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A Bibliography of the Procellariiformes
or Petrels
John Warham
Department of Biology,
University of Canterbury
P.B. 4800
Christchurch
New Zealand
LIST OF KEYWORDS
1. Systematic Index
SYSTEMATICS (Specific, generic, familiar and ordinal diagnoses, classification
systems and keys
NOMENCLATURE
(including Synonymies)
NEW HIGHER TAXA
locations)
NEW SPECIES
(Genera, Sub-family & Family, incl. type descriptions and
(including type description and location)
NEW SUBSPECIES
(including type description and location)
PROCELLARIIFORMES
DIOMEDEIDAE
(about the order as a whole)
(about the family as a whole)
DIOMEDEA (about the genus in general)
D.exulans (+gibsoni, antipodensis, dabbenana, amsterdamensis and
chionoptera)
D.epomophora
D.irrorata
D.albatrus
D.nigripes
D.immutabilis
D.melanophrys
D.cauta (+salvini, eremita, steadi)
D.chrysostoma
D.chlororhynchos (+carteri)
D.bulleri
PHOEBETRIA (in general)
P.fusca
P.palpebrata
PROCELLARIIDAE
(about the family in general)
MACRONECTES (in general)
M.giganteus
M.halli
FULMARUS (in general)
F.glacialoides
F.glacialis
THALASSOICA (not indexed separately from T.antarctica)
T.antarctica
DAPTION (not indexed separately)
D.capense
PAGODROMA (not indexed separately)
P.nivea
PTERODROMA (in general)
P.macroptera
P.lessonii
P.incerta
P.solandri
P.magentae
P.rostrata
P.macgillivrayi
P.neglecta
P.arminjoniana
P.alba
P.ultima
P.brevirostris (=Lugensa brevirostris)
P.mollis (incl. feae and madeira)
P.inexpectata
P.cahow
P.hasitata (incl. caribbea)
P.externa
P.baraui
P.aterrima
P.phaeopygia
P.hypoleuca
P.nigripennis
P.axillaris
P.cookii
P.defilippiana
P.longirostris
P.pycrofti
P.leucoptera
HALOBAENA (not indexed separately)
H.caerulea
PACHYPTILA (in general)
P.vittata
P.salvini
P.desolata
P.belcheri
P.turtur
P.crassirostris
BULWERIA (in general)
B.bulwerii
B.fallax
PROCELLARIA (in general)
P.aequinoctialis
P.westlandica
P.parkinsoni
P.cinerea
CALONECTRIS (in general)
C.diomedea
C.leucomelas
PUFFINUS (in general)
P.pacificus
P.bulleri
P.carneipes
P.creatopus
P.gravis
P.griseus
P.tenuirostris
P.nativitatis
P.puffinus (incl. mauretanicus)
P.auricularis (incl. newelli)
P.opisthomelas
P.gavia
P.huttoni
P.lherminieri (incl. heinrothi)
P.assimilis
P.yelkouan
HYDROBATIDAE
(about family as a whole)
OCEANITES (in general)
O.oceanicus
O.gracilis
GARRODIA (not indexed separately)
G.nereis
PELAGODROMA (not indexed separately)
P.marina
FREGETTA (in general)
F.tropica
F.grallaria
NESOFREGETTA (not indexed separately)
N.fuliginosa (= albigularis)
HYDROBATES (not indexed separately)
H.pelagicus
HALOCYPTENA (not indexed separately)
H.microsoma
OCEANODROMA (in general)
O.tethys
O.castro
O.monorhis
O.leucorhoa
O.macrodactyla
O.markhami
O.tristrami
O.melania
O.matsudairae
O.homochroa
O.hornbyi
O.furcata
PELECANOIDIDAE (about the family as a whole)
PELECANOIDES (in general)
P.garnotii
P.magellani
P.georgicus
P.urinatrix
(with monotypic genera diagnoses of generic characters are indexed under the
species. Birds identified only down to genus are listed as
sp.)
FOSSIL SPECIES
This following lists species that have been cited as procellariiform, but
some may not belong here, others may have been named twice and, some,at least
in their skeletons, may appear to be identical with present-day forms.
FAM. TYTTHOSTONYCHIDAE
Genus Tytthostonyx Olson & Parris, 1987
T.glauconiticus Olson & Parris, 1987.
[Cretaceous, New Jersey.]
