Download List of theoretical questions for the EXAM for the students of medical

List of theoretical questions for the EXAM for the students
of medical faculty
GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY. IMMUNITY
1. Principles of classification and systematic of microorganisms. The basic taxonomical category. Morphology of
bacteria. The basic morphological groups.
2. Structure of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3. Morphology of fungi and actinomycetes, spirochetes, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia.
5. Concept about tinctorial properties of bacteria. Simple and complex methods of stain. Methods of differential staining
of microorganisms by Gram, Ziehl-Neelsen.
6. Structure of gram - positive and gram - negative bacteria. Method of Gram’s staining.
7. Microscopic method of diagnosis of infectious diseases. Possibility and restriction of a method. Modern microscopes
8. Bacterial physiology. Growth and reproduction of a bacterial cell. Phases of development of a cell’s population.
9. Types of bacterial nutrition. Types of transport across the cytoplasmic membrane. Types of bacterial respiration.
Enzymes and pigments of bacteria.
10. Bacteriological method of investigation. Stages of isolation of pure culture of bacteria.
11. Conditions of bacterial cultivation. The demands to media. The basic types of media, its purposes.
12. Methods of cultivation and isolation of pure culture of anaerobes. Media for anaerobes.
13. Influence of environment factors on microorganisms: temperature, pressure, radiant energy.
14. Methods of sterilization. The microbiological control in sterilization. Disinfection. Basic groups of disinfectant
substances. Concept of an asepsis, antiseptics; the microbiological control.
15. Pathogenicity and virulency of microorganisms. Virulent factors of bacteria. Opportunistic microbes.
16. Bacterial toxins. Mechanisms of action on macroorganisms. Toxic substances of microbial cell. Endotoxins.
Lipopolysaccharides. mechanism of action on macroorganisms.
17. Definition of “infection”, “Infectious process” “infectious disease”. Reservoir and sources of infection.
Mechanisms, ways and factors transmission of infection.
18. Forms of infection and infectious process. Stages and periods of infectious diseases
19. Phenomenon of antagonism between microorganisms. Commensalisms. Antagonistic substances and bacteriocines.
20. Sources and methods of antibiotics production. Classification of antibiotics according its chemical structure ,
spectrum of action, mechanism of action on microbial cell, according its origin. Principles of rational antibiotic therapy.
Complication.
21. Phenomenon and mechanisms of microorganism’s resistance to antibiotics. R-plasmids. Methods of determination
of bacteria sensitivity to antibiotics.
22. Synthetic antimicrobial substances (chemopreparations). Main groups. Chemotherapeutic index.
23. Nonspecific factors of resistant to infectious diseases. Lysozyme. Complement. Interferon. Phagocytosis. Main
types of phagocytic cells. Its role in immune response. Methods of estimation. Opsonins.
24. Basis of cellular immunity. Subpopulation of lymphocytes and its functions. Lymphokines.
25. Basis of humoral immunity. Antibodies. Immunoglobulins. Structure of molecules of immunoglobulins. Properties
and functions of main classes.Concept about idiotype and epitope.
26. Antigens. Chemical structure, properties, antigens and haptens. Mechanisms of recognition of antigens by immune
system of organisms. Antigenic structure of bacterial cell. O, K, H and other antigens.
26. Immunity. Types of immunity. Organs of immune system. Cooperation of the cells in immune response.
27. Concept about immune reactions and its specificity. Main types of immunopathological reactions. Using of
immunobiological medications for treatment and prevention of immunopathology. Transplantation.
28. Principles and methods of serological identification of antigen and serological diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Modern diagnostics preparations: labeled serum, monoclonal antibodies.
29. Reactions of agglutinations, precipitation, lysis tests, complement fixation test, indirect hemagglutination tests.
Purposes and principles of employment. Immunoelectrophoresis. Radial immunodiffusion. Immunoblotting. Main
modifications, purposes.
