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Physiology 1
Study Guide—Endocrine System
Items on test 2 will be drawn from the list below. The items will be identified one week prior to
the test date.
1. Compare and contrast the physiological mechanisms and actions of the endocrine and
nervous system. Give a detailed example of each system.
2. Describe the concepts of positive and negative feedback pathways. Provide detail for two
specific examples of negative feedback pathways involving the hypothalamus and pituitary
gland.
3. Describe the mechanisms of blood transport for lipid-soluble hormones, and three functions
they serve. How does this mechanism differ from the transport of water-soluble hormones?
4. Compare and contrast lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones, and how they trigger
cellular responses. Give detailed examples of how one lipid-soluble and one water-soluble
hormone exert their actions.
5. Describe permissive, synergistic, and antagonistic influences, and give a detailed example
of each type of hormone interaction.
6. Describe how the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland control other endocrine glands.
Illustrate with two detailed examples.
7. Describe how human growth hormone (hGH) and insulin-like growth factors exert their
physiological effects on children and adults. Describe these physiological effects.
8. Describe the control of the thyroid gland and the physiological effects of the hormones that
it secretes. What role do the thyroid hormones have in controlling the body’s metabolic
rate?
9. Describe the roles of the two major parts of the adrenal gland and the physiological effects
of the hormones that they secrete. Include the three different tissue layers of the adrenal
cortex.
10. Describe the role of the islet cells found in the pancreas in maintaining blood sugar level.
Describe the physiological mechanisms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
11. Describe how oxytocin and prolactin work together in lactation. What other hormones are
involved? Describe their actions.
12. Define what a stressor is and give five examples. Compare and contrast the fight-or-flight
response and resistance reaction. Please provide physiological details for each of the two
mechanisms.