FAM. DIOMEDEIDAE
Genus Manu Marples 1946. [Middle Oligocene, South I., New Zealand.]
M.antiquus Marples 1946. [Middle Oligocene, South I., New Zealand.]
Genus Diomedea Linnaeus, 1758.
D.californica L.Miller, 1962. [Middle Miocene, California.]
D.anglica Lydekker, 1891. [Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene, Florida &
England.]
D.thyridata Wilkinson, 1969. [Upper Miocene, Victoria, Australia.]
D.milleri Howard, 1966. [Middle Miocene, California.]
D.howardae Chandler, 1990. [Late Pliocene, California.]
Diomedea sp. Ono (1980) Pliocene, Japan.
Genus Plotornis Milne-Edwards, 1874.
P.delfortrii Milne-Edwards, 1874. [Middle Miocene, France.]
P.arvernensis (Milne-Edwards, 1867-71). [Middle Miocene, France.]
FAM. DIOMEDEOIDIDAE
Genus Diomedeoides Fischer, 1985.
D.minimus Fischer, 1985. [Middle Oligocene, Germany.]
Genus Murunkus Panteleyev & Nessov, 1993.
M.subitus Panteleyev & Nessov, 1993 [Eocene, Central Asia]
FAM. PROCELLARIIDAE
Genus Fulmarus Stephens, 1826
F.miocaenus Howard, 1984. [Middle Miocene, California.]
F.hammeri Howard, 1968. [Upper Miocene, California.]
Genus Argyrodyptes Ameghino, 1905
A.microtarsus Ameghino, 1905. [Lower Miocene, Seymour I.]
Genus Hydrotherikornis Miller, 1931
H.oregonus Miller, 1931. [Upper Eocene, Oregon.]
Genus Pterodroma Bonaparte, 1856
P. kurodai Harrison & Walker, 1978. [Pleistocene, Aldabra Atoll.]
P.jugabilis Olson & James, 1991. [Recent, Hawaii.]
Genus Pseudobulweria Mathews, 1936
P.rupinarum (Olson, 1975). [Pleistocene-Recent, St. Helena.]
Genus Pachyptila Illiger, 1811
P.salax Olson, 1985b. [Lower Pliocene, South Africa.]
Genus Bulweria Bonaparte, 1843
B.bifax Olson, 1975. [Pleistocene, St. Helena.]
Genus Eopuffinus Nessov, 1986
E.kazachstanensis Nessov, 1986. [Upper Palaeocene, Central Asia.]
Genus Puffinus Brisson, 1760
P.raemdonckii (van Beneden, 1871). [Lower Oligocene, Belgium.]
P.micraulax Brodkorb, 1963. [Lower Miocene, South Carolina.]
P.aquitanicus (Milne-Edwards, 1874). [Middle Miocene, France.]
P.antiquus (Milne-Edwards, 1874). [Middle Miocene, France.]
P.conradi Marsh, 1870. [Middle Miocene, Maryland.]
P.inceptor Wetmore, 1930. [Middle Miocene, California.]
P.diatomicus L.Miller, 1925. [Upper Miocene, California.]
P.calhouni Howard, 1968. [Upper Miocene, California.]
P.barnesi Howard, 1978. [Upper Miocene, California.]
P.tedfordi Howard, 1971. [Lower Pliocene, Mexico.]
P.felthami Howard, 1949. [Lower Pliocene, California.]
P.kanakoffi Howard, 1949. [Upper Pliocene, California.]
P.priscus L.H.Miller, 1961. [Upper Miocene, California.]
P.mitchelli L.H.Miller, 1961. [Upper Miocene, California.]
P.holeae Walker, Wragg & Harrison, 1990. [Upper Pleistocene, Canary Is.]
P.nestori Alcover, 1989. [Upper Pleistocene, Pityusae Is.]
P.olsoni McMinn, Jaune & Alcover, 1990. [Recent, Canary Is.]
P.spelaeus Holdaway & Worthy, 1994. [Recent, South I., New Zealand.]
P.gilmorei Chandler, 1990. [Upper Pliocene, California.]
P.pacificoides Olson, 1975. [Pleistocene, St. Helena.]
Genus Frigidafons Cheneval, 1995.
F.brodkorbi Cheneval, 1995 [Oligocene, France, Lower Miocene, Germany]
Genus Neptuniavis Harrison & Walker, 1977
N.miranda Harrison & Walker, 1977. [Lower Eocene, England.]
