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Connectivity Packet Platform in the GSM/WCDMA Network Denis Duka Ericsson Nikola Tesla Split, Croatia e-mail: [email protected] Abstract - The telecommunications community is migrating toward a new network architecture based on horizontal layers. The separation of the network functionality into independent layers is a key principle in modern networking in the tele- and datacom industry today. The layered thinking is also a very fundamental and visible aspect in a number of standardization initiatives and industry forums, such as the Multiservices Switching Forum, led by several of the largest operators and manufacturers. This paper presents the short overview of Connectivity Packet Platform as a carrier-class technology that has been positioned for access and transport products in mobile and fixed networks based on layered design. Keywords - CPP, MGW, WCDMA 1. INTRODUCTION As mobile communications evolve, mobile end-users will be offered wideband multimedia capabilities. The associated multimedia streams require that the networks should be more flexible than networks that are based on time-division multiplexing (TDM) – at providing bandwidth on demand. Today's tele- and data communications environment consists of a variety of networks. Most of these networks are highly specialized, designed and optimized to serve a specific purpose as illustrated in Figure 1 (left part). To a large extent these networks can also be described as vertically integrated in the sense that they combine very different functionality (for example, transport, control, services etc.) in one and the same network element [1]. For historical reasons the networks in this vertically integrated multi-network world have evolved independently of one another and therefore differ in many ways. This, of course, reduces the possibilities for operators to create synergies among their networks as a means to reduce costs, provide service portability and so on [2]. The architecture in the right part of Figure 1 illustrates a way to evolve this multinetwork situation in order to overcome some of its deficiencies. The solution is based on a horizontal structure of the network into a number of independent layers, which gives a more flexible system. The open architecture of the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) network ensures a smooth migration from the existing systems to the new technologies [3]. The rapid convergence of telecom and datacom technologies has lead to the integration of vertical networks into multi-service (or next-generation) networks that provide reliable and real-time communications for all service types [4]. Fig. 1. Vertically versus horizontally integrated networks To simplify backbone network design and enable incremental upgrade as new technologies are commercialized, a layered approach has been taken to the design of the next-generation networks. By layering the design of the network and providing open, standard interfaces, each part of the network can evolve at its own pace independent of changes in other parts of the network [5]. The layering means in practice that the different levels in network hierarchy are separated, and communicate over well-specified interfaces; thus different applications can share the resources in the lower level of the network. Networks designed on this layered principle are described as horizontally integrated. All network functionality is split between the connectivity layer, the control layer and the application layer [6] (see Figure 2). Fig. 2. Horizontally integrated network 2. BACKGROUND TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CPP When Ericsson first began designing Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) products for thirdgeneration cellular systems based on layered architecture, it lacked a system platform that could support the multimedia services that will characterize these systems. Designers also perceived that the new radio network products would have to be cost effective enough to compete with mature GSM products of the future. Thus CPP was selected, mostly because it demonstrated the best cost-to-performance ratio. CPP (Connectivity Packet Platform) is a carrier-class technology that has been positioned for access and transport products in mobile and fixed networks. It is an execution and transport platform with specified interfaces for application design. The execution part consists of support for the design of application hardware and software. The transport part, which can be seen as an internal application on the execution platform, consists of several protocols for communication, signaling, and transmission. CPP was first developed for asynchronous transfer mode ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and TDM transport. Later, support is being added for IP (Internet Protocol) transport [7]. The keywords when designing CPP have been and are flexibility, scalability, modularity and user friendliness. Flexibility - CPP can be implemented in different nodes and networks. The transport technique in CPP is based on the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol. ATM is well suited for a lot of different applications spanning from low intensive constant bit rate applications such as voice requiring short and predictable delay to bursty packet data applications that asks for reliable and high performing transfer capabilities. Scalability- The scalability feature of CPP comprises both execution resources as well as communication interfaces. It is possible to change the size of a node during its duty task with very small or non disturbance. Modularity – Using CPP it is possible to create nodes with different configurations, functionality, capacity, cost, and reliability and performance levels. User Friendliness – CPP can be managed by what is called a ‘thin client’. That is a web browser that for a dedicated task and by utilizing HTTP will fetch a management application from the node. CPP contains a number of such applications. The users can also develop their own applications utilizing the management application support provided by CPP. CPP also contains a generic object browser that is used to manage the node by directly accessing and manipulating the managed objects defined by CPP and the node application [8]. 