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CSTS121: ROMAN REVOLUTIONS Week 9.1: Augustus and the Transformation of the Roman World Understand in general terms… The situation after Caesar’s assassination: how the tyrannicides lost control of Rome, how Octavian displaced Antony as leader of the Caesarians but then joined forces with Lepidus as a member of the “Second” Triumvirate. How Octavian and Anthony became preeminent in the West and East respectively. The framework of Augustus’ “First Settlement” and it’s refinement in the “Second Settlement” (which offices he filled, which he relinquished; what options for autocracy he avoid; his relations with Senate and Equites and the Army) The problem of succession and Augustus’ attempts to find a solution. The effect of Augustus’ rule on the Empire and the City of Rome. Authors Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (39–65 CE) Key Figures & Events Caesar’s Will & Deification Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE) Marcus Antonius (83–30) = Mark Antony Defeat at Mutina Marriage to Octavia (and divorce) Victory at Philippi Marriage (?) to Cleopatra Defeat in Parthia and at Actium Cleopatra VII Philopator (69–30 BCE) Alexander Helios (sun) & Cleopatra Selene (moon) Gaius Octavius (63 BCE–14 CE) = Gaius Julius Caesar (Octavianus) = Augustus (after 27 BCE) Calendar Reforms Land Confiscations in Italy Struggles against Antony’s wife and brother & Sextus & Lepidus Propoganda (?) vs. Antony and Cleopatra; Antony’s Will and the Vestals First (27) and Second (23) Settlements Pontifex Maximus (12 BCE) Pater Patriae (2 BCE) Vigiles (first police force) Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (63–12 BCE) Julia the Elder (39 BCE–14 CE) Livia Drusilla Augusta (58 BCE–29 CE) Siege of Mutina (44–43 BCE) & the death of the consuls Second Triumvirate: origin, purpose, collapse Proscriptions Battle of Philippi (42 BCE) Battle of Actium (31 BCE) & Siege of Alexandria (30 BCE) Battle of the Teutoberg Forest (9 CE) Augustus’ “First Settlement” and the “Republic Restored” (27 BCE) Augustus’ “Second Settlement” (23 BCE) Foes of Octavian Marcus Junius Brutus (85–42 BCE) Gaius Cassius Longinus (before 85–42 BCE) Sextus Pompey Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (90–13 BCE) Marcus Antonius & Cleopatra Key Terms Libertas Triumvirate princeps / primus inter pares auctoritas tribunicia potestas (and maius imperius) Pater Patriae