the children of those
slaves maintained private stocks. Household slaves could be bought. There was a
privately owned slave labor force doing menial tasks. In Babylon, debtors could sell
themselves into slavery, but this quickly died out under Persian rule. Everyone from
the highest nobles down were defined asbandaka (the slaves of the Great King), or
'those who wear the belt of dependence'. This meant that taxation was due in money,
precious metals, goods, military service and labor.
Clothing
The ordinary dress of the poorer class was probably the tunic and trousers of
leather which have been already mentioned as the true national costume of the people.
The costume was completed by a loose felt cap upon the head, a strap or belt round the
waist, and a pair of high shoes upon the feet, tied in front with a string. In later times a
linen rag replaced the felt cap, and the tunic was lengthened so as to reach half way
between the knee and the ankle.
The richer classes wore long purple or flowered robes with loose hanging sleeves,
flowered tunics reaching to the knee, also sleeved, embroidered trousers, tiaras, and
shoes of a more elegant shape than the ordinary Persian. Nor was this the whole of
their dress. Under their trousers they wore drawers, under their tunics shirts, on their
hands they wore gloves, and under their shoes they wore socks or stockings. These
extra accessories were luxury items luxuries that were little known by the masses in the
ancient world. The Persians were also extremely fond of ornaments. Men of rank wore
massive chains or collars of gold about their necks, and bracelets of gold upon their
arms. The sheaths and handles of their swords and daggers were generally of gold,
sometimes, perhaps, studded with gems. Among the gems which were especially
affected, the pearl held the most value. Besides being set in the ordinary way, it was
bored and strung, in order that it might be used for necklaces, bracelets, and anklets.
Even children had sometimes golden ornaments, which were preferred when the gold
was of a reddish color.
Personal Grooming
With the general advance of luxury under King Xerxes and his successors there
were introduced into the Empire a number of customs focused on the grooming of
wealthy Persians. From the earliest times the Persians seem to have been very careful
of their beards and hair, arranging the latter in a vast number of short crisp curls, and
partly curling the former, partly training it to hang straight from the chin. After a while,
not content with this degree of care for their personal appearance, Persians under
Xerxes proceeded to improve it by wearing false hair in addition to the locks which
nature had given them, by the use of cosmetics to increase the delicacy of their
complexions, and by the application of a coloring matter to the upper and lower eyelids,
for the purpose of giving to the eye an appearance of greater size and beauty. Some
Persians were angered by this focus on superficial grooming, feeling that it weaken the
Empire.
Education
All the best authorities are agreed that great pains were taken by the Persians in
the education of their sons. During the first five years of his life the boy remained
wholly with the women, and was rarely seen by his father. After that time his training
started. He was expected to rise before dawn, and to appear at a certain spot, where he
was exercised with other boys of his age in running, slinging stones, shooting with the
bow, and throwing the javelin. At seven he was taught to ride, and soon afterwards he
was allowed to begin to hunt. The riding included, not only the ordinary management of
the horse, but the power of jumping on and off when the horse was at speed, and of
shooting with the bow and throwing the javelin with unerring aim, while the horse was
still at full gallop. The hunting was conducted by state-officers, who aimed at forming
great warriors. The boys were made to bear extremes of heat and cold, to perform long
marches, to cross rivers without wetting their weapons, to sleep in the open air at
night, to be content with a single meal in two days, and to support themselves
occasionally on the wild products of the country such as acorns, wild pears, and the
fruit of the terebinth-tree. On days when there was no hunting they passed their
mornings in athletic exercises, and contests with the bow or the javelin, after which
they dined simply on the plain food mentioned above. Of intellectual education, Persian
boys had very little. It seems to have been no part of the regular training of a Persian
youth that he should learn to read. He was given religious notions and a certain amount
of moral knowledge by means of legendary poems, in which the deeds of gods and
heroes were set before him by his teachers, who recited or sung them in his presence,
and afterwards required him to repeat what he had heard or give some account of it.
This education continued for fifteen years, beginning when the boy was five, and
terminating when he reached the age of twenty.