N.minor Harrison & Walker, 1977. [Lower Eocene, England.]
FAM. MARINAVIDAE
Genus Marinavis Harrison & Walker, 1977
M.longirostis Harrison & Walker, 1977.
[Lower Eocene, England.]
FAM. HYDROBATIDAE
Genus Oceanites Keyserling & Blasius, 1840
O.zaloscarthmus Olson, 1985a. [Lower Pliocene, South Africa.]
Genus Oceanodroma Reichenbach, 1853
O.hubbsi L.H. Miller, 1951. [Upper Miocene, California.]
Genus Primodroma Harrison & Walker, 1977
P.bournei Harrison & Walker, 1977. [Lower Eocene, England.]
FAM. PELECANOIDIDAE
Genus Pelecanoides Lacepede, 1799
P.cymatotrypetes Olson, 1985a.
2.
[Lower Pliocene, South Africa.]
SUBJECT INDEX
Keywords associated with particular topics are grouped together. Where the
title of the group is starred **, this title is omitted in the text files,
except that the suffix :GENERAL is used to indicate that the topic is referred
to in the citation but that the particular aspect is not adequately represented
by any of the keywords under that heading. For example, PETRELS AND MAN:GENERAL
covers miscellaneous aspects like attacks by petrels on man, etc., whereas
FOLKLORE is short for PETRELS AND MAN:FOLKLORE.
**PETRELS AND MAN:GENERAL (e.g. attacks, tameness, timidity, etc.)
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
HUMAN USE (e.g. mutton-birding, plume hunting, etc.)
CAPTIVITY
COLLECTIONS
FOLKLORE (and vernacular names)
CONSERVATION (and management, including control of predators, conservation
acts, rescue programmes, relocation etc.
ENDANGERED SPECIES
ECONOMIC EFFECTS (of petrels e.g. on pasture, vegetation, fisheries,
aircraft hazards etc.
COMMERCIAL FISHING (on petrels including whaling and sealing)
POLLUTION (chemical, radioactive, oil, plastics, etc.)
DISTURBANCE (e.g. by banding, lights, from seals, vandalism, etc.)
EXPLOITATION (e.g. effects of land development, oil platforms, clearing,
grazing, mainly on land, c.f. human use)
**DOCUMENTATION:GENERAL (Bibliographies, etc.)
HISTORICAL ANCIENT (Published before Linneaus, 10th Ed. 1758)
HISTORICAL RECENT (Post 1758)
CHECKLISTS
COMPREHENSIVE WORKS (on petrels)
MAJOR WORKS (incl. petrels)
FAUNAL WORKS (giving detailed data on petrels)
LOCAL FAUNAS (listing distributional data, status, etc. on petrels)
BIOGRAPHIES (and obituaries) of workers on petrels
REVIEWS (and comments on publications on petrels)
ILLUSTRATIONS (Paintings, drawings, photos, films and video of petrels)
SOUND RECORDINGS (Lists of)
RINGING (e.g. Banding reports and digests - NOT individual recoveries)
SPECIMENS
**TECHNIQUES:GENERAL (e.g. questionnaires)
CAPTURE (and attraction)
MARKING
AGEING
SEXING
LABORATORY (e.g. analytical etc.)
FIELD (observation and data collecting methods generally, tracking, nest
boxes, bone excavation, food collection, beach patrolling, etc.)
CENSUS (and sampling methods)
SEA COUNTS
PHOTO AND VIDEO (Recording, data collection, etc.)
AUDIO RECORDING (and analysis)
EXPERIMENTAL
DATA ANALYSIS (incl. modelling)
FLEDGELING
IMMATURE
NESTER (= Adult- used when needed to indicate adult v. immature birds)
NONBREEDER (incl. pre-breeders)
FAILED BREEDER
MORPHOLOGY (forms as a whole or of grosser parts - externals)
GENERAL
BILL
WING
IDENTIFICATION (e.g. field characters, previous descriptions; diagnostic keys)
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM (physical, behavioural, chemical, vocal incl. sex differences
in age, survival, etc.)
BIOMETRICS
GENERAL (e.g. size)
MEASUREMENTS (incl. of prey, etc.).
AGE (incl. longevity and experience, age at first breeding, effects of
Age etc. Age not necessarily of birds, could be of a colony or prey, etc.)
