Download Mohandas Gandhi - Nonviolence for Independence

Mohandas Gandhi: Nonviolence for Independence
Global History and Geography II
Name: ____________________________
E. Napp
Date: ____________________________
Adapted from Global History: Geopolitical
Patterns and Cultural Diffusion
“Colonial people were dissatisfied with the
results of the Paris Peace Conference that
ended World War I. Many of them had
given troops and supplies to the Allies’ war
effort hoping to receive more selfgovernment or independence at the end of
the war. But the victors did not end colonial
rule. Instead they established a mandate
system under the League of Nations. A
renewal of colonialism in the overseas
territories of the former Central Powers
occurred. The British and French obtained
mandates in Africa and parts of the
Ottoman Empire. Japan and Australia took
former German areas in the Pacific. The
interwar years were marked by an increase
in colonial nationalism and intensified
demands for independence.”
Questions:
1. Why were colonial people dissatisfied after World War I?
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2. What did colonial people believe they were going to receive after World War I?
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3. Why did colonial people believe this?
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4. How did the League of Nations strengthen colonialism after the First World War?
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5. What increased during the interwar years?
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“Indians fought on the side of Britain in the First World War and received promises of
self-government after the war. However, the British took few steps in that direction.
The Amritsar Massacre (1919) further disillusioned Indians. During the massacre,
British soldiers fired on a large crowd that had gathered peacefully to protest
British rule in violation of a ban on meetings. Over three hundred people were
killed and a thousand wounded. This led the Indian National Congress to agitate
for independence.”
6. What happened at Amritsar in 1919 and how did this change Indians?
______________________________________________________________________
Adapted from Global History:
Geopolitical Patterns and Cultural
Diffusion
Questions:
1. Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
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2. What did Jinnah fear?
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3. Why did Jinnah fear this?
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4. What happened at independence?
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5. What problem did the partition of the
subcontinent not solve?
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6. What happened to Mohandas K.
Gandhi?
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7. Why did this happen?
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8. What problems still face the
subcontinent today?
__________________________________
__________________________________
“In 1906, Muhammad Ali Jinnah
founded the Muslim League, a
religious based nationalist group in
India. Originally, Jinnah supported
the idea of an independent India
with a coalition government of
Hindus and Muslims and the
protection of Muslim rights.
However, fear of Hindu domination
led the Muslim League to demand
an independent Muslim state. Some
of the heightened feelings between
Hindus and Muslims can be
attributed to the British policy of
“divide and rule” which played one
group off another. Ultimately, the
British decided to partition or
divide the subcontinent at
independence. Pakistan was
created for a Muslim majority and
India remained a Hindu-dominated
nation. But the boundary lines left
large minority populations in areas
controlled by another religion. This
triggered a mass migration of some
ten million refugees. Independence
leader, Mohandas Gandhi, opposed
partition. In January 1948, a
disillusioned Hindu fanatic
assassinated Gandhi. 100 million
Muslims still reside in India today.”
Excerpt from Gandhi’s Speech to the All-India
Congress, 1942
“There are people who have hatred in their
hearts for the British. I have heard of people
saying that they are disgusted with them. The
common people's mind does not differentiate
between a Britisher and the imperialist form of
their government. To them both are the same…
Questions:
1: What did some Indians have
in their hearts for the British?
____________________________
2: Why did some Indians feel
this way?
____________________________
3. According to Gandhi, what
did the common people’s mind
not differentiate between?
____________________________
4: What did Gandhi know full
well?
____________________________
5: According to Gandhi, what
must the Indian people remove
from their hearts?
____________________________
6: According to Gandhi, what
weapon could help everyone?
____________________________
7: According to Gandhi, what
was necessary for real freedom?
____________________________
8: What did Gandhi want the
people of India to adopt?
____________________________
9: What did Indians who joined
Gandhi have to stick with as
disciplined soldiers?
____________________________
I know full well that the British will have to give
us our freedom when we have made sufficient
sacrifices and proven our strength. We must
remove the hatred for the British from our
hearts. At least, in my heart there is no such
hatred. As a matter of fact, I am a greater friend
of the British now than I ever was…
Non-violence is a matchless weapon, which can
help everyone. I know we have not done much by
way of non-violence and therefore, if such
changes come about, I will take it that it is the
result of our labors during the last twenty-two
years and that God has helped us to achieve it…
When I raised the slogan "Quit India" the
people in India, who were then feeling
despondent, felt that I had placed before them a
new thing. If you want real freedom, you will
have to come together, and such a coming
together will create true democracy—the like of
which has not so far been witnessed or
attempted…
I want you to adopt non-violence as a matter of
policy. With me it is a creed, but so far as you are
concerned I want you to accept it as policy. As
disciplined soldiers you must accept it in toto, and
stick to it when you join the struggle.”
