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UNITED STATES HISTORY ADVANCED PLACEMENT Instructor: Contact Info: Classroom: Office Hours: Mr. Roshan R. VARGHESE 980-343-6007 (x285); [email protected] A-34 (1) Game Days: 215-500 PM (Home); 215-400 PM (Away) (2) Non-Game Days: 215-245 PM (3) By appointment The study of United States History in high school builds on historical and geographical perspectives gained from the elementary and middle level study of North Carolina and the United States. The study of World History will enable students to place the United States in a world context. The economic and political perspectives and historical foundations gained from the study of Civics and Economics will prepare students for the examination of our nation’s history. Given these foundational studies, it is appropriate that this high school course, United States History, emphasizes the economic, social, and political developments of the nation state up to and including the twentieth century. The study of our nation’s history concentrates on understanding cause-and-effect relationships and on developing an understanding of multiple causation, the knowledge that things are as they are for many reasons. Such historical study leads beyond the memorization of unexamined and isolated facts toward the ability to detect trends, analyze movements and events, and develop a “sense of history.” In all social studies courses, knowledge and skills depend upon and enrich each other while emphasizing potential connections and applications. In addition to the skills specific to social studies, there are skills that generally enhance students’ abilities to learn, to make decisions, and to develop as competent, self-directed citizens that can be all the more meaningful when used and developed within the context of the social studies. It is important that students be exposed to a continuum of skill development from kindergarten through grade twelve. As they encounter and reencounter these core skills in a variety of environments and contexts that are intellectually and developmentally appropriate, their competency in using them increases. The study of United States History in the eleventh grade is designed as a survey course and a continuation of the Civics and Economics curriculum. After the study of Civics and Economics, this survey course will begin with the national period and the administration of George Washington. Throughout the competency goals, there will be some overlap of time periods to allow for teacher flexibility and to address the complexity of the issues and events. The overall curriculum continues to current times. The focus of this course provides students with a framework for studying political, social, economic, and cultural issues, and for analyzing the impact these issues have had on American society. This course goes beyond memorization of isolated facts to the development of higher level thinking skills, encouraging students to make historical assessments and evaluations. Rules/Expectations: Students will respect all classroom members/individuals (i.e.-instructor, fellow colleagues, visitors, etc). Students will serve the needs and interests of the classroom community. Students will always strive for excellence, in all aspects of the academic environment, never settling for survival as the final destination. o Students will come to class prepared to LEARN, having all materials out and ready at the sound of the Tardy bell. o Students will be dismissed by the instructor ALONE, and not by the sound of a pre-arranged bell. o Students will raise their hand to be acknowledged by the instructor, as well as, respect the opinions of their fellow peers when they are speaking. o Students will follow and obey all school rules within the classroom, including all of the detailed rules and regulations described in their CMS Student Rights and Responsibilities handbook. ***Students may expect that Rules/Expectations are subject to be added onto, updated, changed (in some format), and or deleted at the SOLE discretion of the instructor, at any given juncture throughout the school year.*** Required Text(s): Faragher, John Mack et al. OUT OF MANY: A History of the American People. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Prentice Hall. Copyright ©2003: Third Edition. ISBN# 0-13-098692-5. Newman, John J. and John M. Schmalbach. UNITED STATES HISTORY: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York, New York: AMSCO Publication. Copyright ©2004: Revised. ISBN# 1-56765-660-9. Zinn, Howard (2003). A People’s History of the United States. New York, NY: The New Press. ISBN # 1-56584-826-8. (APA Format) Recommended/Optional Text(s): Loewen, James W. (1995). Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. New York, NY: Touchstone. ISBN# 0-684-81886-8. (APA Format) Princeton Review. Cracking the AP U.S. History Exam. 2006-2007 Edition. Princeton Review: New Jersey. Copyright ©2006. ISBN 0375765336. (MLA Format) Wiegand, Steve. U.S. History for Dummies. For Dummies. Copyright ©2001. ISBN 076455249X: Paperback. (MLA Format) Cayton, Andrew et al. AMERICA: PATHWAYS TO THE PRESENT: Modern American History. Prentice Hall School Division. Copyright ©June 2002. ISBN 0130528498: Hardcover. (MLA Format) Cayton, Andrew et al. AMERICA: PATHWAYS TO THE PRESENT: Modern American History-Guided Reading and Review Workbook. Prentice Hall School Division. Copyright ©June 2002. (MLA Format) Materials Needed for Success: Textbooks (each & every class session) 3-ring Binder: specifically for use in this course Colored-coded Dividers (minimum of 15) Inside-binder Hole Puncher Loose-leaf Paper (college-ruled), to place in binder #2 Pencils; Black/Blue Pens; Erasers Craft supplies (colored pencils/markers; glue sticks, scotch tape, etc.) Kleenex boxes/sets (for personal use) *Hard work ethic* *Willingness to excel* *Ability to produce & perform* CMS Grading Scale: A: 93-100% B: 85-92% C: 77-84% D: 70-76% F: <70% Grading Scale (Weighting of Assignments): Tests/Projects/Essays: Quizzes: Homework: Classwork/Participation: Extra Credit: PEAK Grading Scale: A B NY=Not Yet 50% 20% 20% 10% NONE Final Grade Breakdown: Semester 1: 37.5% (80%, 20%) Semester 2: 37.5% (80%, 20%) EOC: 25% Instructional Breakdown: Unit 1: Beginnings and Colonial Society Unit 2: Road to Revolution and the Revolutionary War Unit 3: The Federalist Era and the Virginia Dynasty Unit 4: Sectionalism and the National Economy Unit 5: Jacksonian Democracy and the Politics of Reform Unit 6: Manifest Destiny/The Coming Crisis Unit 7: Civil War and Reconstruction Unit 8: Industrial America Unit 9: The Trans-Mississippi West and the Populist Movement Unit 10: Urban America and the Progressive Era Unit 11: Imperialism and World War I Unit 12: From Boom to Bust Unit 13: World War II and the Origins of the Cold War Unit 14: Conformity and the New-Left Individualism Unit 15: Conservatism and the New Millennium Daily Classroom Routine: o Step 1: Focus and Review Daily Warm-ups; Daily Quizzes o Step 2: Objectives o Step 3: Teacher Input Lecture; Enhanced Direct Instruction o Step 4: Guided Practice Collaborative Learning/Discovery o Step 5: o Step 6: Independent Practice Individual Learning/Discovery Closure Honor Code/Academic Integrity: The honesty, trustworthiness, and personal integrity of each student are integral to the life and purposes of the Harding University High School community. This statement is embodied in one of our oldest traditions, and that is the honor system (or honor code, as some may call it). When you committed to becoming a part of the Harding University student body, you agreed to live by the honor system defined by not only this institution, but Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, as a whole. In specific terms that means that you and every other student have agreed not to deceive (lie to) any member of the community, not to steal from one another, not to cheat on academic work, not to plagiarize academic work, and not to engage in any other forms of academic misconduct. It means that we can trust each other, and that we willingly accept responsibility for our own conduct and activities. This is a tradition that goes back to the founding of this place of academic learning, and with your participation, it continues to be a cornerstone of our community and our interactions with one another. Statement of Principle Harding University High School is a community of men and women that seeks the enlightenment and freedom which come through diligent study and learning. A tradition is shared that embraces freedom and integrity and that acknowledges the worth of the individual. This heritage, established by the founders and nurtured by succeeding generations, promotes a democratic spirit arising form the open-mindedness and discourse. Harding University High School fosters compassion and caring for others. Its collective strength and character are derived from the values and distinctive experiences of each individual; therefore, the richness of human intellect and culture is affirmed and its contribution to knowledge, faith, reason, and dialogue. Furthermore, Harding University High School strives toward a society in which good will, respect, and equality prevail. To that end, hatred and bigotry in any form are rejected, and justice, honor, and mutual trust are promoted. Copyright---Wake Forest University-Judicial Affairs-Honor Code: http://www.wfu.edu/judicial/honor.html Cheating includes but is not limited to: A. Unauthorized copying from the work of another student. B. Using notes or other materials not authorized during an examination. C. Giving or receiving information or assistance on work when it is expected that a student will do his/her own work. D. Engaging in any similar act that violates the concept of academic integrity (honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and responsibility). E. Cheating infractions will apply to: *Examinations, *Tests, *Quizzes, *Reports, *Homework, *Any work submitted by a student to fulfill course requirement and presented as solely the work of the student. Copyright---David W. Butler High School-“Zero Tolerance for Cheating” http://www.cms.k12.nc.us/allschools/butler/zerotolerance.html R. VARGHESE AP US HISTORY READING SCHEDULE W/ APPROPRIATE IDENTIFICATIONS QUARTER 1 A-Day/B-Day August 27/28: NONE August 29/30: NONE August 31/September 4: NONE September 5/6: WHEN WORLDS COLLIDE, 1492-1590 Out of Many Chapter 2 Identifications: Protestant Reformation Treaty of Tordesillas Hernan Cortes John Calvin joint stock company Mayflower Compact September 7/10: PLANTING COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA, 1588-1701 Out of Many Chapter 3 Identifications: Act of Toleration (1649) Bacon’s Rebellion indentured servant Anne Hutchinson Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) halfway covenant New England Confederation “holy” experiment Glorious Revolution Adam Smith headright system September 11/12: SLAVERY AND EMPIRE, 1441-1770 Out of Many Chapter 4 September 13: NO CLASS September 14/17: THE CULTURES OF COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA, 1700-1780 Out of Many Chapter 5 Identifications: hereditary aristocracy Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Cotton Mather Poor Richard’s Almanac Phillis Wheatley Zenger Trial sectarian/non-sectarian September 18/19: FROM EMPIRE TO INDEPENDENCE, 1750-1776 Out of Many Chapter 6 Identifications: Albany Plan of Union Treaty of Paris (1763) William Pitt salutary neglect Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) Proclamation of 1763 Sons & Daughters of Liberty writs of assistance Intolerable Acts Committees of Correspondence Quebec Act (1774) Deism September 20/21: NONE Identifications: Suffolk Resolves First Continental Congress (1774) John Dickinson Second Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Thomas Paine Treaty of Paris (1783) Chief Joseph Brant Tories (Loyalists) Whig (patriots) Land Ordinance 1785 Northwest Ordinance September 24/25: THE CREATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 1776-1786 Out of Many Chapter 7 September 26/27: THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, 1787-1800 Out of Many Chapter 8 Identifications: James Madison electoral college system The Federalist Papers Shays’ Rebellion Federalist #10 Judiciary Act (1789) assumption funding at par Whiskey Rebellion Proclamation of Neutrality Washington’s Farewell Address XYZ Affair Alien & Sedition Acts Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions September 28/October 1: AN AGRARIAN REPUBLIC, 1790-1824 Out of Many Chapter 9 Identifications: Toussiant l’Overture Marbury v. Madison Aaron Burr Impressments Embargo Act (1807) Macon’s Bill No. 2 Tecumseh & Prophet war hawks William Henry Harrison Battle of Tippecanoe Battle of Horseshoe Bend Battle of New Orleans Treaty of Ghent Hartford Convention October 2/3: THE GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY, 1824-1840 Out of Many Chapter 10 Identifications: Era of Good Feelings cultural nationalism tariff of 1816 American System Panic of 1819 Marshall Court McCulloch v. Maryland Fletcher v. Peck Dartmouth College v. Woodward Gibbons v. Ogden Rush Bagot Agreement Treaty of 1818 Robert Fulton specialization cotton gin October 4/5: THE SOUTH AND SLAVERY, 1790s-1850s Out of Many Chapter 11 Identifications: Sectionalism Daniel Webster Nativists “peculiar institution” Denmark Vesey Nat Turner slave codes October 8/9: INDUSTRY AND THE NORTH, 1790s-1840s Out of Many Chapter 12 October 10/11: NONE Identifications: New Democracy “corrupt bargain” of 1824 Kitchen Cabinet Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Peggy Eaton Affair Specie Circular “King Caucus” Trail of Tears Indian Removal Act Tariff of 1828 nullification crisis Spoils system Worcester v. Georgia Revolution of 1828 “pet backs” October 12/15: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE NEW AGE, 1820s-1850s Out of Many Chapter 13 Identifications: Noah Webster Hudson River School Mormons McGuffey’s Readers Second Great Awakening “burned-over district” Charles Finney Horace Mann Dorothea Dix Utopian Communities Brook Farm “Cult of Domesticity” Shakers Unitarianism temperance Thomas Cole James Fenimore Cooper Nathaniel Hawthorne October 16/17: NONE October 18: THE TERRITORIAL EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES, 1830s-1850s Out of Many Chapter 14 October 22-26: TBD GOALS 1-2 READING GUIDES & VOCABULARY TERMS We begin this unit with the earliest foundations of European settlement in North America. We quickly focus on the English settlers who colonized the area that became the United States of America. We trace the development of a society of English and other European settlers, the forced immigration of Africans to the New World, and the conflict with Native Americans. In Goal 1, we focus on the formation of the English colonial society’s political, social, and economic institutions. In Goal 2, we look at how the English colonists gradually developed an identity as Americans and their struggle to gain independence from England. We conclude by examining the failed Articles of Confederation government. Below are key terms that you should be familiar with from your readings. Expect these concepts to show up on quizzes and tests and be prepared to identify them and discuss their significance on written assignments. AMSCO: Chapters 1-5, pages 1-95 Joint-stock company Virginia Company Jamestown John Smith John Rolfe House of Burgesses Pilgrims Mayflower Compact Plymouth Great Migration William Bradford Massachusetts Bay John Winthrop “city on a hill” French & Indian War Albany Conference Fort Duquense Iroquois Confederacy Treaty of Paris 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion Proclamation (Line) of 1763 Paxton Boys John Locke Stamp Act Sugar Act James Otis Writs of assistance Patrick Henry John Adams Samuel Adams Sons of Liberty Declaratory Act Townshend Acts Nonimportation Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Committees of correspondence Intolerable Acts Goal 1 Vocabulary Salem Witch Trials King Phillip’s War Bacon’s Rebellion William Penn New Netherlands Proprietary colonies Mercantilism Navigation Acts Salutary Neglect Triangular Trade Middle Passage Royal African Company Headright System Indentured Servants Stono Rebellion Congregationalist Church Cotton Mather Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson Harvard College Enlightenment Maryland Act of Toleration Jonathan Edwards George Whitfield Old Lights, New Lights John Peter Zenger Phillis Wheatley** Goal 2 Vocabulary First Continental Congress Minutemen Lexington & Concord Thomas Paine & Common Sense Second Continental Congress Loyalists/Tories Patriots Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence George Washington Continental Army Hessians Benedict Arnold Saratoga Yorktown Franco-American Alliance Articles of Confederation Northwest Ordinance/Territory Treaty of Paris 1783 Shay’s Rebellion Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 52-61 Early English Settlement The English were the earliest Europeans to establish colonies in North America. New France’s economy was primarily based on the fur trade. The first permanent English settlement was established at Roanoke. The Virginia colony was established by a joint-stock company as an economic investment. Jamestown residents quickly set up a self-sufficient colony. The basis of the Chesapeake region’s colonial economy was tobacco. The headright system awarded land grants to those who were willing to import laborers at their own cost. Maryland was the only colony with a significant and tolerated Catholic population. A significant portion of Chesapeake colonists were indentured servants. New England colonies were much more religious than the Chesapeake. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by a joint-stock company as an economic investment. The Mayflower Compact was the first self-government document in America. Most Puritans came over during the “Great Migration” caused by anti-separatist violence in England. Only landowning men were considered freemen who could participate in Puritan government. English settlers generally respected how Indians used their lands. 1. Compare and contrast Chesapeake and Massachusetts settlement in terms of political institutions, settlers, and economy. Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 61-70 Compare the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies The base of New England’s economy was mono-crop farming. Unlike Virginians, Puritans emigrated as families. Chesapeake colonists were better educated than New Englanders. The Salem Witch trials represented the fear in Puritan society of childless or independent women. Hooker, Williams, and Hutchinson established separate colonies over disputes with Puritan leaders about religious principles. The Proprietary Colonies were established as large land grants by the King to individual landowners like Lord Baltimore of Maryland. South Carolina had the most significant African population in north of the Caribbean. The Dutch fought the English fiercely over the colony of New Amsterdam (later New York). Pennsylvania Quakers did not welcome other religious groups. King Phillip’s War was significant because it was the last major battle between New England Indians and the colonists. Bacon and his followers were basically very rural colonists who resented the impositions placed upon them by the colonial government. The Navigation Acts restricted colonists from trading directly with other countries, and therefore maintained England’s profit off of the colonies. Due to a long civil war in England, many colonists were forced to govern themselves, a privilege they did not give up easily in years to come. 1. Why was literacy so important to the Puritans? 2. In what ways did Pennsylvania differ from other colonies? 3. What were the primary causes of colonial violence and warfare in the late 17th century? Statement West Africans were not preferred as slaves because they did not have farming skills. Although many Africans arrived in the Americas, they never constituted a majority. The majority of African slaves were imported to the sugar-growing regions of the Caribbean. The centers of the North American slave trade were in New England. The Middle Passage refers to the transport of slaves across the Atlantic. The slave community of North America increased due to importation rather than natural increase. The Pennsylvania Quakers were the first colonists to raise anti-slavery questions. The typical slave lived on a plantation and work in the fields. African Americans quickly adopted Anglicized culture. The Stono Rebellion was led by a group of South Carolina slaves attempting to get to Florida, where the Spanish offered freedom. Profits from slavery constituted only a small percentage of the British Empire’s economy. According to mercantilism, the country with the largest military was also the most powerful. The 18th century was marked by a series of wars between competing European powers for political and economic control of the Americas. The Navigation Acts (1696) established a monopoly by British merchants to buy from and sell to American colonists. According to the policy of “salutary neglect,” some laws went un-enforced if they allowed for profitability from the colonies. Northern cities did not gain any benefits from the mostly Southern institution of slavery. 1. Why did slaves begin to outnumber indentured servants in the late 1600s? 2. What aspects of slavery in North America differentiated it from the Caribbean? 3. What forms of resistance did slaves practice? PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 78-98 Slavery & Mercantilism Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 112-116 & 123-129 Colonial Culture New England colonists established separation of church and state. The Congregationalist Church was dominant in the Middle and Southern colonies. Pennsylvania was the most religiously and ethnically diverse colony. The Upper South featured large plantations whereas the Lower South featured small farm plots for tobacco cultivation. The Enlightenment called for rational, scientific inquiry. Enlightenment ideas never really caught on in American culture. Harvard was the earliest college in North America. Cotton Mather was an early colonial intellectual who disputed the belief in witches. Poor Richard’s Almanac was the most common reading material in British America. In response to declining religious devotion, the Puritans created a “Half-way Covenant” to encourage younger people to rejoin the Church. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield’s “fire and brimstone” sermons ignited a religious revival known as the Great Awakening. New Lights and Old Lights disagreed with changes to Congregationalist religion caused by the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening. In general, New England tended to be more democratic and pluralistic than the Middle Colonies or the backcountry. 1. What were the requirements to be a “freeman” in Puritan society, and what privileges did it entail? (You may need to refer to p. 59-61 also.) 2. Why do the authors refer to the Great Awakening as “one of the first national events in American history”? What evidence do they use? (p. 127) Statement The French and Indian War was the final struggle among Great Britain, France, and Native American tribes for control of Eastern North America. The Albany Conference of 1754 asked that the colonies have a central governing body of elected representatives in order to deal with issues of protection for the Western settlements. The French & Indian War was fought primarily in the Lake Champlain area between the border of New York and Canada. The Iroquois Confederacy allied themselves with the French. American militias were required to fight for British interests at Fort Duquense and other battles of the French & Indian War. William Pitt promised the Indians that he would prevent further colonial expansion west in exchange for cooperation against the French. In the Treaty of Paris 1763, France lost all of its holdings in North America In 1763, Pontiac led a rebellion of Indians against the colonists moving into the Western territory. The Proclamation of 1763 opened up lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to British colonial settlement. The Paxton Boys mob defied British decree and slaughtered Indians. The Seven-Year’s War (French & Indian War) strengthened colonial unity. The Zenger case provided for greater freedom of the press. Most colonists were illiterate and the press was not widespread. 1. Identify the key components of the Treaty of Paris 1763: a. Winner of French & Indian War: b. Loser of French & Indian War: c. Gains for Great Britain: d. Gains for Spain: 2. What features led to the growth of American nationalism in the 1750s and 1760s? PostReading PreReading Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 135-142 The French & Indian War Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 142-152 The Road to Revolution! John Locke argued that the power of the ruler came by the consent of those he governed. The Sugar and Stamp Acts were passed to raise money to pay for the British army stationed in the colonies. Colonists argued that the Stamp Act was unfair because they were unable to elect their representatives. James Otis, Patrick Henry and other patriots supported the British policy of virtual representation. The Loyall Nine, later the Sons of Liberty, represented various social classes. Anti-tax mobs rioted in Boston and eventually caused the repeal of the Stamp Act. Colonists boycotted goods with high taxes put in place by the Townshend Acts of 1767. The Boston Massacre had the effect of unifying colonists from New England, the South, and the Middle Colonies. Though it was showy, the Boston Tea Party was an isolated incident, without much political effect. Committees of Correspondence became an important channel of communication among colonists about rights violations. The Intolerable Acts were intended to punish the colonists for the tea party, and included the quartering of British troops in colonists’ homes. The First Continental Congress met in response to the harsh conditions of the Intolerable Acts. 1. What was the Declaratory Act, and what powers did it give to the British government (p. 145)? 2. Would the American colonists have pursued independence if the British government had not imposed such harsh taxes and laws? (Be prepared to discuss your answer in class.) Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 152-160 Intercolonial Cooperation The First Continental Congress pushed for war against Britain. The First Continental Congress declared the common purpose of the 13 colonies and created a system of elected representatives to replace the British. Minutemen were British soldiers sent to capture the Massachusetts militia’s ammunition in Charlestown and Cambridge. The first shots of the American Revolution were fired at Lexington and Concord. The Second Continental Congress made no attempt to include British colonists from areas beyond the 13 original colonies. The Second Continental Congress organized a Continental Army with George Washington as general. The Second Continental Congress met in 1775 with the intention of declaring independence. The Continental Army surprisingly defeated the British at Bunker Hill and Fort Ticonderoga. In early 1776, Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense eliminated the last remaining loyalties to the British among Congressional delegates. Thomas Jefferson was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. The original Declaration of Independence condemned slavery. The signers of the Declaration of Independence would be executed as traitors if their attempt to get rid of Britain failed. 1. In your own words, how would you describe the intentions of the Second Continental Congress when they drafted the Olive Branch Petition (p. 156)? 2. What precedent did North Carolina (Mecklenburg County, actually) set in June 1776? Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 165-175 The Revolutionary War The Patriots had little experience and few advantages when war began. The Continental Army engaged primarily in guerilla style fighting. The writings of Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren supported the Patriot cause and even discussed the formation of the new republic. About 1/5 of colonists remained loyal to the British King George III. The British Army had significant numbers of Loyalists and Hessian mercenaries fighting for them. Benedict Arnold became a celebrated hero for his action at West Point. The American victory at Saratoga in 1777 was the turning point because it lifted morale and forced Europeans to recognize the Patriot cause. France joined the Americans in exchange for the chance to reclaim territory in Canada. Most of the battle at sea consisted of small-scale attacks on British merchant ships by privateers such as John Paul Jones. Most Native Americans sided with the British due to fears over American expansion West in the event of a Patriot victory. Mohawk leader Joseph Brant defied the rest of the Iroquois and sided with the Patriots. Lord Dunmore offered freedom to slaves who left their plantations and fought with the British. Gen. Cornwallis was present to surrender to Washington at Yorktown. 1. List at least three factors/reasons why France agreed to support the Patriot cause in the Franco-American Alliance. 2. Label the following leaders as either Patriot or Tory and the battles as either Patriot or Tory victories. Marquis de Lafayette Charles Cornwallis John Burgoyne Nathanael Greene George R. Clark Saratoga Cowpens Camden Guilford Courthouse Yorktown Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 175-190 Peace & the Articles of Confederation The government under the Articles of Confederation called for a strong central government. In a confederacy, each state makes most of the legislative decisions for itself. Most states cooperated with paying the national debts raised by the war. Franklin, Jay, and Adams signed an initial treaty with Britain without consulting with the French or Spanish. Washington took advantage of his hero status to establish a sort of dictatorship following the war. People in the Northwest Territory could apply for statehood after population requirements were met and constitutions written. Slavery was permitted in the Northwest Territory. Post-independence, more social classes were able and did participate in politics. Most state constitutions included a “declaration of rights” protecting individual liberties like the press and trial by jury. Manumission and gradual emancipation increased following the war, especially in the North. After the Revolution, free blacks were accepted into white institutions. The new nation faced crippling inflation and a trade deficit. In 1786, Shay’s Rebellion was started by merchants who were upset that debts weren’t being paid. The Articles of Confederation government was unable to effectively deal with Shay’s Rebellion. 