Funeral Rites
It was an important principle of the Persian religion that the body should not after
death be allowed to be harmed by the four elements. Either from a regard for this
superstition, or from the mere instinctive desire to preserve the lifeless body as long as
possible, the Persians entombed their kings in the following way. The body was placed
in a golden coffin, which was covered with a close-fitting lid, and deposited either in a
massive building erected to serve at once as a tomb and a monument, or in a chamber
cut out of some great mass of solid rock, at a considerable elevation above its base. In
either case, the entrance into the tomb was carefully closed, after the body had been
deposited in it, by a block or blocks of stone. Inside the tomb were placed, together
with the coffin, a number of objects, designed apparently for the king's use in the other
world, as rich cloaks and tunics, trousers, purple robes, collars of gold, earrings of gold,
set with gems, daggers, carpets, goblets, and hangings. Generally the tomb was
ornamented with sculptures and sometimes it had an inscription (or inscriptions) upon
it, containing the name and titles of the monarch whose remains were kept within.
Henry McAlister
http://persianempire.info/persianpeople.htm
Source #2
The Society of the Egyptian Empire
Ancient Egypt was a narrow strip of land along the Nile River. Each year the river flooded its banks, leaving
behind a fertile fringe of soil they called "the Black Land," while the desert all around the Nile valley was
called "the Red Land." It was here the Ancient Egyptians built their homes.
Homer Decor
Egyptian homes were made from bricks of sun dried mud, called adobe, because
wood was scarce. A nobleman's home was divided into three areas: a reception area, a
hall, and the private quarters. The windows and doors on the house were covered with
mats to keep out the flies, dust, and heat. The inside walls were decorated with wall
hangings made of leather, and the floors were covered with tile. Sometimes there was a
room on the roof with three walls where the family slept on hot summer nights.
The commoners lived in town houses usually two to three stories high. The first story of
the town home was usually reserved for businesses, while the second and third floors
provided the family living space. Many people slept on the roof during the summer to
keep cool. Sewage had to be disposed of by each household in pits, in the river, or in
the streets. Most all people had some furniture consisting mostly of a stool, small boxes
for jewelry and cosmetics, chests for clothing, pottery jars, and oil lamps. Each home
was equipped with at least one fly catcher.
Meals
Cooking was done in clay ovens as well as over open fires. Wood was used for
fuel, even though it was scarce. Food was baked, boiled, stewed, fried, grilled, or
roasted. What is known about kitchen utensils and equipment is from the items that
have been found in the tombs. Storage jars, bowls, pots, pans, ladles, sieves, and
whisks were all used in the preparation of food. Most of the commoners used dishes
that were made of clay, while the wealthy used dishes made of bronze, silver, and gold.
Beer was the most popular beverage, and bread was the staple food in the Egyptian
diet. The beer was made with barley. The barley was left to dry, and then baked into
loaves of bread. The baked barley loaves were then broken into pieces and mixed with
the dried grain in a large jug of water and left to ferment. Wine was a drink that was
produced by the Egyptians, however, it was usually found only at the tables of the
wealthy. To make the bread, women ground wheat into flour. The flour was then
pounded by men to make a fine grain. Sesame seeds, honey, fruit, butter, and herbs
were often added to the dough to help flavor the bread.
Marriage
Peasant girls usually married around the age 12, the boys were a few years older
than the girls. Girls of more affluent families married a few years older. The marriages
were arranged by parents of the children although some young people chose their own
spouse. While the ordinary man normally had one wife, the kings always had several.
Before the marriage ceremony, an agreement was signed by the couple. The prenuptial agreement stated that the wife was to receive an allowance from her husband.
The contract also stated that any material good the wife brought into the marriage was
hers to keep if the marriage ended for any reason. Both could own land separate from
each other but the wife usually let her husband administer her land along with his.
Divorce was an option, although it was not common. If a husband treated his wife
badly, she would go to her family for help. The wife's family would try to persuade her
spouse to change his behavior. If his behavior did not improve the divorce took place.
The divorce was a simple procedure consisting of making a simple statement to annul
the marriage in front of witnesses. The wife was given custody of the children and was
free to remarry.
Family Life
The people of ancient Egypt highly valued family life. They treasured children and
regarded them as a great blessing. In the lower class families, the mother raised the
children. The wealthy and nobility, had slaves and servants that helped take care of the
children by attending to their daily needs. If a couple had no children, they would pray
to the gods and goddesses for help. They would also place letters at the tombs of dead
relatives asking them to use their influence with the gods. Magic was also used as an
attempt to have children. In event that a couple still could not conceive a child,
adoption was also an option.