Mohandas Gandhi is best known for his
(1) use of passive resistance to achieve
Indian independence
(2) desire to establish and Islamic
nations
(3) opposition to Hindus holding
political office
(4) encouragement of violence to end
British rule
The primary goal of the Indian National
Congress (1855-1947) was to
(1) reform the Hindu religion
(2) partition India between Muslims and
Hindus
(3) create a socialist economy
(4) gain independence from Great
Britain
The rise of independent states in Asia and
Africa after World War II demonstrates the
(1) failure of nationalist movements
(2) influence of socialism
(3) success of United Nations
peacekeeping forces
(4) decline of European colonial empires
Which action best illustrates Mohandas
Gandhi’s concept of civil disobedience?
(1) a British army outpost was bombed
as a protest against the British
presence in Northern Ireland
(2) citizens in the United States went to
jail for violation segregation laws
(3) French citizens wrote letters to their
government to oppose arms sale to
Iraq
(4) supporters of Ferdinand Marcos
attempted a coup d’état against the
Philippine government
Which event was used by Mohandas Gandhi
to bring world attention to the injustices of
British colonialism?
(1) salt march
(2) partition of India
(3) Sepoy Mutiny
(4) formation of the Indian parliament
Since the 1950’s, India has experienced
conflict with both Pakistan and China over
(1) United Nations peacekeeping efforts
in the region
(2) India’s increasing trade with Korea
(3) borders and related territorial issues
(4) the interpretation of common
religious works
Which statement best reflects a belief of
Mohandas Gandhi?
(1) Muslims and Hindus must be
separated if true peace is to come to
India
(2) India must adopt the British factory
system
(3) The caste system must remain an
important cornerstone of Hindu
society
(4) India must achieve independence,
but not at the expense of further
dividing the Indian people
Since India’s independence in 1947, the
government has had the greatest success in
(1) increasing overall food production
(2) reducing the population
(3) eliminating religious conflict
(4) controlling industrial pollution
Adapted from Global History: Geopolitical Patterns and Cultural Diffusion
“During the 1920s, Mohandas K. Gandhi emerged as the leader of the Indian
National Congress. Gandhi was a Hindu from a comfortable middle class background.
He was educated as a lawyer in London and went to live and practice law in South
Africa. In South Africa, he encountered prejudice against Indians and advocated
passive or nonviolent resistance. Gandhi returned to India in 1914. He encouraged
Indians to use passive resistance, boycotts, civil disobedience, and nonviolence against
the British. He supported a boycott of British goods and encouraged Indian production
of home spun textiles to counter India’s dependence on British imports. When his
followers used violence or he was imprisoned, he would often fast and pray for the
violence to end. In his Salt March, 1930, Gandhi opposed the British monopoly on the
production and sale of salt, a vital commodity for India. Thousands marched to the sea
where Gandhi and others gathered salt. Gandhi also opposed the treatment of
untouchables and was critical of Indian institutions that did not foster respect for
individuals. When India achieved independence, Gandhi was unhappy about the
partition of the subcontinent but pleased to see the freedom he had so diligently and
nonviolently fought for.”
Questions:
1. Who was Mohandas Gandhi?
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What did he want?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. How did he plan to achieve his goal?
_______________________________________________________________________
1- List two geographic features of the Indian subcontinent.
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2- What was the British East India Company?
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3- Who were Sepoys?
________________________________________________________________________
4- Why did the Sepoys rebel?
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5- How did the Sepoy Mutiny end?
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6- Why is the Sepoy Mutiny compared to the Boxer Rebellion?
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7- Why did the British conquer India?
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8- What did colonial India export?
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9- What did the British sell to Indian?
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10- How did British imperialism harm Indians?
________________________________________________________________________
11- Who was Mohandas Gandhi?
________________________________________________________________________
12- Why did Gandhi move to South Africa as a young man?
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13- What incident in South Africa changed Gandhi?
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14- Explain Gandhi’s boycott of British goods.
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15- Why was the boycott effective?
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16- Explain Gandhi’s Salt March.
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17- Why were people willing to join the Salt March?
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18- Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
________________________________________________________________________
19- What did Jinnah want?
________________________________________________________________________
20- When did India receive independence?
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21- Why was the subcontinent partitioned?
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22- Who was the first Prime Minister of independent India?
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23- What policy did he pursue during the Cold War?
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