1. List six parts of the Treaty of Paris 1783 that ended the Revolutionary War. 2. List three specific examples of the “Spirit of Reform” that swept the country after the Revolution (p. 184-185). 3. What factors led to Shay’s Rebellion? Statement Alexander Hamilton opposed a stronger federal government. Most nationalists were merchants, military officers, and other elites. The Annapolis Convention was held by nationalists and called for revising the Articles of Confederation. The Virginia Plan proposed a stronger federal government with the power to tax citizens directly. The New Jersey Plan wanted Congressional representation based on population. The Great Compromise counted a slave as 3/5 of a person for calculating state populations. The electoral college was created out of the fear that ordinary voters would not choose a president wisely. Thomas Jefferson was the primary author of the Constitution. The Federalists supported the new Constitution and its provision for a strong central government. Mercy Otis Warren wrote essays supporting the new constitution. Madison, Hamilton, and Jay’s Federalist Papers argued for a strong national government. Each state held its own convention to ratify the new Constitution. The Bill of Rights was a concession to Federalists who feared a too-strong national government. 1. What are four parts of the Virginia Plan (p. 197)? 2. What does the Constitution say about slavery? PostReading PreReading Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 196-200 The New Constitution Statement Washington’s administration set many precedents for the office of the president and for the structure of the American government. Washington did not strictly follow the Constitution. Washington was required to have a cabinet in order to prevent the concentration of decision-making powers in the hands of one man. The Eleventh Amendment was passed in response to Chisholm vs. Georgia. Tariffs are intended to tax imported goods so much that consumers find it cheaper to buy American-made goods. Hamilton proposed that the federal government assume the states’ debts and that a national bank be formed. In response to the Citizen Genet affair, the US declared neutrality in the BritishFrench conflict in 1793. Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey hit frontier farmers hardest, and they rioted in the western territories. As a result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the US gained much of the Upper Midwest from the Miami Indians. Jay’s Treaty ceded Florida to the United States. One effect of the Pinckney Treaty was access to trade on the Mississippi River. Washington publicly supported the Federalists in his Farewell Address. 1. Describe the difference between a strict and loose constructionist, and provide an example of each. 2. What were the causes for the growth of political parties during Washington’s Administration? PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 200-208 Washington’s Presidency Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 208-213 & 238-241 The Growth of a Two-Party System Statement PostReading PreReading NOTE: In the late 1700s, people used the word “faction” in the same way we mean “political party.” A faction is a group that differs from the majority opinion. The first two political parties were the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists. Jay’s Treaty was supported by farmers, westerners and southerners. Jefferson’s followers sought to limit federal power. Adams paid a bribe to French diplomats in order to stop French harassment of American ships. The XYZ Affair greatly increased Adams’s popularity. One effect of the Alien & Sedition Acts was the silencing of DemocraticRepublican criticism of Federalist policies. Madison and Jefferson led a group of Southerners who opposed the Alien & Sedition Acts. The Federalists were strongly united during Adams’s presidency. The election of 1800 resulted in the Twelfth Amendment. After the Democratic-Republicans took power, many states adopted universal white male suffrage. Adams’s “midnight judges” were controversial last-minute attempts by Federalists to exert power in the court system. John Marshall’s opinions supported the Democratic-Republicans and state governments. Marbury vs. Madison established the precedent of judicial review. Jefferson initially offered to buy the Louisiana Purchase in order to maintain access to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. Jefferson, as a “strict constructionist,” worried that the Constitution did not authorize him to make land purchases. Louisiana retained very few of its French cultural and governmental traditions. 1. Why did Jefferson call the outcome of the election in 1800 the “Revolution of 1800”? 2. What was the Jeffersonian vision of society and government (refer to page 238-239)? Statement Jefferson initially shared Washington’s views regarding foreign alliances. The French violated American neutrality by seizing American merchant ships and the impressments of American sailors. Jefferson’s Embargo Act of 1807 forbade Americans from importing from or exporting to Europe. The Embargo Act successfully ended British and French harassment of American shipping neutrality. The South was hardest hit by the Embargo. The Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 allowed the US to seize Indian lands. Tecumseh and the Prophet offered a message of cultural revival and military resistance to Indians in Trans-Appalachia. The Battle of Tippecanoe was a decisive victory for white settlers. The War Hawks were motivated by resentment of British and Indian alliances and British impressments. Support for the War of 1812 came almost entirely from the middle, southern, and western states. The US attempted to invade British held Canada. After the Creek War, Jackson offered a fair settlement to the Indians. The British navy dominated the American Navy, eventually invading and burning Washington, D.C. The War of 1812 unified and reinvigorated Indians in their fight against white settlers. 1. What was the significance of the Hartford Convention? 2. Complete the chart: War of 1812 PostReading PreReading Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 242-249 The War of 1812 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 250-256 The Era of Good Feelings & Nationalism The Era of Good Feelings was marked by high population growth and rapid westward expansion. Migration routes preserved regional cultures by bringing northerners to the Old Northwest and southerners to the Old Southwest. New settlers into the Old Southwest differed from the eastern brethren over the question of slavery. Migration into the Old Southwest opened lands for cotton cultivation. The Second Great Awakening was weakest in frontier areas. The primary leaders of the Second Great Awakening were well trained clergymen from the east. James Monroe’s presidency was marked by deep political divisions. The American System was developed by Henry Clay to develop the nation’s economy. The Tariff of 1816 was intended to protect American business from foreign competition. The Rush-Bagot Treaty settled the US’s northern border at the 49th parallel. The Adams-Onis Treaty established American ownership of the Oregon Territory. The Monroe Doctrine established a foreign policy of active involvement in European affairs. According to the Monroe Doctrine, any European settlement in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a threat to America. 1. What major issues united western settlers? 2. What were the three parts of Henry Clay’s American System (p. 254)? 22 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 256-259 & 271-279 Sectional Tensions The demand for American trade products began to decline following the War of 1812. Expansion of slavery into Missouri was primarily an issue of the balance of political power between the Northern and Southern states. The debate over the admission of Missouri into the Union as a slave state was not the nation’s first extended debate over slavery. The revolutionary transportation improvements that engulfed the United States between 1800 and 1840 helped to strengthen the country’s national identity. The federal government actually invested more money on national transportation than state governments. The National Roads were not sufficient enough to sustain the commercial livelihood of America. The Erie Canal was a major link between the Ohio and Mississippi River systems. New York became the most important commercial center in America with the opening of the Erie Canal. The most important changes in transportation came with the redesigned steamboat. Incorporation was the key for businesses looking to raise large amounts of capital. Regional specialization began to develop as a result of small farmers growing just enough to support their families and trade within their own communities. The evolution of the United States transportation system ultimately strengthened the political influence of the North over the South. 1. Discuss the cause of the Panic of 1819 and its results. 2. Identify and discuss the major points of conflict involved in the Missouri Compromise. 3. How did the changes in transportation and technology affect American farming both positively and negatively? 23 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 264-269 & p. 269-271 Jacksonian Democracy 1 Westward expansion increased largely through the development of transportation and created a more closely knit country than the original thirteen colonies. 2 Westward migrations further undermined the traditional authority that had been established by the Virginia Dynasty of the older states. 3 The new western states continued the suffrage policy to all wealthy white males over the age of twenty-one. 4 Before 1865, only five states granted suffrage to free African Americans. 5 Initially, Andrew Jackson’s military record allowed him to be seriously considered for the presidency in the election of 1824. 6 Congress granted John Quincy Adams permission to send a delegation to the conference in the Panama, held by Latin American liberator Simon Bolivar. 7 The new order of popular politics placed a great deal of emphasis on party loyalty, urging the average voter to make commitment to a political party. 8 In the election of 1828 Adams’ supporters portrayed the campaign as a contest between the democracy of the country and lordly aristocracy on the other hand. 9 Jackson’s democrats were the first party to create and maintain a coalition of Northern, Southern, and Western states. 10 Andrew Jackson ushered in a new era in American politics and was considered the epitome of a Common Man. 11 The expression spoils system implied that it was okay for those in power to go against their opponents’ wishes. 12 John C. Calhoun (Northerner), Daniel Webster (Southerner), and Henry Clay (Westerner) were all popular sectional figures who disagreed with Jackson. 13 Andrew Jackson sought the advice of his heads of government departments, informally calling them his “Kitchen Cabinet”. 14 Jackson’s presidency was popularly known for his veto actions, the Maysville Road Bill of 1830 being his most important in which he refused the federal funding of the National Road. 1. Discuss the issue of the national debate by comparing the ideas of Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun. 2. Because of the presidency of Andrew Jackson, some historians have called this “the Age of the Common Man”. What were his contributions? Is the title deserved? 24 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 279-287 Jackson’s Presidency The Whigs became the political party in opposition to Jackson. Southern planters supported high tariffs. Southerners claimed the “Tariff of Abominations” was unconstitutional. The doctrine of nullification held that states may declare a federal law null and void and refuse to enforce the law within the state lines. John C. Calhoun opposed the nullification doctrine. South Carolina threatened secession over the Tariff of Abominations. The Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles resisted assimilation to white culture. Jackson, in general, supported Indians’ claims to their lands. In Worcester vs. Georgia, John Marshall ruled in favor of a Georgia law that stated Indians had to give up their lands to white settlers. Cherokees were forcibly removed in 1838 to Oklahoma along the Trail of Tears. The Second Bank of the US served to stabilize national currency. Westerners, especially, felt the Bank of the US had too much power. Jackson’s view of the Bank of the US did not reflect the majority opinion of Americans. Jackson dispersed US treasury dollars to favored state banks. The Panic of 1837 totally discredited Van Buren and the Democrats. William Henry Harrison’s “Hard Cider” campaign of 1840 proved the lasting impact of Jacksonian democracy. 1. What was Jackson’s Force Bill, and what did it prove about the issue of state’s rights vs. Federalism? 2. What is the “Second American Party System”? What are three characteristics of the Second American Party System? 3. Outline the basic political beliefs and supporters of the Whigs and the Democrats. 25 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 287-291 American Arts and Letters The transportation revolution greatly increased the circulation of newspapers, magazines, and books. The American Tract Society was a reform organization that focused more on political publications than any other genres. Samuel F.B. Morse was responsible for inventing the telegraph, the most significant innovation to communication in mid nineteenth century. Southern seaboard cities actually took the lead in creating the cultural foundation for American art and literature. Charleston was the leading cultural center in the United States. The North American Review, devoted to European intellectual developments, was founded in Boston and became the country’s most important magazine. Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper were both from Boston and became America’s first widely recognized writers. Ralph Waldo Emerson became the most widely internationally known of early American writers. Most early American artists found inspiration in the surrounding landscape, nature and real-life workers. 1. Explain how revolutionary Samuel F.B. Morse’s telegraph system was to the evolution of communication in America? 2. Discuss the importance of national identity in creating an distinctive American culture. 3. How did Ralph Waldo Emerson contribute to the new American culture? 