WEIGHTS (incl. changes with time)
ALLOMETRY
EGGS (incl. size)
ANATOMY
CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY
**INTEGUMENT:GENERAL (Rhamphotheca, egg tooth, soft parts, scales, claws, preen
gland)
PLUMAGE (detailed descriptions)
FEATHERS (incl. tracts, downs, filoplumes, structure, etc.)
MOULT
BROOD PATCH
SMELL (of skin, feathers, colonies or eggs)
SKELETON:GENERAL (e.g. bones)
SKULL (incl. palate)
WING
MUSCLES (all, incl. tendons)
NERVOUS SYSTEM:GENERAL (e.g. nerve transmission)
BRAIN
HEARING
OLFACTION (incl. nostrils and olfactory bulb)
VISION (incl. photo-reception and eye)
DRINKING
FEEDING:GENERAL
FOODS (incl. gut contents, quantity eaten, plastic and food composition)
RANGE
PREDATORY
SCAVENGING (incl. coming to bait, `chum', etc.)
BEHAVIOUR (Foraging styles/methods on land or sea but not adult-chick
feeding)
FOOD AVAILABILITY (incl. location of feeding grounds)
**DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:GENERAL (Digestion, gizzard stones etc.)
MOUTH (and tongue, anatomy of etc.)
PROVENTRICULAR OIL (Presence/absence; digestion of etc. but not analyses)
ALIMENTARY TRACT (incl. proventriculus)
LIVER
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
consumption)
(and respiration, incl.air sacs, syrinx, NOT oxygen
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
(and circulation, incl. red blood cell counts)
EXCRETORY SYSTEM:GENERAL Incl. Hg via feathers, bursa, etc.).
KIDNEY (including osmo-regulation, etc.)
SALT GLANDS
FAECES (Incl. defaecation, urine, guano production, faecal flora)
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(All hormonal matters, pituitary, etc.)
**METABOLISM:GENERAL (incl. thermal conductance)
THERMOREGULATION (INCL. torpidity, response to overheating, etc.)
BODY TEMPERATURE (c.f. Incubation:temperature)
METABOLIC RATE
WATER BALANCE (adult, egg and water loss)
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (gas exchange, adult and egg)
FASTING
FAT DEPOSITS (and Stomach Oil contents, i.e. `condition')
CALORIFIC VALUES (Energy contents, tissues, eggs, food, etc.)
**BIOCHEMISTRY:GENERAL
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (of petrels/petrel products, e.g. faeces, soils)
STOMACH OIL (Analyses)
LIPID (Including preen gland secretions, fat deposits, etc.)
BLOOD (e.g. serum analyses, chromatography)
PROTEINS
POLLUTANTS
METABOLIC PROCESSES (Carbohydrate, lipid, oxidative, steroid, enzyme,
mineral, water, including nutrient transport to soils, etc.)
BIOPHYSICS:GENERAL
FLIGHT (Mechanics of; wing loadings, etc., but not speed)
EMBRYO
**ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:GENERAL (Effects of, including vegetation, topography)
ALTITUDE
CLIMATE (Including general conditions, cloud cover, etc.)
WIND (and sea conditions resulting, e.g. tidal waves and sand storms)
CALMS (including fog)
FIRE (including vulcanism)
SNOW AND ICE
RAIN (including flooding, melt water, slips, etc.)
LIGHT (artificial, moon, sunrise/sunset, day length)
SEASON (e.g. seasonal changes year to year, month to months etc. in nos.
at sea)or in distributions, food, etc.)
TEMPERATURE [AIR] (Including burrow and microclimates)
TEMPERATURE [SEA]
SALINITY (and nutrients and turbidity)
CURRENTS (Including upwellings, fronts, convergences, turbulences, etc.)
SUBSTRATE (Effects of soil types, terrain, etc.)
WATER DEPTHS (e.g. shelf v deep sea, etc.)
LATITUDE (and longitude)
AIR PRESSURE
IMMUNOLOGY (including immunoelectrophoresis)
CYCLES:GENERAL (yearlong; seasons of "wrecks"; biennial)
CIRCADIAN (including weight changes during day, activity patterns)
ANNUAL (Whole cycle - breeding, moult, migration, etc.)
LUNAR
COLOUR:GENERAL (e.g. plumage fading, changes with age, etc.)