30. Serological tests with labeled serum: immunofluorescence, ELISA, RIA.
31. Vaccines. Main types, principles of productions, control and application. Perspectives of production of new
vaccines. Vaccines preparations for plane vaccination.
32. Live vaccines. Methods of production. Attenuation. Concept of eubiotics. Chemical vaccine. Toxoids as vaccinal
preparations. Production and employment. Corpuscular vaccines.
33. Treatment and prevention of immune sera. Antitoxic sera. Principles of production and control. Preparations of
gamma-globulins, immunoglobulins.
34. Allergic reactions of I-IV types. Mechanisms, clinical manifestation.
35. Methods of estimation of the immune status of human body. Immunodeficiency. Tests for quantitative
characteristics of immunocompetentive cells and for detection its functional activity.
36. Basis of transplantation immunology. Determination of markers of major histocompatability complex (MHC-basis
of transplantation).
37. Immunomodulators, immunostimulators, immunosupressors.
VIROLOGY.
1. Peculiarities of biology of viruses.
2. Characteristics of autonomic genetic structure (viroid, transposon, plasmid.) Viruses of bacteria- Bacteriophages.
3. Structure of virions. Simple and complex viruses.
4. Main types of interaction of virus and host cell.
5. Characteristics of the methods of viral cultivation. Detection of viruses.
6. Tissue and cells cultures in virology. Media for cell culture. Detection of viruses in the cell culture.
7. Detection of viruses in the cells: cytopathic effect. Viral inclusions.
8. Serological reactions in virology, its importance in diagnosis of viral infections. Hemagglutination inhibition,
hemadsorbtion inhibition, neutralization tests.
9. Immunofluorescent test, ELISA, RIA, Western-blot, PCR in virology.
10. Methods of laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases. Stages of isolation and identification of virus from investigative
material.
11. Serological methods of investigation of pair sera of viral diseases and its interpretations.
12. Problems of chemotherapy of viral infections, antiviral drugs.
13. Specific prevention of viral infections. Main viral vaccines, antiviral globulins.
14. Classification of viruses. Main families of DNA- and RNA-genome viruses.
15. Picornaviruses, main genes of this family, molecular biology. Polio virus of human, pathogenesis, immunity,
epidemiology, treatment, prevention of disease and it laboratory diagnosis. Viruses of ECHO, Coxsackie, Cardioviruses
and Rhinoviruses.
16. Orthomyxoviruses. Influenza viruses. Structure of virion, molecular biology. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of
disease. Laboratory, serological and express diagnosis of influenza. Specific prevention and treatment of influenza.
17. General characteristics of Paramyxoviruses. Viruses of parainfluenza and mumps. Virus of measles and RSV.
Pathogenesis, peculiarities of laboratory diagnosis, specific prevention.
18. Family of Flaviviruses. Viruses of tick-borne encephalitis. Epidemiology and pathogenesis. Laboratory, serologic
diagnosis, treatment and specific prevention.
19. Family of Bunyaviruses. Peculiarities of epidemiology, characteristic of most important representatives. Viruses of
haemorrhagic fevers.
20. General characteristics of Arenaviruses and Filoviruses. Viruses of Lassa fever, Ebola’s, Marburg’s.
21. Rotaviruses: morphology, transmission, pathogenesis of disease. Diagnosis and treatment.
22. Role of viruses in aetiology of acute respiratory infections. Reoviruses. Coronaviruses. Principles of laboratory
diagnosis.
23. Rabies virus. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of rabies. Laboratory diagnosis, specific prevention.
24. Family of retroviruses. Human immunodeficiency virus. Structure of virion, epidemiology and pathogenesis.
Laboratory diagnosis of AIDS. Perspective of specific treatment and prevention of disease.