26 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 330-342 The Market Revolution Commercialization marked the transition from merely being self-sufficient to producing goods to sell in the open market. Southern cotton produced the cotton to fund Northern merchants. Putting-out workers were less-skilled and could produce more goods faster by working piece-meal. Industrialization resulted from introducing technology to mass-produce goods mechanically. Slater’s Mill was the first textile mill in the US. The first factory workers were old men and women who could no longer do heavy farm labor at home. New England towns came to be dominated by large mills. The American System of Manufacture referred to Whitney’s system of “interchangeable parts” and the ensuing mass production. Female mill workers were the first major group of women to work outside the home. Southerners criticized Northern mill owners for not caring for their workers that way that slave owners “cared” for their slaves. The Industrial Revolution did not make a significant social impact on American lifestyles. Coupled with the transition to an industrial society was the transition to a cash economy. Women led the first strikes in American history. Strikers successfully demanded a 10-hour work day. 1. What aspects of New England made it ideal for early industrialization? 2. Describe the innovations of Lowell’s Mill. 27 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 365-378 Antebellum Reform Movements Charles G. Finney preached that Christians could and should work to perfect the world. Antebellum reformers had a pessimistic view of human nature. Women were excluded from most reform movements. Horace Mann was the leader of the education reform movement. The temperance movement was opposed to the consumption and sale of alcohol. Temperance reforms unfairly targeted immigrant behavior. Reformers had a lot of success eradicating prostitution. Dorothea Dix’s reforms led to more humane treatment of prisoners and the mentally insane. Utopian communities general withdrew from society to create their own religious practices based on abstinence and hard work. Mormons were widely accepted by their neighbors, despite their bigamist practices. The American Colonization Society had a highly successful program of sending freed slaves back to Africa. African Americans were restricted from playing a large role in the abolitionist movement. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin failed to influence many about the horrors of slavery. The gag rule prohibited slavery from being debated in Congress. John Quincy Adams was a steadfast abolitionist. The abolitionist movement fractured due to competing ideas of how to best achieve success and the role blacks should play. The Grimkes and other women reformers stepped outside their roles as women by speaking publicly and participating in politics. At the Seneca Falls Convention, women pleaded for equal treatment, but not for the right to vote. The market revolution led to a need and an impulse to reform society. 1. Why were women more in favor of the temperance movement? 2. Where was the “Burned Over District” and why did it acquire this name? 3. Describe in your own words the goals and tone of Garrison’s Liberator. 28 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 392-397 & 406-410 Manifest Destiny Sullivan’s term “manifest destiny” describes the God-given right of Americans to expand west to the Pacific Ocean. Southerners tended to oppose westward expansion. Pioneers tended to take overland routes in large groups of other travelers headed to the same destinations. The biggest danger to pioneers was disease. Both Americans and British claimed ownership of Oregon Territory. James K. Polk’s slogan “54’40 or Fight!” referred to American desire to possess California. The first American settlers in California emigrated illegally while the territory still belonged to Mexico. Rebels in the Bear Flag Revolt declared independence from Mexico Sutter made no secret of his discovery of gold because he wanted to encourage settlement to the Sacramento area. Chinese miners came with the intention to return to China after they made their fortunes. The people who actually struck it rich in the gold mines were those who supplied the miners with food, supplies, and entertainment. One long-term effect of the Gold Rush was acceptance of the Chinese by Americans. 1. What is the Turner Thesis (p. 392)? 2. Describe a typical mining camp. 3. What roles did women fulfill on the western frontier? 29 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 400-406 & 410-415 The Mexican-American War Americans in the Mexican territory of Texas wanted to rebel against new restrictions against immigration and slavery. American settlers in Texas did not want to acquire the territory from Mexico, only to settler there peacefully. Santa Anna’s troops fell to the Americans holding The Alamo. Sam Houston declared Texas to be the thirtieth state in the US. Polk ran on an expansionist platform and annexed Texas as one of his first acts in office. The US and Mexico disputed the location of their boundary along the Nueces River. Two famous supporters of the Mexican-American war were Abraham Lincoln and Henry David Thoreau. One argument against acquiring all of Mexico was the desire to avoid incorporating a large non-white population into the United States. At the same time America expanded west, the US explored commercial relations with other countries. David Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed that all territory acquired from Mexico be admitted only as slave-free territory. Congress voted along party lines in favor or against the Wilmot Proviso. The Free-Soil Party was the first anti-slavery political party. Free-Soilers opposed expansion of slavery into new territory and proposed abolition of slavery in existing territories. According to popular sovereignty, the people of a territory may decide for themselves whether to allow slavery or not. Taylor’s victory in 1848 was a decisive victory for pro-slavery forces. Territorial expansion was divisive because of the issue of slavery. 1. Why did Whigs oppose the annexation of Texas? 2. What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)? 3. What was the Young America movement? Who were its leaders and what did they desire? 30 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 297-301 & 308-310 & 317-320 & 420-428 Sectional Tensions Cotton production depleted the soil, which led to the constant need to expand west to find new grounds for cotton cultivation. The black belt of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama was the fertile area along the Mississippi Delta popular with cotton growers. Southerners tried hard to find an alternative to the slave labor system. The internal slave trade moved slaves from the Upper South to the cottongrowing regions of the Lower South. The plantation systems of the South did little to limit the growth of Southern cities and the pace of Southern industrialization. Female runaways outnumbered male runaways. The leaders of slave rebellions were often educated and motivated by religious visions. Southerners tightened restrictions on the movement of blacks after several planned slave rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s. After Nat Turner’s rebellion, it became illegal to free one’s slaves in the South. James Henry Hammond developed the “happy slave” argument. All white Southerners supported slavery. The expansion of Northern industry and Midwestern territory threatened Southern dominance in national politics. Walt Whitman’s poetry celebrated the rapid economic growth of the United States. Territorial expansion in the 1840s and 1850s drew the nation’s attention away from the debate over slavery. Calhoun and others argued that Congress did not have the right to restrict Southern rights to take their property (slaves) into new territory. According to the Fugitive Slave Law, there was no protection for runaway slaves anywhere within the United States. 1. Cite statistics to support James H. Hammond’s claim that “Cotton is King.” 2. Outline several arguments by slavery apologists to defend slavery. 3. What are the three parts of the Compromise of 1850? 31 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 429-445 Sectional Crisis Stephen Douglas reopened the question of slavery in the territories by proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was an attempt to appeal to Southern Democrats. The Kansas-Nebraska Act essentially upheld the Missouri Compromise. Free-soilers and pro-slavery forces battled it out in the Nebraska territory. The growth of the Know-Nothings led to the decline of the Whigs. The Republican party was a coalition of anti-slavery and pro-industry forces. The election of 1856 was marked by deep sectional division among votes for various candidates. Dred Scott argued he should be free since had lived in free-soil territory for most of his life. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Scott in Scott vs. Sanford. Pro-slavery forces wrote and passed the Lecompton Constitution, even though a majority of Kansans did not support it. John Brown attempted to raid a federal arsenal and use the weapons to foment a slave rebellion. Lincoln’s platform in 1860 proposed abolishing slavery in the US. Lincoln won popular vote, but not the electoral vote, in 1860. Southerners, fearing that Lincoln would end slavery, followed South Carolina in seceding after the election of 1860. Fire-eaters in the South proposed a weak central government and a pro-slavery constitution for the Confederate States of America. Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address advocated a strong military response to the secession of the South. 1. What incidents legitimized the use of violence in the debate over slavery between the years 1854—1860? (You should have at least three.) 2. What earlier law was overturned by the Dred Scott decision, and how did Northerners perceive the ruling? 3. Describe the differing views, North and South, of John Brown’s raid. 32 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 452-459 Mobilization for the Civil War The first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter, after Lincoln attempted to resupply federal troops stationed there. Southerners, in general, responded more enthusiastically than Northerners to the call to arms. Border states were slave states that initially joined the Confederacy but later returned to the Union. The Confederacy’s surprise victory at Bull Run proved that the war would be short-term and low-casualty. Both sides had well-trained officers and soldiers when war broke out. Lincoln left the planning of the war to his cabinet and military advisers. The US government borrowed heavily to finance the war. The Legal Tender Act provided for the printing of the first greenbacks (dollar bills) backed by the federal government. The Republican Congress managed to pass many pro-industry bills while they were in the majority during the war. The Morrill Land Grant Act allowed settlers to claim 160 acres of land if they agreed to farm it for five years. The Confederacy hoped to use its cotton as leverage in drawing British allies during the war. Seward managed to keep the South from gaining foreign allies after the North decisively won victories in 1863. Southern leadership undermined its own ability to win by putting the needs of individual states ahead of the needs of a nation at war. 1. Why did Lincoln impose martial law and suspend habeas corpus in the Border States? 2. At the onset of the war, what were the North’s advantages? 3. In what ways did Lincoln expand the power of the federal government during the Civil War? 33 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 460 & 464-466 & 470-477 Civil War as Military and Political Struggle The Anaconda plan was a key part to the Union’s overall war strategy, and called for blockading the Confederate coast and conquering important parts of Confederate territory. The course of the Civil War was changed as the flow of immigrants into the North increased. President Lincoln saw the border states as strategic to the Union’s victory. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued partially to meet the abolitionist demand for a war against slavery while not losing the support of conservatives. The Emancipation Proclamation did not support the recruitment of black soldiers. African American soldiers had to first prove themselves in battle and their performance at Fort Wagner and Vicksburg helped to achieve this. Once African Americans enlisted in the military they were accepted as equals to white soldiers. The Civil War created tremendous growth for Northern economics in the fields of industry, manufacturing, and mineral mining. The New York Draft Riots were staged to protest the draft and were mainly caused by dramatic urban growth and racial prejudice. The substitute payment for the draft allowed the war to become a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight. Gettysburg and Vicksburg were great victories for the Confederacy and allowed them to gain the attention of Britain and France. Special Field Order 15 was issued in January of 1864 and set aside 400,000 acres of Confederate land to be divided into 40 acre parcels that would be given to free African Americans. Lee surrendered to Union forces at Appomattox in the spring 1865. 1. Discuss the entrance of African Americans into the Civil War as the wars turning point and provide details of how they were treated during their enlistment. 2. How did the war set the tone for worker-management relations in the North? 3. Cite the main participants of the New York Draft Riots and the reasons that it took place. 34 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 484-486 & 504-506 Economic Effects of the Civil War The main causes of the Civil War were the results of political, economic, and moral issues surrounding slavery. After the war, the defeated South was mainly concerned with the reestablishment of the old racial order. President Lincoln did not want to reconstruct the South. Confederate states were allowed back into the Union only after pledging an oath to the United States and its’ laws. Lincoln viewed Reconstruction as a chance to effect fundamental transformation of southern society. The policy of transforming African Americans from slaves into wage labor was instituted after the war. Democrats drafted the Thirteenth Amendment to guarantee the end of slavery. The growth of the factory system, the spread of large corporations, and the expansion of capitalist enterprise prevented Lincoln’s ideal vision of a large unskilled workforce from coming to fruition. The new industrial order was advanced by the further growth of the railroad industries. Oil corporations became America’s first big businesses. Production of coal, iron, stone, and lumber was increased by the expansion of the railroad. Ninety percent of the nation’s oil-refining capacity was controlled by John D. Rockefeller. 1. How did railroad development affect the Northern economy? 2. Outline Abraham Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction of the South and detail any opposition that this plan was faced with. 3. Discuss the psychological wounds created by the South’s defeat, especially as it relates to African Americans. 