ALBINISM AND MELANISM (Including leucism)
PIGMENTARY PATTERNS (Including pink stain on albatrosses)
SOFT PARTS (face, bill, eyes, legs, mouth, etc.)
**LOCOMOTION:GENERAL
CLIMBING
FLIGHT (Style NOT mechanics of, but including speed)
ALIGHTING AND TAKE-OFF (Including times of arrival and departure)
SWIMMING AND DIVING
WALKING AND RUNNING (Including posture)
RAFTING AND FLOCKING
SHIP FOLLOWING
REPRODUCTION:GENERAL (e.g. costs of breeding, frequency, `sabbaticals', etc.)
GAMETES (and gametogenesis)
TESTIS (and cycle)
OVARY (and cycle, including yolk deposits/rings)
SPERM STORAGE
FERTILIZATION
BREEDING:GENERAL (including regulatory
experience)
COLONIAL (Location of colonies,
TIMING (Including time of return
HABITS (i.e. general accounts of
factors not otherwise covered like
formation of colonies, etc.)
and departure, etc.)
all stages)
NEST:GENERAL (e.g. quality)
BUILDING (Behaviour, methods, snow removal, repair, roles of sexes, etc.)
SURFACE (Site, construction, shares of sexes, etc. includes ledge nests)
BURROW (Site, construction, etc.)
CREVICE (Site, linings, including talus)
SHARING (and usurpation)
BLOCKING (e.g. with vegetation)
DENSITY (& central v. peripheral etc.)
**PRELAYING BEHAVIOUR:GENERAL (including re-occupation and protogamic
behaviour,dates etc.)
PAIR FORMATION (and pair bond, assortive mating, etc.)
NEST SITE TENACITY (from year to year, distance of moves and colony
Tenacity)
MATE TENACITY (from year to year, including divorce)
COURTSHIP
COPULATION (including E.P.C.)
EXODUS
EGG:GENERAL (including passage in oviduct)
DEVELOPMENT (Embryology, weight loss, yolk rings)
LAYING (Act of)
LAYING PERIOD (Spread of laying by date)
SURFACE (Nos. etc.)
SHAPE
SHELL
HATCHING (Act of and dates and time taken, etc.)
DESERTION
COMPOSITION (Including `quality')
INCUBATION:GENERAL (incl. incubator's weight loss)
BEHAVIOUR (Roles of sexes, nest relief, egg care, shift lengths, etc.)
PERIOD
TEMPERATURE (Including egg temperature)
INTERMITTENT (Temporary egg desertion, chilling, egg ventilation, etc.)
CHICK:GENERAL (e.g. descriptions of)
CARE (e.g. brooding, defence, guard periods)
DEVELOPMENT (Growth curves, feather changes, etc.)
BEHAVIOUR (e.g. nest maintenance, submissive etc.)
FEEDING BY PARENTS (Including shares of sexes, frequency of meals, amounts
fed etc.
CHICK:PARENT INTERACTIONS (Preening, mode of transfer of food, etc.)
DESERTION
NESTLING PERIOD
FLEDGING
(= age at first flight)
(Act of, and dates of)
SUCCESS:GENERAL (Approximate figures not tied precisely to no. eggs laid + other
factors, e.g. occupation rate, effects of age, experience and date of
laying on success)
BREEDING (% of pairs producing eggs)
FERTILITY (% of eggs that are fertile)
HATCHING (% of eggs that hatch)
FLEDGING (% of eggs producing flying young)
GENETICS:GENERAL
HYBRIDIZATION
CHROMOSOMES
DNA ANALYSES
**EVOLUTION:GENERAL (including inter-relationships with other higher taxa)
EXTINCTION (Including by man, including local extinctions)
PHYLOGENY
SIZE VARIATION (Including clines)
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION (Incl. behaviours and vocalizations)
COLOUR VARIATION
POLYMORPHISM
GENETIC VARIATION
BEHAVIOURAL VARIATION
BIOCHEMICAL VARIATION
SPECIATION (Including isolating mechanisms, sub-species, and
relationships)
SIBLING SPECIES
NATURAL SELECTION
ADAPTATIONS (morphological, behavioural)
ADAPTIVE VARIATION (spp. diversity, etc.)
CONVERGENCE
ECOLOGY:GENERAL
ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS (Modelling, food consumption, etc.)