Although women were expected to obey their fathers and husbands, they were
equal to men in many ways. They had the legal right to participate in business deals,
own land, and were expected to represent themselves in court cases. Women even
faced the same penalties as men. Sometimes wives and mothers of pharaohs were the
"real" ruling power in government, though they ruled unknowingly to common people.
Queen Hatshepsut was the only woman who ruled out right by declaring herself
pharaoh. An Egyptian wife and mother were highly respected in this ancient society.
Young boys learned a trade or craft from their fathers or an artisan. Young girls
worked and received their training at home with their mothers. Those who could afford
it sent their sons, from about the age 7, to school to study religion, reading, writing,
and arithmetic. Even though there is no evidence of schools for girls, some were home
taught to read and write and some even became doctors. Children were expected to
look after their elderly parents. Upon their parent’s death, the sons inherited the land,
while daughters inherited the household goods such as furniture and jewelry. If there
were no sons in the family, there was nothing preventing the daughters from inheriting
the land. There is evidence of some women inheriting entire estates.
Although women were expected to raise the children and take care of the
household duties, there were some jobs available to them. Women ran farms and
businesses in the absence of their husbands or sons. Women were employed in courts
and temples as acrobats, dancers, singers and musicians. Wealthy families hired maids
or nannies to help with household chores and the raising of the children. Noblewomen
could become a priestess. Women also worked as professional mourners and perfume
makers.
Personal Grooming
Cleansing rituals were very important to the Egyptians. Most people bathed daily
in the river or out of a water basin at home. The wealthy had a separate room in their
home to bath. Servants would pour jugs of water over their master (the equivalent of a
modern day shower). The runoff water drained away through a pipe that led to the
garden. Instead of washing with soap, a cleansing cream was used. This cream was
made from oil, lime, and perfume.
People rubbed themselves daily with perfumed oil. Perfume was made from
flowers and scented wood mixed with oil or fat, and was left in a pot until the oil had
absorbed the scent. The perfumed oil was used to prevent the skin from drying out in
the harsh climate. At parties, servants put cones of perfumed grease on the heads of
the guests. As the grease melted, it ran down their face with a pleasing cooling effect.
Men, women and children of all ages and classes wore makeup. Mirrors of highly
polished silver or copper were used to aid with the application of makeup. Eye paint
was made from green malachite, and galena -- a gray lead ore. They were ground into
a powder and mixed with oil to make eye color called Kohl. The Kohl was kept in jars
and applied to the eyes with a small stick. The upper and lower eyelids were painted
with the black cosmetic that extended in a line out to the sides of the face. It was
believed the makeup had magical and even healing powers. Some even believed that
wearing it would restore poor eyesight. It was also used to fight eye infections and
reduce the glare of the sun.
Other cosmetics used included colors for the lips, cheeks and nails. A type of clay
called red ochre was ground and mixed with water, and applied to the lips and cheeks.
Henna was used to dye the fingernails yellow and orange. Makeup was stored in special
jars and the jars were stored in special makeup boxes. Women would carry their
makeup boxes with them to parties and keep them under their chairs.
Hair styles were very similar to that of todays. The common folk wore their hair
short. Young girls usually kept their hair in pigtails while boys had shaved heads, except
for one braided lock worn to one side. Wigs were worn by both men and women. The
wigs were made of sheep's wool or human hair for decoration and for protection from
the heat. Wigs were usually worn at parties and official functions. Hair pieces were also
added to real hair to enhance it. When not in use, wigs were stored in special boxes on
a stand inside the home.
Clothing
Egyptian clothing styles did not change much throughout ancient times. Clothes
were usually made of linens ranging from coarse to fine texture. During the Old and
Middle kingdoms, men usually wore a short skirt called a kilt. Women wore a straight
fitting dress held up by straps. The wealthy men wore pleated kilts, and the older men
wore a longer kilt. When doing hard work, men wore a loin cloth, and women wore a
short skirt. Children usually ran around nude during the summer months, while in the
winter, wraps and cloaks were worn. Noblewomen sometimes wore beaded dresses.