35 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 486-498 Reconstruction Andrew Johnson, held the elite planters responsible for secession and defeat and planned to destroy their social power. Johnson believed that the legislative branch should be responsible for implementing Reconstruction of the South. Radical Republicans believed that equal political rights and equal economic opportunity should be guaranteed by national government. Northern Republicans agreed with the necessity of the black codes created by South Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Black codes, Vagrancy laws, and Apprenticeship clauses were enacted to prevent newly freed African Americans from being taken advantage of by Southern whites. President Johnson vetoed both Civil Rights bill and the Freedmen’s Bureau which were designed to aid African Americans. The First Reconstruction Act divided the South into five military districts. The Tenure of Office Act stated that any officeholder appointed by the president could not be removed. In the election of 1868 Republicans endorsed black suffrage in the North. The Fifteenth Amendment stated that right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied on the account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The political status of African Americans both inspired and frustrated women’s rights activist. New African American institutions were built on the twin pillars of the black family and church. The first impulse of emancipated slaves was direct violence toward their former owners. Emancipation did not allow African Americans to strengthen the family bonds which had been broken as a result of slavery. 1. Explain how white planters used black codes and new labor systems keep African Americans as permanent agricultural laborers. 2. Compare and contrast Andrew Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction to that of Lincoln’s. 36 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 498-504 & 506-509 Failure of Reconstruction The majority of southern whites thought that African American political participation was dangerous. Southern Republicans were made up of carpetbaggers, scalawags, and mostly African Americans. Republican governments did succeed at making many African Americans land owners. The Ku Klux Klan used violence to intimidate both African Americans and white Republicans. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlawed racial discrimination in theaters, hotels, railroads, and other public places. Following the Civil War, the South quickly regained the status as the country’s richest agricultural region. The spread of the crop lien system forced more farmers into cotton growing. Liberal Republicans supported abolition, equal rights for freedmen, and continued federal intervention in the South. The depression of 1873 was triggered by commercial overexpansion of the nation’s railroad system. The Compromise of 1877 completely ended the $econstruction era by the ordered removal of the remaining federal troops. 1. What were the goals of the three Enforcement Acts passed by Congress between 1870 and1871? 2. Discuss the significance of the “carpetbaggers” in Southern politics. 3. Explain how the Compromise of 1877 came to pass. 37 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 550-555 Industry and the Gilded Age In the post-Civil War era, American business transformed from local, small businesses to large corporations exporting to a national market. Edison’s lightbulb transformed the rural landscape. Railroad development facilitated the movement of raw and finished goods to new markets. By the turn of the century, America had the most dominant and productive economy in the world. Oil was the primary source of fuel for 19th century American factories. Mass production techniques increased worker productivity and factory output. Sears, Roebuck and Company pioneered the use of mail-order catalogues to reach buyers in distant markets. Most shoppers still preferred to buy their goods in small shops. Business leaders took advantage of the boom and bust economic cycle of the 19th century to consolidate their economic power. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company used horizontal consolidation to dominate the market and drive his competitors out of business. The “gospel of wealth” saw the accumulation of money as greedy and sinful. Jay Gould acquired his fortune in railroads through aggressive and unethical methods. Carnegie argued that great wealth should be accumulated and then given away in philanthropic endeavors. Social Darwinists believed that it was natural for some to grow rich and others to remain poor, according to “survival of the fittest.” 1. Describe the vertical consolidation process and the advantages it gave to businessmen like Andrew Carnegie. 2. What was the purpose of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? Was it successful? Why or why not? 38 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 555-559 Labor & Unions In response to the consolidation of power by big business, workers formed unions in the late 19th century. By the turn of the century, the majority of Americans worked as wage-earners. Immigrants served as the main source of labor in 19th century factories. Frederick Winslow Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management led to the growth of management supervision and higher production quotas. The invention of the typewriter and telephone brought women into the labor force for the first time. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was passed in response to white workers’ fears of competition. The depressions of 1873 and 1893 resulted in high unemployment and therefore increased workers’ demands for job security. Terrence Powderly’s Knights of Labor advocated one labor union for all workers, regardless of skill-level, race, or gender. After the violence of the Haymarket Riot, many Americans developed negative opinions of labor unions and membership dropped. The American Federation of Labor’s “pure and simple unionism” focused on collective bargaining for higher wages and better hours. The AFL was a craft-union, meaning that it accepted only skilled workers within a given field, such as machinists or leatherworkers. Samuel Gompers wanted to open membership in the AFL to women, AfricanAmericans, and immigrants. 1. What conditions in American factories led workers to unionize in the late 19th century? (See especially p. 557) 2. Contrast the goals of the Knights of Labor with those of the American Federation of Labor. 39 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 567-575 Industrial Age Culture With the growth of industry, many Americans experienced higher wages and more leisure time. According to Thorstein Veblen, Americans were committed to sharing their wealth with the poor. The new middle class grew out of the managerial positions that earned salaries in corporations and government jobs. New publications for women explained how to run a peaceful, clean, and tasteful home. Only the rich developed pastimes like sports, exercise, and the arts. Most immigrants lived in ethnic enclaves, or communities surrounded with the languages, foods, and culture of their home countries. Ragtime was an urban music that grew out of rural African-American musical traditions at the turn of the century. The growth of industry led to a decline of public education opportunities for the poor and middle class. Women tended to have their own institutions of higher learning that focused on training for nursing, education, and clerical work. There were few public spaces available for city dwellers who lived in cramped tenement housing. Blue laws, which restricted the sale of alcohol on Sundays, were targeted at curbing immigrant behavior. African-Americans were banned from baseball until the 1920s. 1. Describe tenement housing and the typical residents who lived there. 2. How did Booker T. Washington’s Tuskeegee Institute differ from other colleges of the period? 3. Describe three “national pastimes” that arose at the turn of the century. 40 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 564-567 The New South The post-Civil War South managed to keep pace with Northern industrialization and urbanization. Grady’s New South would be a center for textile manufacturing due to the cheap, urorganized labor and ready raw goods available. Few Northerners saw the investment potential of the post-Civil War South. Birmingham was the center of Southern iron and steel production. With the growth of textile and iron production, the South finally became a selfsufficient region of the country. Most Southern industrial jobs were barred to African-Americans. The South had stricter child-labor laws than the North. The Low-country areas along coastal Georgia and South Carolina became the richest areas in the New South. Southerners quickly lost their ties to traditional agriculture and familial relationships as a result of industrialization. 1. Describe the convict labor system. 2. What was life like in a typical Southern “mill town”? 41 Statement PostReading PostReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 520-523 and 539-534 Western Settlements Western migration in the late 19th century shifted the nation’s political, financial, and industrial centers to the west. Mining was the first major draw that facilitated western migration. Western boom towns featuring saloons, newspapers, and stores grew up around mining camps. There was little ethnic tension among miners. The Homestead Act was intended to raise money for the federal government during the Civil War. The Homestead Act sparked the greatest migration in American history. In the West, migration and settlement followed the paths of the railroad lines. The Midwest was primarily settled by Scandinavians and Germans. The primary crops on the Great Plains were grains like wheat and corn. Very few homesteaders managed to turn a profit, due to high start-up costs, harsh weather extremes, and an unpredictable market. New technology did little to make farming easier on the Great Plains. John Deere’s steel plow was necessary to cut through the dense upper layer of sod in order to plant crops. McCormick’s mechanical reaper was used to harvest crops. The need to improve agricultural technology and science led to the passing of the Morrill Land Grant Act in 1862. The Great Plains experience ideal weather conditions for farming. 1. Complete the chart. Metal GOLD Where discovered, major strikes SILVER COPPER 2. What were the terms of the Homestead Act of 1862? 42 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 585-587, 589 & 593-595 Populism The Grange (the Patrons of Husbandry) were social support networks formed among Great Plains farmers in the 1860s. Tough economic times led to the decline of the Grange. Farmers blamed their poor economic circumstances on the high fees charged by manufacturers and railroads. Munn vs. Illinois upheld the right of states to regulate private property in the interest of the public good. The Farmers Alliance attempted to take back political and economic power from business and politicians. The Farmers Alliance was hesitant to enter politics. In 1890, the Farmers Alliance proposed a new political party of united farmers and wage-earners. The Republicans attempted to gain farm/labor votes by adopting many measures of the Populist Platform. The Populist Party became the first “third-party” to win electoral votes since the Civil War. “Soft money” advocates wanted free silver to loosen credit and accelerate economic development. The Gold Standard was supported by more conservative elements, such as the Republicans, bankers, and big business leaders. Populists supported the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. William Jennings Bryan and the Democrats adopted the unlimited coinage of silver as their major campaign issue in 1896. The Republicans spent an unprecedented amount of money to campaign in 1896. Populism and free silver won the election of 1896. McKinley’s presidency was pro-business and anti-labor. 1. Describe the organization created by Charles W. Macune and William Lamb. 2. List the five parts of the Populist Platform of 1890 (the Omaha Platform). 3. Why is the election of 1896 considered a turning point in American politics? 43 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 516-520; 539-544 Native American Experience The opening of the Oregon Trail, along with the discovery of gold and completion of the transcontinental railroad significantly hindered Native Americans way of life. Surviving tribes of Native American tried to assimilate by learning to ride horses, shoot guns, learning English, converting to Christianity, and becoming farmers. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 helped to peaceably relocate Native Americans west of the Mississippi. By the 1850s eight reservations were established for Native Americans to learn farming, English, and convert to Christianity. United States government did not offer military protection to Native Americans for agreeing to live on reservation. Officers of the Bureau of Indian Affairs often diverted funds for personal use, which reduced food supplies and promoted malnutrition, demoralization and desperation among Native Americans. The Sioux were the largest and most adaptive of all Native American tribes and relied heavily on dreams for guidance of the entire tribe. When large scale war broke out in 1864, Governor John Evans of Colorado encouraged white civilians and new comers to try come to peaceable terms with Native Americans. The Sioux, in an attempt to forge positive relations with the US government, agreed to relinquish large tracts of land won through conquest. The Treaty of Fort Laramie was the result of the Native American defeat in the Great Sioux War of 1865-67. “Custer’s Last Stand” ultimately brought about the death of Native American resistance to Western expansion. The Apaches were the last major tribe to resist and lost the Red River War of 1874-75 because of the military might of US forces. The Nez Perce tribe had been a long time enemy of white settlers. The Nez Perce tribe were eventually forced to give up their Oregon land and relocated to a reservation in Washington. 1. How did the treatment of the Cheyenne lead to later conflicts with other tribes? 2. Discuss the role of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer in the Native Americans Wars and his eventual demise. 3. Who were the Ghost Dancers? (Also see AMSCO page 317.) 44 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 559-564 & 623-628 Immigration The US experienced rapid urbanization in the late 19th century. African-Americans comprised the majority of new city dwellers in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Jews, who left Europe to escape persecution, adapted most easily to urban life. Jews were the largest group of “New Immigrants” between 1880-1924. The American Renaissance movement inspired artists to depict the urban landscape in paintings and sculpture. Roebling’s Brooklyn Bridge was the symbol of the rise of industrial America and the success of urban America. The invention of the automobile spurred the growth of suburbs. Turn-of-the-century cities were often overcrowded, polluted, and diseaseridden. Most immigrants became agricultural workers. Immigrants used their connections with kin to determine where to live and where to get jobs. Japanese were prohibited from obtaining citizenship, although they could work and live in the US. Female Italian garment workers were the primary victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire. Company towns offered more choice and freedom than Southern mill towns. President Wilson had to use federal troops to settle the United Mine Workers’ strike in 1914. The AFL focused on organizing skilled workers by trade or craft. The Industrial Workers of the World was the most radical labor union. 