ENERGY BUDGETS (Including individual energetics, time budgets, energy in
eggs,etc.)
COMMUNITIES (Including discussions re nos. of spp. in areas, guilds, etc.)
NICHE (Including trophic relationships)
NUMBERS (e.g. sea or cliff counts, flock densities NOT population
estimates)
BIOMASS (estimates, including biomass of food)
ABUNDANCE (no precise figures or actual counts - common, rare, etc.)
SURVIVAL RATES (actual figures) = 1/mortality rate
MORTALITY (Include "wrecks", causes of death, etc.)
COMPETITION (Intra- and Inter-specific, competitive exclusion)
PREDATION (of petrels, natural, artificial or alien)
POPULATION:GENERAL
ESTIMATES (include censuses, local or global)
STRUCTURE (life tables, sex ratios, deferred maturity, etc.)
REGULATION (and reproductive rate and including dynamics and recruitment)
CHANGES (Historical and recent)
PALAEOECOLOGY
(e.g. evolution of communities over geological time)
HABITAT:GENERAL
MARINE
BREEDING (descriptions of, etc.)
MODIFICATION (e.g. vegetation, soils, seed dispersal, etc. by petrels)
BEHAVIOUR:GENERAL (e.g. activity of non- or failed-breeders)
INSTINCTIVE (e.g. `sideways' throwing)
DISPLACEMENT ACTIVITY
LEARNING
HABITUATION
IMPRINTING
EXPLORATORY (e.g. flocks over mainland headlands, by immigrants, nest
visiting, visits to other colonies)
SOCIAL (Including hierarchical, individual distance, stimulatory)
FIGHTING (not necessarily between petrels and other birds)
THREAT AND DEFENSE (as above)
OIL SPITTING
REGURGITATION (e.g. of stomach contents when handled, not in chick care)
TERRITORIAL (and advertising, mate guarding)
PHILOPATRIC (Including translocation experiments)
SPECIES RECOGNITION
INDIVIDUAL RECOGNITION (partners, chick-parent, sex recognition, etc.)
COMFORT (bathing, sunning, cooling, self-preening)
OCEANIC (e.g. social and displaying at sea but NOT feeding)
NOCTURNAL (Include crepuscular, night feeding, etc.)
DIURNAL (e.g. nest visiting by day)
SLEEP (and roosting)
SPATIAL ORIENTATION (Include echo-location, nest finding, landing in
relation to nest)
NAVIGATION AND HOMING
MIGRATORY (Including circulatory patterns)
SEDENTARY (Including out-of-season visits)
DISPERSAL (e.g. downwind, immigration, shifts to new islands or colonies)
RECOVERIES MARKED BIRDS (Individual examples, NOT banding reports)
BETWEEN SPECIES (NOT competitive as in Ecology, competition, nor
necessarily with other petrels)
ANOMALOUS (e.g. 2 egg clutches, vagrants way out of place, etc.)
DISPLAY:GENERAL
SEXUAL (Including mutual preening, including vocalizations)
REPERTOIRE (Include breakdown of types, functions, etc.)
AERIAL (Including collisions and calling)
**COMMUNICATION:GENERAL
(visual signals, carrying powers)
INTRASPECIFIC
INTERSPECIFIC
SOUND PRODUCTION (Mechanisms)
VOCALIZATIONS (Descriptions, analyses, ontogeny, chorus timing, etc.)
PLAYBACK (responses to recordings, imitations, etc.)
ASSOCIATIONS
other birds)
(Mutualism etc.; plant/petrel associations; with seals and whales;
**PARASITES:GENERAL (Include vertebrate and invertebrate)
PROTOZOAN
DIGENEAN
CESTODE
NEMATODE (and Anthocephalan)
HIRUNDINE
ARACHNID
CRUSTACEAN
PHTHIRAPTERAN
SIPHONAPTERAN
DIPTERAN
INTERACTIONS WITH HOSTS (e.g. niche occupied)
HOST-PARASITE PHYLOGENY (co-distributions, etc.)
HOST SPECIFICITY
NEST AND BURROW (and inquilines)
DISEASES:GENERAL (e.g. treatment, `red tides')
ORNITHOSIS (Puffinosis)
VIRAL
BACTERIAL
FUNGAL
PROTOZOAN
OTHER
INJURIES
ACCIDENTS (and `acts of god', tidal waves, `wrecks' of live birds, collisions,
etc.)
