Download Final Exam Concept Sheet - mvhs

Final Exam Concept Review Sheet
LAB CONCEPTS
Pipetting
Enzymes
Genetic Engineering
Restriction Digests
Gel Electrophoresis
Restriction Analysis
PCR
Choosing & Setting a P20, P200, P1000
How to test enzyme activity
Spec20 & Absorbance
Transformation & Plasmids
DNA Ligase and Restriction Enzymes (role in genetic engineering)
Selection of cells that have plasmid (Transformation Table)
Operons and Regulation of a gene on a plasmid
Restriction enzymes, Mapping a Plasmid
Loading Dye
Loading Dye
Purpose of TAE Buffer in gel box
Ethidium Bromide/Gel Red
Agarose and how DNA Travels
Measuring lengths against a size standard
Gel errors -> analyzing problems
Using gel results to determine where restriction sites are
How it works
Why use Taq polymerase?
What might be a reason that a PCR reaction doesn't work?
How do you see the product of a PCR reaction (gel electrophoresis)
Primer Design
GENERAL CONCEPTS
Chemistry &
Biomolecules
Enzymes
Protein Synthesis
Genetics
Mitosis/Meiosis (cell
division)
Interactions between Atoms - Ionic, Covalent (polar and nonpolar), and Hydrogen Bonds; Van
der Waals Forces
Reading molecular diagrams - how many carbons, where are the hydrogens?
Exergonic vs. Endergonic Reactions (activation energies)
pH scale
Properties of Water
Identifying Biomolecules based on pictures (classifying as either nucleic acid, protein,
carbohydrate, or lipid)
Dehydration (Condensation) vs. Hydrolysis Reactions
Structure - Function Relationships in Biomolecules (how is a specific structure related to its
specific function)
Carbohydrates - basic monosaccharides & disaccharides, polysaccharides (starch, glycogen,
chitin, cellulose)
Lipids - saturated vs. unsaturated, basic properties, steroids, phospholipids and cell membrane
properties & types of transport across a membrane
Nucleic Acids - labeling carbon numbers, knowing 5' and 3' ends, bases, DNA vs. RNA
Proteins - 4 degrees of structure, amino acid properties & how these affect protein structure
How they affect chemical reaction energetics
Interactions with substrates (molecular level)
Enzyme Control Mechanisms - including types of inhibition
Transcription - how it starts/ends; RNA Polymerase, RNA Processing
Translation - how it starts/ends; ribosomes
Mutations
Control mechanisms - both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including operons, transcription
factors, enhancers, activators, RNAi
Standard Genetic Crosses
Dihybrid Crosses
Dominant, recessive, incomplete dominance, and codominance
Sex-linked traits, sex-limited traits, polygenic inheritance, epistasis, etc (complex inheritance)
Using/reading a pedigree
RFLP Analysis - DNA probes
Main stages of cell cycle (G1, S, G2, M, G0)
Purposes of mitosis & meiosis
Determining stages and identification of stages of meiosis and mitosis
DNA Replication
Ecology
Population Genetics
Viruses
Identifying a dividing plant cell or animal cell
Centriole, sister chromatid, diploid, haploid, spindle fibers
Recombination frequency
Linked genes
Control of the cell cycle (checkpoints, cyclins)
Meiosis errors, nondisjunction, polyploidy, aneuploidy, monosomic, trisomic, translocation, etc.
Semiconservative Model
Main Enzymes involved- Helicase, DNA Polymerase III and I, Gyrase, Ligase, Primase
Okazaki Fragments & 5-3', leading and lagging strands
Proofreading, DNA repair, telomeres, telomerase, p53 & cancer
Biomes
Net and Gross Primary Productivity
Food webs and energetics
Population studies & r/k reproductive strategies, population biology concepts
Primary and secondary succession
How to calculate Allelic and Genotype Frequencies
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (equations, conditions)
Lytic versus Lysogenic Cycles
Steps of virus infection (human and bacteriophage)
Bacteriophages
Components of a virus