1. Describe the difference between the “Old Immigrants” and the “New Immigrants.” (See also AMSCO p. 359-360.) 2. What was the advantage offered by dumbbell apartments? What were the disadvantages? (See also AMSCO p. 362.) 3. What set the IWW apart from other labor unions? Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 612-623 The Progressive Era 45 Statement PostReading PreReading NOTE: A thorough chart of Progressive leaders and reforms is on page 613. At the heart of Progressive ideology was the impulse to reform government, business, and social conditions. Progressives supported Social Darwinism and a laissez-faire approach to the economy. The Social Gospel movement emphasized the duty of Christians to help the less fortunate. As with antebellum reforms, women were often the leaders of the Progressive reforms. Political bosses manipulated new immigrants to gain votes in exchange for jobs and other types of assistance. Tammany Hall and other political machines also skimmed money from city funds. Progressives originated in rural areas. Robert La Folette of Wisconsin championed the direct primary, regulation of railroads, and higher taxes on corporations. Although strides were made in increasing voter turnout elsewhere, in the South, blacks faced increasing difficulty in the Progressive Era. Muckrakers increased awareness of social ills in American cities. The Progressive era saw an increase in math and science education. John Dewey praised the American education system. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes delivered a liberal Progressive decision in Lochner vs. New York. Although Progressives favored regulation of government and the economy, they did not embrace social control. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union succeeded in gaining a constitutional amendment to ban alcohol. Progressives encouraged censorship as a way to control how the masses thought and acted. Progressives saw schools as a way to indoctrinate and “Americanize” foreign and subversive elements in society. 1. Describe the municipal reforms that took place in American cities (p. 616). 2. What are initiative and referendum? Progressives 46 DIRECTIONS: Please complete the graphic organizer as you read your text. Woman Jane Addams Reform Florence Kelly Lillian Wald Muckraker Jacob Riis Cause/Publication Ida B. Tarbell Lincoln Steffens Upton Sinclair 47 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 630-633 Suffrage The increase of men working in offices coupled with more children attending school and the decrease in the average size of families allowed for the creation of women’s organizations. The General Federation of Women’s Clubs founded in 1890 grew drastically over a period of twenty years from 20,000 to over a million. The Buffalo Union sponsored a “white label” campaign that encouraged manufacturers to meet safety and sanitary standards in their factories. The club movement allowed middle-class middle-aged women to stay abreast of important issues of the day by offering alternatives to college life. Most clubwomen activity only focused on supporting suffrage and birth control issues. Florence Kelly was an influential member of the National Consumer’s League, which focused on bridging the class lines between middle-class and working-class women. Margaret Sanger coined the phrase “birth control” and designed the pill to accomplish it. By the 1910s women’s organizations embraced birth control as a way of advancing sexual freedom. At the turn of the century a many African Americans in the North and South were able to become successful by selling services and products to the black community. Racism began to decline in social, political and economic life for African Americans after the Civil War. Darwin’s theory of evolution contributed greatly to the disenfranchisement African American. Popular culture commonly displayed hurtful stereotypes of African Americans in “coon songs” and minstrel shows. W.E.B Du Bois was the most influential black leader of the day, who was often consulted by US Presidents. The Niagara Movement kept its same causes but eventually changed its’ name to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. 1. Using specific quotes and works, discuss the contrasts and comparisons of both Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois. 2. Examine the life of Margaret Sanger and evaluate her as one of the most important contributors to the woman’s movement’s effort to give women a voice. 48 Statement PostReading PreReading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 633-639 Progressive Politics Both political parties adopted elements of Progressive ideology. Teddy Roosevelt was the first Republican president to address the social and economic inequalities created by the industrial age. Roosevelt prosecuted some trusts, but did not overhaul the American business system and do away with big business altogether. In response to public pressure, Roosevelt signed the Hepburn Act which weakened the earlier Interstate Commerce Commission. Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle led to food regulation laws. Roosevelt was the first president to champion conservation of America’s natural environment. The Democratic Party split between those who felt Roosevelt’s Progressive platform was too liberal and more conservative elements. Woodrow Wilson took advantage of the Republican split to win the election of 1912 on a Progressive platform. The Socialist nominee, Eugene V. Debs, earned many votes from labor. One of Wilson’s greatest achievements was a reform of the banking and currency system. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act protected the rights of labor unions and strikers, but failed to toughen the federal regulation of big business. Wilson supported civil rights legislation. Progressive politics gave rise to the use of political machines and straight-ticket voting. The Progressive legacy includes the increased role of the federal government in solving economic and social problems. 1. What are some reasons Roosevelt earned the nickname “Trustbuster”? 2. 3. What were the elements of Roosevelt’s Square Deal? (Also see AMSCO, p. 430-432.) 4. What were the elements of Wilson’s New Freedom platform? (Also see AMSCO 434436.) 49 Reading Guide, Out of Many, 599-605 & 645-649 Imperialism & World War I America looked overseas for new markets to build an economic empire. Seward’s purchase of Alaska in 1867 was considered a foolish mistake at first. America’s Good Neighbor Policy meant dominating the economies of many Latin American nations. Alfred T. Mahan successfully argued for the expansion of the navy. The US annexed Hawaii in order to convert the locals to Christianity. The Open Door Policy facilitated equal access to trade with Japan. Before the US intervened militarily, American investors already had been involved in Cuba’s sugar markets. Yellow journalism, the De Lome letter, and the explosion of the USS Maine led the US to declare war against Spain in 1898. The Teller Amendment announced the US’s intent to take over Cuba after victory over Spain. The Treaty of Paris (1898) gave the US Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Aguinaldo and the Filipinos rejoiced to be a part of the American empire. William Jennings Bryan and others opposed imperialism because they felt all nations should have democratic self-determination. At the turn of the century, the US made a dramatic change of policy away from isolationism and towards increasing involvement in world affairs. Teddy Roosevelt’s Big Stick Policy stated that the US would act as a police power in Asia. The US supported Panamanian independence in the hopes of gaining access to build a canal that would link the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. According to the Gentlemen’s Agreement, Japan would not issue any passports for men looking to come to America. Taft attempted to dominate foreign countries by using economic influence. Wilson urged involvement in the Mexican Revolution out of his belief that the US should support democracy in other countries. 1. How did the press influence the US entry into the Spanish-American War? (Also see AMSCO p. 404.) 2. What did the Platt Amendment establish? 3. What was the Roosevelt Corollary, and what areas did the US become involved in as a result of it? 50 Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 649-660 US During World War I The US was eager to join the fight in World War I. Due to a complex system of alliances, war broke out in Europe after the Archduke of Austro-Hungary was assassinated. Stalemate on the Western Front kept either side from advancing. Though neutral, the US traded heavily with both sides. German’s policy of unrestricted naval warfare led to the sinking of the Lusitania and an increase of anti-German sentiment in America. After the Lusitania, Germany increased attacks on American ships. Wilson, though still officially neutral, urged “preparedness” by beefing up the military. Wilson’s “He Kept Us Out of the War” slogan in 1916 was a failure. Germany’s recruitment of Mexico against the US, exposed in the Zimmerman note, led many Americans to support a declaration of war. Following his “Moral Diplomacy” beliefs, Wilson declared that America would “make the world safe for democracy” by fighting in WWI. The federal government encouraged propaganda to increase support for the war. Women and Progressives led the anti-war movement. The Selective Service Act was established to provide manpower for the war effort. For the most part, African-Americans were kept to menial jobs in the military. The addition of fresh troops and new technology helped America turn the tide in the defeat of Germany. The government reversed its laissez-faire policy in order to ensure the war effort could be sustained by American industry. The US financed the war primarily through tax hikes. Labor unions experienced a rise in membership and more cooperative management during the war. Even though they were a significant part of the munitions production workforce, women failed to get equal pay for their work. The war led to a long-term increase in the number of women working in factories. 1. What factors led the US to initially support neutrality in World War I? 2. Describe the impact (short-term and long-term) of the war on American industry (p. 658 and AMSCO 453-454). 51 Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 663-671 Repercussions of World War I The Espionage Act was used by the government to silence opposition to the war. Socialists, labor activists and other anti-war elements were prosecuted by the federal government for violating the Espionage Act. In Schenck vs. US, the Supreme Court protected all forms of freedom of speech, even those who spoke out against the war. During the war, Americans were generally tolerant of immigrants and pacifists. To fill labor shortages in northern factories led to the Great Migration of rural African-Americans from the South. The nation’s first race riots broke out in Southern cities during the war. Because the war did not alleviate the lowly position of African Americans, black activism increased and grew more militant after the war. Labor strife declined after the war. The Big Four who negotiated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles sought to include Germany and make amends for old hostilities. Wilson’s Fourteen Points were an optimistic plan to promote self-determination and open dealing among nations. The Big Four allowed self-determination for the colonies of European nations involved in the war. Germany was forced to accept a “war-guilt” clause, which laid responsibility for the conflict solely on Germany. Henry Cabot Lodge led the Congressional supporters of the League of Nations. The US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles. Fear over the spread of communism prompted panic and persecution in the US. The Palmer Raids targeted immigrants and socialist sympathizers for deportation. The fear of radicalism and spread of conservatism marked the post-war era into the 1920s. Harding promised a “return to normalcy” after the liberal internationalism of the Progressive era. World War I led to a turn for the conservative in politics, the economy, and in attitudes towards immigrants and African-Americans. 1. What conditions led to the increase of labor strife after the war? 2. What was Article X of the Fourteen Points, and why was it so controversial? 52 Reading Guide, Out of Many, 676-682 & 688-692 Post-War Economy Electricity, automation, and the assembly line spurred an increase in consumer goods and an economic boom in the 1920s. New technology in the 1920s included the automobile, the radio, the washing machine, and telephones. The 1920s saw an increase in small businesses and locally-produced goods. Welfare capitalists encouraged workers to buy stock in their companies and buy group insurance plans so that workers would be more invested in the success of their employing companies. Factory owners discouraged the open-shop. Union membership rose during the 1920s. The automobile radically transformed America’s economy and social habits. Henry Ford was the first to offer an affordable car to the American market. With the rise of the car came the growth of suburbs. Farmers failed to share in the prosperity of the 1920s. The federal government supported farm relief measures. The textile industry gradually shifted to the South in order to find nonunionized workers who would work for less money. The Republicans dominated the government in the 1920s with laissez-faire economic policies at home and isolationist foreign policy. Teapot Dome and other scandals were the result of cronyism in the Harding presidency. Coolidge firmly believed that “the business of America is business,” meaning the federal government should regulate industry. The US was greatly in debt to Europe after WWI. In the Kellogg-Briand Pact, the nations of the world condemned war. During the 1920s, the US relaxed its “police power” in Latin America. 1. How did corporations of the 1920s differ from corporations of the late 19th century? 2. Cite statistics to demonstrate how the demographics of America were changing in the 1920s (esp. see p. 680). 