**ZOOGEOGRAPHY:GENERAL (e.g. tropical v. polar, etc.)
STATUS (i.e. locally and distribution on land, etc.)
DISTRIBUTION AT SEA
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION (All, at sea and on land, faunal provinces)
SYMPATRY
ALLOPATRY
DISPERSAL BARRIERS
VAGRANTS
3.
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
A.
THE SEAS
1.
ARCTIC OCEAN (from 75øN)
2.
ATLANTIC OCEAN (i.e. 6+7+8)
3.
PACIFIC OCEAN (i.e. 9+10+11)
4.
INDIAN OCEAN [ALL] (12+13)
5.
SOUTHERN OCEAN (from 60øS)
6.
N. ATLANTIC (30øN-75øN)
7.
CENTRAL ATLANTIC (30øN-30øS)
8.
S. ATLANTIC (30øS-60øS)
9.
N. PACIFIC (North of 30øN)
10.
CENTRAL PACIFIC (30øN-30øS)
11.
S. PACIFIC (30øS-60øS - including ocean S of Australia except Bass Strait)
12.
N. INDIAN OCEAN (North of 30øS)
13.
S. INDIAN OCEAN (30øS-60øS)
14.
NORTH SEA
15.
MEDITERRANEAN
16.
BALTIC SEA
17.
ADRIATIC
18.
AEGEAN
19.
CARIBBEAN
20.
PERSIAN GULF AND ARABIAN SEA
21.
BERING SEA (to 75øN, including Pribiloffs)
22.
OKHOTSK SEA
23.
JAPAN SEA
24.
TASMAN SEA
B.
ASIAN & INDIAN OCEAN
25.
RUSSIA (All, including Novaya Zemla, Nansenland, Servenaya Zemla, New
Siberia & Kamchatka)
26.
MIDDLE EAST
27.
ARABIA AND RED SEA (Including Sokotra)
28.
E. AFRICA (Cape Guadafui to Lorenco Marques)
29.
INDIA [LAND] (includes Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh & Sri Lanka)
30.
CHINA (Including Taiwan, Ryukus, Korea, E. China Sea)
31.
S.E. ASIA (Burma, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indo-China, S. China Sea)
32.
LACCADIVE MALDIVE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR IS.
33.
SEYCHELLES
(Syria, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan & Iran)
34.
INDIAN OCEAN IS. (Chagos, Amirante, Aldabra, Cargados, Rodriguez, Comoros,
etc.
35.
COCOS AND CHRISTMAS IS.
36.
N. AUSTRALIA (Cape York to Cambridge Gulf and N. Territory)
37.
W. AUSTRALIA (N. Territory to Cape Leeuwin)
38.
MADAGASCAR
39.
MAURITIUS (Including Round I)
40.
REUNION
41.
ST. PAUL AND AMSTERDAM IS.
42.
GOUGH I.
43.
TRISTAN DA CUNHA
44.
CROZET IS.
45.
MARION AND PRINCE EDWARD IS.
46.
KERGUELEN
47.
HEARD AND MCDONALD IS.
48.
E. ANTARCTICA
C.
PACIFIC OCEAN
49.
ALASKA (including Kodiak Is)
50.
ALEUTIAN IS.
51.
KURILE IS.
52.
JAPAN [LAND] (including Sakhalin)
53.
W. CANADA (including Vancouver I., and to 90øW)
54.
HAWAII (all islands except Leewards)
55.
LEEWARD CHAIN (including Kure Atoll)
56.
MIDWAY I.
57.
BONIN VOLCANO AND TORISHIMA IS.
58.
PHILIPPINES
59.
INDONESIA (including all Borneo but NOT New Guinea)
60.
NEW GUINEA (and New Britain and Bismarcks)
61.
KIRIBATI (= Christmas Is.)
62.
W. U.S.A. (to 90øW)
63.
W. MEXICO (including Baja California)
64.
W. CENTRAL AMERICA (i.e. western halves of Guatamala, Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica & Panama)
65.
GALAPAGOS
66.
QUEENSLAND
67.
LORD HOWE I. (incl. Admiralties and Ball's Pyramid)
68.
NORFOLK I. (incl. Nepean and Philip)
69.
NEW CALEDONIA (& Loyalty Is. & Chesterfield Reefs)
70.