During the New Kingdom, noblemen would sometimes wear a long robe over his kilt,
while the women wore long pleated dresses with a shawl. Some kings and queens wore
decorative ceremonial clothing with feathers and sequins. Most people went barefoot,
but wore sandals on special occasions. The king wore very elaborately decorated
sandals and sometimes decorative gloves on his hands. Clothing styles were chosen for
comfort in the hot, dry climate of Egypt.
Everyone in Egypt wore some type of jewelry. Rings and amulets were especially
worn to ward off the evil spirits and injury. Both men and women wore pierced
earrings, armlets, bracelets, and anklets. The rich wore jeweled or beaded collars,
called a wesekh, necklaces, and pendants. For the rich, jewelry was made of gold,
silver, or electrum (gold mixed with silver) and inlaid with semi-precious stones of
turquoise, lapis lazuli (a deep blue stone), and carnelian (a copper or reddish orange
stone). The poorer people wore jewelry that was made of copper or faience (made by
heating powdered quartz).
Government
In the pre-civilization time, people found living in the Nile River Valley provided
them a safe environment. The Nile River Valley was a rich area because of the annual
flooding of the river. Over time the various groups organized themselves into two
separate governments called the Upper Kingdom and the Lower Kingdom. About 3100
BC., Menes, the ruler of Upper Egypt, conquered the Lower Egyptian Kingdom. Menes
united and became the first ruler of both Upper and Lower Egypt. Where the two
kingdoms met, Menes built the capital of Memphis.
To the people of Egypt, the ruler, later called pharaoh, was more than a king. He
was considered by many to be a god. As a god, pharaoh was believed to possess the
secrets of heaven and earth. The pharaoh was a living embodiment of the Egyptian
Gods, and this is why his power was considered absolute by the Egyptians. The pharaoh
was responsible for all aspects of Egyptian life -- keeping the irrigation works in order,
directing the army, keeping peace, and issuing laws. He also controlled trade and the
economy. The base of the pharaoh's power was his control of the land. The pharaoh
owned Egypt's mines and quarries and the trading fleets that sailed to foreign lands.
Foreign merchants had to deal with royal officials, not with the merchants of Egypt.
Many officials were appointed to supervise the details of the government. The most
important was the vizier, also known as the Chief Overseer (he was like a Prime
Minister) His job was to carry out the orders and decisions of the pharaoh, and he acted
as a diplomat in the royal court, was in charge of tax collection and public works.
Under the vizier were the governors who controlled the local estates into which Egypt
was divided. Beneath the governors were the scribes and overseers. The scribes were
the keepers of the records. The overseers supervised the farming of the land, and the
peasants. Government and religion were inseparable in Egypt.
Entertainment
Egyptians spent their spare time doing a wide variety of things, and many of
these activities are shown on the tomb walls. Dramatizations were held in the temples,
but the most important source of entertainment & relaxation was the Nile River.
Activities on the river include fishing, river boat outings, swimming, hunting crocodiles
and hippopotamuses, and boat games where two teams of men in boats with long
poles, would try to push each other into the water. Hunting in the desert was another
great pastime, especially for the noblemen. Men first hunted on foot; however, by the
time of the New Kingdom, men used horses and chariots.
Some of the animals the Ancient Egyptians hunted include the fox, hare, and
hyena. Wealthy Egyptians often entertained by holding extravagant parties with plenty
of food to eat and beer and wine to drink. Singers, dancers, acrobats, and musicians
were hired to entertain. The Egyptians loved music, and played instruments such as the
lute, harp, and lyre. Other favorite pastimes included board games like Hounds &
Jackals, and Senet. Children kept themselves entertained with toys like carved ivory
animals, wooden horses on wheels, and balls. Festivals held in Ancient Egypt were
usually holidays in honor of the gods. The important gods had festivals in their honor
that were held by the priests. A statue of the god was carried through the streets.
By Alyssa Fitzgerald Source: Splendors of Ancient Egypt Educational Guide
Egypt
Arguments in favor of living in
Egypt.
Supporting evidence or claims.
Arguments in favor of living in Egypt should be written here.
Persia
Arguments in favor of living in
Persia.
Supporting evidence or claims.
This page will not be scored
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