53 Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 682-688 & 692-696 & 700-703 Roaring Twenties Culture Movies and the radio formed a new mass media that reached Americans and shaped opinions in all parts of the country. The Jazz Singer was the first “talkie” movie. Will Hays encouraged censorship of movies that promoted permissive sexual values. The radio created a national community of listeners and promoted national pastimes as well as national stereotypes. Newspaper readership fell because editors preferred educational topics about politics and business. New music styles like jazz and the blues were popularized by the radio and the sale of records and record players. Babe Ruth saved baseball from the disgrace created in the “Black Sox” scandal of 1919. Baseball and other sports were rarely segregated. In the 1920s, mainstream America experimented with various “fringe” culture, like jazz, sexual experimentation, and smoking. Premarital sex decreased in the 1920s. Many Americans resisted Prohibition, which in turn led to the rise of organized crime. The American Protective Association led efforts to assimilate “new immigrants” to American society. Immigration Quotas severely limited the number of immigrants who could emigrate from Eastern and Southern Europe, Asia, and Latin America. In the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan experienced a resurgence of membership and activity directed against immigrants and Catholics. As modern life became more uncertain, fundamentalist Christianity went on the decline. The Scopes Monkey Trial pitted creationists against evolutionists. Harlem became the center of black artistic and intellectual culture following the Great Migration during World War I. Marcus Garvey stressed education and continued acceptance of Jim Crow. American intellectuals like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway felt alienated by the experience of World War I. Most American writers in the twenties embraced the new mass culture. 1. Explain how the growth of consumer goods and communication technologies led to the growth of advertising. 2. Who was the flapper, and how did she represent the changing attitudes of the 1920s? 3. What factors influenced the growing nativism of the 1920s? 54 Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 717-726 The Stock Market Crash and the New Deal The strong stock market of the 1920s led to a sharp rise in prosperity, both real and on paper. On Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed, sending the nation into a depression that lasted over a decade. Wages in the 1920s had not kept up with the overall growth of the economy, and there was a very wide gap between the rich and the poor. Unemployment rose to 25% by 1933. Fortunately, the federal government had well established relief programs to deal with rising unemployment and homelessness. Hoover and other conservatives supported “rugged individualism,” meaning the government should do little to provide relief. The Bonus Army marched to demand unpaid benefits to WWI veterans. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Democrats narrowly won in 1932. FDR’s working-class background helped him identify with many voters. FDR established a “Brain Trust” to advise him on economic reform. FDR called for a controversial “bank holiday” to shut down all banks until the federal government approved healthy new leadership. In his First 100 Days, FDR put in place many government programs to put people to work on projects for the public good. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration was the first government program to offer direct handouts to those in need. The AAA established subsidies to farmers so they would produce fewer crops in order to keep prices stable. In general, FDR and the Democrats preferred a “laissez-faire” approach to solving the economic crisis of the Great Depression. 1. What conditions led the American economy to crash so devastatingly in 1929? 2. What did the Reconstruction Finance Corporation do? 3. What did the TVA do, and would you consider it successful? 55 Reading Guide, Out of Many, 726-735 FDR in Office Conservatives criticized FDR for establishing a “welfare state” and increasing the power of the executive branch. Father Coughlin attacked Roosevelt for not being liberal enough, encouraging FDR to adopt more socialist ideas. Some leftists supported pensions for the poor and the aged. The National Industrial Recovery Act gave unions more power to bargain for their demands, which led to an increase in union membership. JM Keynes argued that the federal government should spend freely, thereby pumping money into the economy and stimulating growth. WPA workers were responsible for the construction of roads, dams, and other public works projects, but did little to help artists or musicians. The Social Security Act set a precedent for the federal government caring for the poor, the old, and others who can’t help themselves. The Wagner Act severely limited the rights of labor. Sit-down strikers stayed in the workplace to prevent employers from hiring others to fill their places. Roosevelt worked hard to prevent radical philosophies like socialism or communism from overtaking his administration. The New Deal radically transformed the South. The Dust Bowl was caused by drought and years of bad ecological practices that wore out the soil. In addition to resettlement and direct relief, the federal government sought to educate farmers on better practices to prevent erosion. Okies were generally well received by their new neighbors in California. The Hoover Dam radically changed the West by creating water reservoirs and hydro-electric power for millions of people. FDR reversed the policy of assimilation, preferring to restore sovereignty to Indian peoples by giving them control of their reservations. 1. What ideas did Huey Long contribute to public discourse in the 1930s? 2. What were the three areas of focus for the “Second Hundred Days”? 3. What set the CIO apart from the AFL? 4. Who was all a part of the New Deal Coalition (p. 730)? 56 Reading Guide: Out of Many, pages 751-755 US Involvement in World War II Japan was pursuing conquest in Asia before Hitler came to power in Germany. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles caused desperation in Europe and led to the rise of fascist dictators. After Germany’s annexation of Czechoslovakia, Britain and France declared war. Students and union members who opposed involvement found no support from Congress. The America First Committee favored isolationism. FDR anticipated the coming war and started mobilization before any declaration of war. Hitler and the Soviet Union clashed over the invasion of Poland in 1939. The United States agreed not to sell arms to either side during the war. The central issue of the 1940 election was the economy. The Lend-Lease Act permitted Britain to get military supplies from the US if they agreed to pay for them and transport them. FDR did not attempt to suppress Japanese power previous to Pearl Harbor. The United States had no advance warning of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The effect of the attack on Pearl Harbor was that nearly the entire American Pacific fleet was knocked out. US Congress unanimously supported FDR’s declaration of war on December 8, 1941. 1. What is appeasement, and which nations were involved with this policy during the 1930s? 2. What is a blitzkrieg, and why was this style of fighting so effective? 3. Compare the cash and carry policy with the Lend-Lease Act. 4. What were Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms? 57 Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 756—760 & 766-769 Mobilization for World War II The War Powers Act greatly increased the power of the legislative branch. The Office of War Mobilization forbade the publication of photos of dead American soldiers during the first two years of the war. The US government actively perpetuated negative stereotypes of Japanese and other Asians during the war. WWII did not increase national debt as much as New Deal programs had. One effect of the war was the election of more conservatives, who ended many New Deal programs. The effect of FDR’s call to be an “arsenal of democracy” was the end of the Great Depression. The area of the nation most greatly impacted by wartime production was the industrial Northeast. Most American military bases were built in the West. American farmers were able to keep up with wartime demands and were positively affected by the war. Braceros were offered permanent residency in the US in exchange for their labor. Unmarried women remained the majority of the female work force. Wartime propaganda aimed at women opened up new horizons for the type of work women could perform for their nation. Most women did not maintain their factory jobs after the war. Labor strikes were not permitted by the government throughout the war. The National War Labor Board was a cooperative venture between labor and management. The draft was instituted before the US entered the war. Most American soldiers were poorly trained. US soldiers served a one year tour-of-duty before returning home. WACs were barred from contact and limited to non-combat supportive roles. The US military was integrated during World War II. 1. What were the three advantages the US had over its enemies (and even its allies) listed on page 757? 2. Who was Rosie the Riveter? 58 Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 760—766 US Homefront During World War II Most Americans cooperated with rationing and other sacrifices at home to win the war. The marriage rate and birthrate soared during the war. One effect of the mobilization of women to factories was the development of “latchkey” kids. The war spurred public health campaigns. During World War II, German-Americans were resettled in internment camps. Executive Order #9066 authorized the suspension of Japanese civil rights. The Japanese community did not challenge their internment. A. Phillip Randolph and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters threatened to march on Washington if blacks were not treated equally in manufacturing plants. World War II did not produce any major civil rights legislation. One effect of the “Second Great Migration” was the first race riot. The targets in the Zoot Suit Riots were African-Americans. American prosperity actually increased during the war, so despite hardships, most people had more leisure time and money to spend. During the war, Hollywood shut down production. 1. How and why did fashion change as a result of the war? 2. Why do you think World War II was called the “Good War”? 59 Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 774-782 US Front Lines By 1942, the Axis momentum was slowing down. The Soviet Union first called for Allied Powers to invade Germany from the West. America’s first military involvement in the European theater was as part of an existing British campaign in North Africa. Roosevelt and Churchill were willing to negotiate surrender with Italy and Germany in the early stages of the war. Throughout the war, the Allies primarily bombed military, not civilian, targets. The Allies first invaded Europe at France. After D-Day, the Americans were involved in no major military battles in the European theater. The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle American troops have ever been engaged in. There were 1,000,000 Allied casualties on the Western front of the European theater, far more than those suffered on the Eastern Front. The Battle of Midway was the turning point battle of the Pacific Theater. US forces were never able to effectively blockade Japan, which led to a prolonged war. In general, battles in the Pacific tended to be more deadly than in Europe. Before Allied troops liberated the camps, America did not know of the Holocaust. Although the Atlantic Charter had promised lofty goals for the Allies, by the end of the war, only America had the resources to provide for security and peace. At Yalta Conference, the Big Three divided Europe into “spheres of influence,” giving Stalin control over Western Europe. As the war neared its end, the US adopted a more aggressive policy towards the Soviet Union. Truman elected to use the atomic bomb to avoid a drawn out last stage of the war with Germany. Although some opposed the use of the bomb, most Americans were glad to finally end the war. Some speculate that the bomb was used as a warning to the Soviet Union. The US emerged from the war as the strongest economic power and the leader of global politics. 1. What was the US strategy in the Pacific called, and what did it entail? 2. Who were the “Big Three” and why were relations among them tense? 60 Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 791-795 & 800-801 Post-War Cold War In general, Truman was more patient with the Soviets than FDR had been. After World War II, the US returned to its isolationist views of the 1920s and 1930s, refraining from involvement in international affairs. The Truman Doctrine proposed “containment” of communism and the commitment of US troops and money to keep it from spreading. The Marshall Plan was intended to stabilize Europe so that communism could not take hold. The Berlin Crisis occurred when Truman forbid any Soviets to enter Alliedoccupied West Berlin. In response to the Berlin Airlift, the Soviet Union became more openly aggressive to the United States. In response to the Berlin Airlift, the US led the formation of NATO, which was a mutual defense pact among Europeans and the US. Congressmen Taft warned that a stronger foreign policy would undercut domestic priorities. The Warsaw Pact was a mutual-defense agreement among communist nations. Post-war America feared an outside communist threat, not an internal communist threat. National defense spending returned to pre-war levels following the war. The CIA was formed to monitor internal threats to American security. Although not favored, the State Department did allow members of the Communist Party as employees. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 barred “subversives” and homosexuals from attaining US citizenship. 1. What was NSC-68? 2. What new branch of the military was formed during Truman’s presidency? 3. In what ways were the years following World War II similar to post-WWI America? 61 Statement PostReading Pre-Reading Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 820-825; 826-833 American Culture in the 1950s In general, Eisenhower favored reducing the government from the size it had attained under Roosevelt. Eisenhower believed in strong regulation of business and strict separation of business and the government. The Cold War put pressure on American schools to invest in math and science education. Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique described the joys of suburban housewifery. Teenagers, as a social group, were a uniquely American phenomenon. Americans were slow to embrace the new technology of television. Most American pop music grew out of trends in the African-American community. Juvenile delinquency was more common than most Americans believed. The most widely imitated American icons were Berry, Presley, and Dean. Television programming shifted from white suburban characters to more ethnic urban characters during the 1950s. Television had great effect on national culture but little effect on national politics. Beat writers Kerouac and Ginsberg praised the new mass culture. Beat writers believed in careful editing of their work. Ginsberg’s “Howl” was classified as pornography and therefore was censored from American schools and libraries. 1. What New Deal programs did Eisenhower keep in tact, and what New Deal-esque programs did he install? 2. In what ways did FHA policies and the Federal Highway Act of 1956 lead the decline of the inner city? 3. Name three changes in the mass media during the 1950s. 4. What did Kerouac mean when he described his generation of dissenters as the “beats”? 