FIJI IS.
71.
SAMOA AND TONGA
72.
SOCIETY IS.
73.
PITCAIRN IS. (includes Ducie, Oeno, Henderson & Easter Is.)
74.
JUAN FERNANDEZ SAN AMBROSIO
75.
S. AMERICA [PACIFIC]
76.
S. AUSTRALIA (Cape Leeuwin to Bass Strait including Recherche Archipelago
& Kangaroo I.)
77.
BASS STRAIT (Portland to Malacoota, King Is. Furneaux Group and N.
Tasmania.
78.
N.S.W. (including Cabbage Tree I. etc.)
79.
W. TASMANIA
80.
E. TASMANIA
81.
MACQUARIE I.
82.
AUCKLAND IS.
83.
CAMPBELL I.
84.
SNARES IS.
85.
STEWART I. (including Foveaux Strait and Is.)
86.
N.Z. SOUTH I.
87.
COOK STRAIT (& Marlborough Sounds)
88.
N.Z. NORTH I. (including all offshores except specified)
89.
BARRIER IS. (Little & Great)
(All Torres Strait and Grt Barrier Reef Is.)
90.
POOR KNIGHTS IS.
91.
THREE KINGS IS.
92.
KERMADEC IS.
93.
CHATHAM IS.
94.
BOUNTY IS.
95.
ANTIPODES I.
96.
CAPE HORN (including Strait of Magellan and islands)
D.
ATLANTIC & EUROPE
97.
GREENLAND
98.
SPITZBERGEN (and Bear I.)
99.
JAN MAYEN I.
100.
ICELAND (including Westmanns)
101.
SCANDINAVIA (including Denmark & Finland)
102.
FAROE IS.
103.
SHETLAND IS.
104.
ORKNEY IS. (including Fair I.)
105.
SCOTLAND (including Hebrides, St Kilda, Rona, etc.)
106.
ENGLAND (including Lundy, Scilly and I. of Man)
107.
WALES
108.
IRELAND
109.
FRANCE (& Channel Is.)
110.
LOW COUNTRIES (Holland & Belgium)
111.
CENTRAL EUROPE (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Poland &
Hungary
112.
BALTIC STATES (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, etc.)
113.
IBERIA (Spain & Portugal & Gibraltar)
114.
BALEARIC IS.
115.
CORSICA AND SARDINIA
116.
ITALY (with Sicily)
117.
MALTA (with Pantellaria)
118.
GREECE
119.
CRETE
120.
CYPRUS
121.
BALKANS (Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Turkey & Black Sea)
122.
N. AFRICA (Tangier to Nile and to 30øS)
123.
W. AFRICA (Tangier to Cape Frio)
124.
S. AFRICA (i.e. Southern Africa - Cape Frio to Lorenquo Marques)
125.
E. CANADA (with Newfoundland)
126.
E. U.S.A. (incl. Florida Cays)
127.
BERMUDA
128.
AZORES
129.
MADEIRA AND DESERTAS IS. (including Porto Santo)
130.
SALVAGE IS.
131.
CANARY IS.
132.
GULF OF MEXICO (E. Mexico)
133.
CUBA AND W. INDIES
134.
CAPE VERDE IS.
135.
S. AMERICA [ATLANTIC]
136.
TRINDADE I.
137.
FALKLAND IS. (including Beauchene I.)
138.
S. SHETLAND IS.
139.
S. ORKNEY IS.
140.
S. GEORGIA
141.
S. SANDWICH IS.
142.
BOUVET I.
143.
W. ANTARCTICA
E.
LARGER LAND MASSES
EUROPE (= 100-121 inclusive)
N. AMERICA (= 49+53+62+125+126)
S. AMERICA [ALL] (= 75+135)
AFRICA [ALL] (= 122+123+28+124)
AUSTRALIA [ALL] (= 36+37+66+76-80)
NEW ZEALAND (= 82-95)
ANTARCTICA [ALL] (= 143+48)
ASIA [ALL] (= 25+26+29+30)
4.
PALAEONTOLOGICAL INDEX
FOSSILS:GENERAL
QUATERNARY (Holocene + Pleistocene)
NEOGENE (Pliocene + Miocene)
PALEOGENE (Eocene + Oligocene + Paleocene)
HOLOCENE (= recent)
PLEISTOCENE
PLIOCENE
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
PALEOCENE
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