25.Viruses of hepatitis. Parenteral of Hepatitis B,C,D,G. Hepatitis A, E. Epidemiology and pathogenesis, laboratory
diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
26. Oncogenic viruses. Viral oncogenesis.
27. General characteristic of poxviruses. Structure, replication. Smallpox virus.
28. Herpes viruses, biology, classification, its antigenic structure, laboratory diagnosis, chemio-, immuno- and
interferon therapy of herpes infections.
29. General characteristics of adenoviruses pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis.
30. Causative agents of viral intestinal infections. Calicivirus, Astrovirus: general characteristics, diagnosis, treatment
and prophylaxis.
31. Parvoviruses, Pappiloma virus, Polyoma virus. General characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis.
32. Causative agents of slow viral infections.
SPECIAL MICROBIOLOGY
1. Staphylococci. Classification, properties, diseases caused and their pathogenesis. Bacteriological
diagnosis. Preparations for specific treatment and prophylaxis.
2. Streptococci. Classification, properties, diseases caused and their pathogenesis. Bacteriological
diagnosis.
3. Streptococcus pneumonia. Bacteriogical diagnosis. Preparations for specific treatment and
prophylaxis. Conditional pathogenic streptococci.
4. Streptococci in development of rheumatoid fever, glomerulo-nephritis, septic endocarditis.
Serologic tests in rheumatic fever diagnosis.
5. Pyogeneous (purulent) cocci - causative agents of the septic processes. Microbiological diagnosis
of sepsis.
6. Neisseria. Meningococci, properties, classification, disease pathogenesis. Microbiological
diagnosis of purulent meningitidis.
7. Neisseria. Gonococci, properties, epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease, microbiological
diagnosis, preparations for specific treatment.
8. Enterobacteria: general characteristic. Escherichia: pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic
E.coli. Bacteriological diagnosis of escherichiosis. Preparations for the specific treatment.
9. E.coli as a representative of normal enteric flora. Disbacteriosis phenomenon. Diagnosis of
disbacteriosis, bacterial preparations for treatment.
10. Salmonella. Causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Epidemiology and pathogenesis
of the disease. Microbiological diagnosis. Specific treatment and prophylaxis.
11. Salmonella - causative agents of gastroenteritis. Classification by antigenic structure.
Bacteriological diagnosis.
12. Shigella. Classification, properties, epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease.
Bacteriological diagnosis. Preparations for specific treatment and prophylaxis.
13. Bacteriological diagnosis of enteric infections. Collection and transportation of specimens,
enrichment media, differentiation media. Criteria for identification of enterobacteria. Conditionally
pathogenic enterobacteria. Culture and biochemical signs used for identification of enterobacteria.
14. Yersinia. Classification, properties, epidemiology and bacteriological diagnosis.
15. Klebsiella. Classification, pathogenic properties. Causative agents of nosocomial diseases.
Bacteriological diagnosis.
16. Pathogenic vibrios. Causative agent of cholera. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease.
Bacteriological diagnosis. Differentiation of cholera and cholera-like vibrios. Preparations for
specific treatment and prophylaxis.
17. Causative agent of plague. Taxonomy. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease.
Bacteriological diagnosis. Rapid diagnosis. Preparations for specific treatment and prophylaxis.
18. Brucella. Classification. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease. Bacteriological
diagnosis. Preparations for specific treatment and prophylaxis.
19. Causative agent of tularemia. Culture - basal properties. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of it
disease. Bacteriological diagnosis. Preparations for specific treatment and prophylaxis.
20. Causative agent of anthrax. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, bacteriological diagnosis, treatment
and prophylaxis of the disease.
21. Clostridia. Properties, conditions for cultivation. Toxins of clostridia, their action. Drugs for
specific treatment and prevention of anaerobic infection. Causative agent of tetanus. Epidemiology
and pathogenesis of the disease. Preparations for specific treatment and prophylaxis.
22. Causative agent of gas gangrene. Pathogenesis of the disease. Toxins, their action.
Bacteriological diagnosis. Preparations for specific treatment and prophylaxis.