62 Statement PostReading Pre-Reading Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 833-835; p. 838-846 American Foreign Policy: Eisenhower & Kennedy Eisenhower managed to avoid out-and-out conflict with the Soviet Union. Eisenhower, as a former general, preferred a more traditional style of military and was hesitant to embrace new technology. Eisenhower significantly boosted defense spending. John Foster Dulles changed American foreign policy from containment to the “rollback” of Communist-controlled nations. In general, Khruschev was more hostile towards America than Stalin had been. In the U-2 incident, Americans shot down a Soviet spy plane over our military bases. Americans produced the first satellite in outer space. Kennedy was the first Catholic ever elected president. Kennedy’s New Frontier focused mostly on foreign policy changes. Kennedy created NASA. Kennedy turned over most of the advisory power of the Cabinet to his independently appointed advisers who were not subject to Congressional scrutiny. The Alliance for Progress was intended to spur economic development in Asia. The CIA attempted an invasion of Cuba to overthrow Soviet ally Castro. The Cuban Missile Crisis began when American spy planes photographed Soviet missiles installed in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis resulted in the only Soviet missile to ever be launched at the United States. The 1950s and 1960s changed how youth is regarded in the US. 1. Identify key elements of Eisenhower’s “New Look” foreign policy. 2. What did Eisenhower mean by “military industrial complex”? (You may need to refer to AMSCO.) Is it a fair description of America at the time? Now? 3. Identify four New Frontier initiatives that were successful. 4. What was the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty? 63 1. Reading Guide: Out of Many, Chapter 28, p. 851-876 The Civil Rights Movement, 1945-1966 Black voters did not switch allegiance to the Democratic Party until after World War II. Democrats were unified on the civil rights plank of their party platform. Bebop jazz music was created in part by a group of black musicians who desired to create music that would be unappealing to whites. One reason that Brown vs. Board of Education was a turning point was because “evidence” often involved psychological, not only legal, evidence. The Warren Court found segregation unconstitutional according to the Fifteenth Amendment. In the Southern Manifesto, Southern blacks protested the slowness of desegregation. The executive branch did little to support integration. MLK was the first leader to successfully use nonviolent civil disobedience to effect change. The Sit-in movement, though it was heavily covered in the media, never became a mass movement in the South. Compared with earlier protests, the Freedom Riders endured much more violence. The violence in Birmingham was a turning point in the Civil Rights cause. The March on Washington was organized in response to Kennedy’s announcement of support for a Civil Rights Bill and the respondent assassination of Medgar Evers. White volunteers were an unwelcome part of the Freedom Summer campaign to register black voters. Militant black activism and nationalism arose mainly in the North. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 failed to outlaw literacy tests and did not increase black voter registration significantly. Operation Wetback was intended to document and register Mexicans in the US. Termination laws passed during the 1950s cancelled Indian treaties and cut the sovereignty rights of American Indian tribes. US vs. Wheeler reasserted the right of American Indians to remain sovereign and independent from mainstream American laws and culture. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 reversed the Immigration Quota Laws of the 1920s, and opened the US up to a huge wave of Asian immigrants. What was the SNCC, who were its leaders, and what was its mission? 2. Why did Kennedy fail to support civil rights legislation after nearly 70% of blacks voted for him? 3. What are the six parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (p. 865)? 4. What was the significance of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965? 64 Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 881-888, 892-895, 904-905 American Involvement in the Vietnam War American involvement in Vietnam started under the premise of the domino theory. Johnson and his advisors wanted to increase US involvement in Vietnam and waited for the report of North Vietnamese attacks on American patrol boats to do it. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution authorized the president to use the army without further approval from Congress. Johnson was known for his escalation of the war, which essentially means he limited American involvement to American military advisors. American bombing strategies in Vietnam were very successful. Agent Orange was used to defoliate the jungle and provide greater visibility. The credibility gap refers to the difference between what LBJ told the American people and the reality of the war on the ground. The Baby Boom generation was the first to have widespread enrollment in colleges. Hippies, though widely covered in the press, did not represent how the majority of Americans felt about Vietnam. The majority of Vietnam soldiers were under 20, poor, and a minority. King’s assassination mobilized and militarized many in the black community. RFK was shot while running in the 1968 presidential primary. Riots between police and protesters broke out at the 1968 Republican Convention. Kissinger favored immediate withdrawal from Vietnam. Nixon openly invaded Cambodia and was highly criticized for the move. America did not reduce troop numbers until 1973. In 1975, Americans withdrew from Saigon and the war was over. South Vietnam managed to remain independent from Communist North Vietnam, due to American involvement in the war. Lt. Calley was not convicted of war crimes at My Lai, which further angered war protesters. 1. How did the role of the media differ from earlier (or later) wars, and what effect did this difference have on American support for the war? 2. To what extent did American soldiers protest the war themselves? 3. Why was the Tet Offensive a turning point in the war? 4. What happened at My Lai? 65 Reading Guide: Out of Many, p. 888-892, 903-910, 924-931 The Great Society to Watergate Harrington’s The Other America was similar to the muckraker Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives. LBJ’s antipoverty program was called The Great Society. Most community leaders welcomed the participation of Community Action Program activists. Head Start, Upward Bound, and community health centers originated with CAPs during the Great Society period. African-Americans lost high-paying manufacturing jobs and were increasingly concentrated in low-paying service jobs in the late 1960s. As during the 1920s and 1940s, 1960s race riots were started by white mobs attacking blacks in their neighborhoods. The Kerner Commission blamed black community activists for race riots. Nixon’s campaign in 1968 was aimed at the “Silent Majority” of Americans who followed the law and supported the war. Nixon’s strategy to win the South included promises to appoint conservatives who would halt the progress of civil rights. Kissinger favored immediate withdrawal from Vietnam. Nixon openly invaded Cambodia and was highly criticized for the move. America did not reduce troop numbers until 1973. Nixon opened relations with China to cultivate an alliance against the Soviet Union. Nixon opposed the expansion of welfare and protection for the environment. The Warren Berger court was largely more liberal the Earl Warren Court had been. Nixon allowed the CIA to monitor private citizens, attempted to halt publication of the New York Times and attempted to wiretap DNC headquarters. Nixon was impeached and forced to leave office over the Watergate scandal. More schools were integrated in 1980 than had been in 1954. By 1980, the majority of America’s urban population were minorities. There were few serious challenges to Affirmative Action during the 1970s. Throughout the 1970s, divorce rates and teenage pregnancy rates fell, allowing more women to get off welfare programs. Blacks were rarely elected to public office in the 1970s. Carson’s Silent Spring led to the environmentalist movement and the founding of the EPA. One overall trend of the 1970s was the decline of urban centers. 1. What was the OEO, and what were four of its programs? 2. What was Medicare, and when it founded? 3. What factors led to the development of an urban “underclass” during the 1970s? 66 Study Guide for Goal 14 Test This test covers the post-war era. You should be familiar with the domestic and foreign policies of each of the following presidents: Eisenhower, Kennedy, LBJ, and Nixon. Terms/Concepts: 1. Conformity 2. Suburbia 3. The GI Bill 4. The Baby Boom 5. The Beats 6. The New Look 7. The Cold War 8. Military-Industrial Complex 9. Cuban Missile Crisis 10. The New Frontier 11. The Great Society 12. Environmentalism 13. The Civil Rights Movement 14. The Vietnam War Be able to identify the causes and effects of these major terms, as well as important people and laws associated with them. Additionally, be able to answer questions such as: 1) What demographic changes occurred during this time period (diversity of population, wealth of population, and distribution of population)? 2) What problems arose in American cities? 3) How did American Cold War policies change during this period? 4) How did the way Americans viewed the government change during this period? 5) What gains were made for African-Americans, women, and other minorities during this period? What setbacks did these groups face? 6) How did the Vietnam War affect America domestically and abroad? There will also be 10 multiple choice questions from Goal 13 (World War II and the Beginnings of the Cold War), so brush up on the causes and effects of WWII at home and abroad. 67 PostReading Pre-Reading Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 916-922 & 931-942 Economic and Political Changes of the 1970s Statement Americans remained optimistic about their economic future in the 1970s. OPEC announced an embargo to the US due to our alliance with Israel. American industries such as automobiles and electronics failed to compete with cheaper and faster production methods in Japan and Europe. Service unions replaced the power of industrial labor in the 1970s. Following WWII, the nation experienced a demographic and economic shift away from the Northeast and Midwest and to warmer “Sunbelt” states. The economic growth of the Sunbelt was slow but steady. NC Senator was a vocal opponent of the New Right. The New Right supported the ERA but opposed abortion. The “Me Decade” mentality was marked by an obsession with personal physical and emotional well-being. Bruce Springsteen’s music described the loss of working-class America. Due to conservative management, the federal debt was lowered in the 1970s. SALT I and SALT II were an effort to reduce tensions between the US and USSR. Despite his talk of “moral” foreign policy, Carter continued to support antidemocratic regimes in China and parts of Latin America. The US condemned the Camp David Accords as too harsh to Arab nations. Carter’s speech about the “crisis of confidence” inspired Americans to change their attitudes. The US supported the extreme rightist Salvadorans rather than the communist Sandinistas, despite their human rights violations. The Carter Doctrine allowed the US to protect its interests in East Asia. After the US allowed the deposed Shah into the country, Iranian fundamentalists took hostages at the American embassy for a short period. 1. What were the causes of the oil crisis of the 1970s? 2. What were the tenets of the conservative “New Right” formed in the 1970s? 3. Why did Jimmy Carter lose the 1980 election? 68 PostReading Pre-Reading Reading Guide, Out of Many, 948-958 The Regan Revolution Statement As spokesperson for GE, Regan criticized big government and praised corporate America. Regan never held public office before he was elected president in 1980. Supply-side economics, or “Reganomics,” involves making tax cuts and increasing government spending to stimulate growth. Regan was surprisingly friendly to organized labor. As a part of his generally low government spending, Regan cut funding for the military. Star Wars, or the Strategic Defense Initiative, involved placing nuclear missiles in space. The economic recovery of 1983 was experienced by most sectors of society. One lasting impact of Reganomics was the reduction of the federal budget. Regan siphoned off votes from the traditional Democratic base of blue-collar workers and women in 1984 election. Regan continued Nixon’s policy of achieving détente with the USSR. Regan funded a plan to create a laser shield against threats from outer space. In response to the Vietnam War, Regan adopted a non-interventionist foreign policy. Regan funded “Contras” to help fight communist-backed Sandinistas. Regan ignored Congress’s law that forbid America to support military or paramilitary groups in other countries. Gorbachev, a reform-minded communist, came to power in 1985. Gorbachev wanted to reduce military spending in the USSR. The Iran-Contra scandal was essentially caused when the US sold weapons to Iran in exchange for hostages. Regan and his followers used money from the sale of weapons to Iran in order to fund the brutal Contras in Nicaragua. Like Nixon, Regan refused to answer questions about Iran-Contra. 1. What laws and acts passed under Regan favored the rich, and how? 2. What do the authors mean when they say there was a “deregulatory fever” in Washington during the 1980s? Provide specific examples. 69 Reading Guide, Out of Many, p. 964-981 The 1990s By the end of the 1980s, most Americans identified homelessness as the nation’s biggest problem. AIDS primarily affected the gay community first. The Reagan Administration was active in educating and researching AIDS. Homelessness reached epic proportions as the federal government cut spending to treat the mentally ill and veterans. Despite efforts to balance the budget, the national deficit continued to soar in the 1980s. In the 1980s, the nation’s attention was drawn to the widening gap between rich and poor, and the shrinking middle class. Poverty was on the decline the 1980s. Bush defeated Dukakis by showing Dukakis’s weak foreign policy ideas. Proposition 187 proposed drastically expanding services to illegal immigrants. The Soviet Union dissolved as its satellite countries held elections and ousted communists. Gorbachev had attempted minor reforms and freedom, but instead oversaw the collapse of the USSR. The US, in the interest of protecting oil and Kuwait’s human rights, went to war against Iraq in 1991. Operation Desert Storm was a drawn-out, costly war. The Rodney King race riots in LA demonstrated the race relations had not significantly improved since the 1960s. Bill Clinton won the election of 1992 on centrist economic issues such as balancing the budget, job creation, and welfare reform. Clinton’s health care initiative was a success. NAFTA allowed for a freer flow of goods from Latin America to the US, but it undercut American manufacturing jobs. Politics in the 1980s and 1990s proved that to be successful, did not necessarily have to very savvy with the media. 1. How did crack affect American society in the 1980s? 2. What was happening on Wall Street in the late 1980s? What was the “New Immigration” of the 1990s? 4. What was Newt Gingrich’s “Contract with America”? 70