3. CPP NODE ARCHITECTURE The term "CPP based node" is used when talking about a node that includes the CPP platform and the applications that run on top of the platform. The term node is thus used to describe any type of network node that switches ATM cells, regardless of its purpose or complexity. The CPP Application Development Environment (CADE) is used during the design of node applications. The CPP Platform and CADE together include all the physical equipment and associated software that is required so that the ATM network node can be created. Figure 3. shows the CPP platform and the application part. Fig. 4. WCDMA CPP based products 4.1. CPP Media Gateway Fig. 3. CPP platform and application part The CPP MGW (Media Gateway), as shown on Figure 5, can contain a full set of speech and data resources for performing manipulation and additions to the connectivity layer. It also contains transport resources for performing protocol and connectivity layer conversions between different networks and it provides Signaling Gateway functionality for performing conversions of lower layer control protocols. An incoming connection on a physical line interface with a standardized bearer protocol is connected to the appropriate function. On the outgoing side, the connection is connected to an outgoing standardized bearer. Therefore, an incoming bearer is switched to an outgoing bearer even if the stream is modified and the bearers are changed. 4. CPP BASED PRODUCTS CPP is a platform product from which it is possible to develop a switching network node such as a small to medium sized ATM switch. The present day design of CPP emphasizes WCDMA products, for example the Radio Network Controller (RNC) in the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) (Figure 4). Nonetheless, it is a generic platform that can be used for several different applications such as IP routers, and the RNC and Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for CDMA2000 [9]. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 2000 is the evolution from CDMA1, which is the narrowband CDMA system in the United States today. CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. Fig. 5. CPP MGW As part of this process, conversion between different bearers and formats can be made. This conversion can, for example, mean converting a compressed voice to a non-compressed format and changing the bearer from ATM to STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode), or terminating the packet data traffic received from the Gn interface in the GTP (Gateway Tunneling Protocol) tunnels and re-tunneling the IP packets into IPsec or L2TP tunnels towards external IP networks (Gi interface) [10]. All MGW application functions during a connection are initiated from the Gateway Control Protocol (GCP) that provides a direct link to the controlling Mobile Switching Center (MSC) server(s). The platform provides the physical line interfaces and most of the bearer layer interfaces including bearer control signaling, for example, AAL2 with Q.AAL2. For packet based traffic functions such as tunneling (GTP, IPSec and L2TP), re-tunneling (of GTP packets to IPSec encapsulation and vice versa), translation of IP address to IMSI (Individual Mobile Subscriber Identity) address, volume based charging, security functions QoS (Quality of Service) handling is performed in the Media Gateway [11]. The external control interface is the Gateway Control Protocol used by the MSC Server to request the Media Gateway to add and remove media stream functions into a speech and data connection. The Gateway Control Protocol also includes commands to establish and release a through connection with the requested media stream functions included. In the process to establish and release a connection to other network nodes the relevant bearer signaling is included. A Media Gateway can lend its resources to any MSC Server and an MSC Server can use the resources of any Media Gateway. That way UMTS Core Network architecture allows an m:n relation between Servers and Media Gateways [12]. 5. CONCLUSION The layered architecture is being deployed in thirdgeneration mobile networks – that is universal mobile telecommunication system. The enhanced platform architecture, today generally pursued by most standardization forums, provides an inherent flexibility, which allows operators to build scalable and cost effective multi-services solutions in the new telecom world. At the same time the layered architecture offers a pragmatic way to rationalize legacy networks, allowing them to run over stateof-the- art, cost effective transport solutions. The modular nature CPP base nodes means it is possible to create nodes with different configuration, functionality, capacity, cost, reliability and performance level. MGW based on CPP represents the base for supporting the multimedia services associated with UMTS making the convergence of telecom and data in mobile communications possible. CPP is uniquely scalable. It can be used in small applications and large RNC and media gateway nodes. Virtually every aspect of scalability is covered by CPP: high-end and low-end nodes, pay-load capacity, processing capacity, number of routes, route updating capacity, number of physical links, link capacity and cost. REFERENCES [1] Antun Caric, Kristian Toivo: New Generation Network Architecture and Software Design, IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 38, no 2, Feb 2000, pp. 108 - 114. [2] Ramje Prasad, Marian Ruggieri: Technology Trends in Wireless Communications, 2n edition, Artech House, London, 2003. [3] Gene Robinson: Communication Networks with Layered Architecture, IEEE802, N – West Standards meeting for Broadband Wireless Access Systems, March 1999. [4] R.C. Maier: Strategic Aspects of Core Network Migration, First International Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies, Conf. Publ. No. 471. [5] D. Medhi, S. Jain, T. Srinivasa Rao, D. Shenoy, M. Saddi, and F. Summa: A Network Management Framework for Multi-Layered Network Survivability, Technical Report, Computer Science Telecommunic. University of Missouri - Kansas City (July 1999). [6] J.S. DaSilva, D. Ikonomou and H. Erben: European R & D programs on third-generation mobile communic. systems, IEEE, Personal Commun. (February 1997). [7] L. O. Kling, A. Lindholm, L. Marklund and G.B. Nilsson: CPP – Cello Packet Platform, Ericsson Review No.2, 2002, pp. 68-75. systems, IEEE, Personal Commun. (February 1997). [8] Denis Duka: Layered Network Architecture, Conference of Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks, SoftCOM 2003, pp. 122-126. [9] Denis Duka, L. Hribar and Damir Buric: Adopting the Horizontal Layering in the GSM/UMTS Network, Conference of Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks, SoftCOM 2004, pp. 66-71. [10] Denis Duka, Lovre Hribar and Damir Buric: Horizontal Layering – an Essential Aspect in Modern Networking, MIPRO 2004, pp. 347-351. [11] Fyro, Heikkinen, Petersen and Wiss: Media gateway for mobile networks, Ericsson Review No.4, 2000, pp. 216-233. [12] Mpirical: http://www.mpirical.com/companion/mpirical_compani on.html#http://www.mpirical.com/companion/Multi_Te ch/Media_Gateway.htm