23. Gram negative non fermenting microorganisms, morphology, cultural properties, their role in
etiology of opportunistic diseases.
24. Corynebacteria. Causative agent of diphtheria. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, disease.
Bacteriological diagnosis. Preparations for speciific treatment and prophylaxis.
25. Pathogenic mycobacteria, properties, cultivation, bacteriological diagnosis. Causative agent of
leprae: morphology, pathogenesis, diagnosis. Specific treatment and prophylaxis.
26. Causative agent of tuberculosis. Pathogenesis. Bacteriological diagnosis. Drugs for treatment
and prevention.
27. Actinomycetes. Morphology, cultivation. Pathogenic species. Bacteriological diagnosis of
actinomycosis. Drugs for treatment.
28. Dermatomycetes. Main pathogenic species. Morphology and culture peculiarities.
Microbiological diagnosis of dermatomycoses. Preparations for treatment.
29. Causative agents of systemic mycoses. Main pathogenic species. Microbiological diagnosis of
systemic mycoses. Candidasis: morphology, culture, pathogenic species. Microbiological diagnosis.
Drugs for treatment.
30. Causative agents of malaria. Classification, life cycle. Morphology of main forms of the
causative agent. Antimalaria drugs.
31. Flagellates - causative agents of human diseases (giardia, trichomonas, toxoplasma, leishmania).
Morphology, cultivation, diagnosis. Antiparasitic agents.
32. Treponema. Causative agent of syphilis, disease pathogenesis. Diagnosis of syphilis. Serological
reactions. Specific treatment of syphilis.
33. Borrelia. Morphological characteristics. Pathogenic species, diseases. Relapsing fevers caused
by spirochetes, epidemiology, diagnosis.
34. Leptospira. Morphology, culture peculiarities. Epidemiology of the disease. Bacteriological
diagnosis. Specific treatment.
35. Pathogenic bacteria of Pseudomonas family. Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a conditionally
pathogenic microorganism.
36. Chlamydia. Morphology properties. Pathogenic species. Microbiological diagnosis of
ornithosis, trachoma, urogenital infections. Treatment.
37. Mycoplasma. Morphology, culture. Pathogenic species. Microbiological diagnosis of the
diseases.
38. Protozoa - causative agents of amebiasis, trypanosomosis, balantidiasis. Geographical
distribution of the diseases. Diagnostic techniques. Antiprotozoa treatment.
39. Microorganisms - causative agents of non-clostridial anaerobic infection; culture peculiarities;
microbiological diagnosis of the diseases..
40. Botulism: causative agent, properties, characteristics of the toxin; laboratory diagnosis;
preparations for specific treatment.
41. Bordetella. Classification. Properties of the causative agent, pathogenesis of pertussis.
Laboratory diagnosis. Drugs for specific treatment and prevention.
42. Causative agent of typhus fever. Properties. Pathogenesis of the disease. Immunity. Brill's
disease. Laboratory diagnosis. Preparations for specific prophylaxis and treatment.
43. Causative agent of the Q-fever, properties. Pathogenesis. Laboratory diagnosis. Preparations for
specific prophylaxis and treatment.
44. Campylobacter and Helicobacter spp. –causative agents of diseases of gastrointestinal tract.
Morphology, cultivation, pathogenesis. Prevention and treatment.
45. Clinical microbiology. Nosocomial infections. Problems of diagnosis and treatment.
Bacteriological diagnosis of blood, urine, feces, CSF.
46. Ecology of microorganisms. Types of ecological communications of microorganisms.
47. Microbiological control of the environment. Bacteriological investigation of water, air, soil.
Sanitary indicative microorganisms of water, soil, air.
48. Food stuffs microflora. Techniques of detection., bacteriological assessment.
49. Sanitary virology. Subject, tasks, meaning.
50. Role of the water, soil, air in transmission of the viral infections.