Download Chapter 4 (prepositions and articles) 4.13 preposition of place

Chapter 4 (prepositions and articles)
4.13 preposition of place.
preposition
in
on
at
between
near
Far from
Next to
Across from
under
over
to
towards
through
meaning
Before buildings, towns, cities, regions, countries….etc
Before streets and bodies of waters (sea, beach,
river….)
With street addresses and specific location.
In the middle of two points.
Close to.
Separated by distance.
Beside.
Opposite.
Below.
Above.
In the direction of.
In the direction of.
In one side and out the other.
4.14 preposition of time
preposition
in
on
at
From… to…..
during
until
before
after
time
Before years, seasons, months, and parts of the day.
Before days of the week and dates.
With specific time of day and with( noon, night, and midnight)
With beginning and ending times.
With periods of time.
With ending times.
Earlier than
Later than.
4.15 articles
Indefinite articles
A/ an- before (singular)
(first time)
- something general
Definite article
The- (singular and plural)
(second time)
- Something special,
specific and unique.
The with names
-With titles, and with plural
place names.
- Not names, not cities, not
countries.
- With names of buildings.
-with historical events.
Chapter 7 (verbs + pronouns + clauses)
7.1 verb + object + infinitive
Some verbs can appear before an object and infinitive.
Example: I want you to stop shouting
The verbs are:
Advise- expect- remind- allow- force- teach- ask- instruct- tell- convince-invite- trainenable- order- want- encourage- persuade- warn.
7.2 modal verbs
-Modal verbs used to give advice and obligation
-We have to use the base form of the verb after modals.
- To make negative---------- modal + not + base form of verb.
The modals are:
Should (advice)
have better (strong advice)
have to (personal obligation)
Must (urgency- legal obligation)
7.3 reflexive pronouns
Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself.
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
{by + reflexive pronoun) = alone – without any help.
7.4 tag question
Negative sentence, positive tag? No,…..
Positive sentence, negative tag? Yes,…..
Example:
You did not see the cat, did you? No, I did not.
You saw the cat, didn’t you? Yes, I did.
7.5 subject pronouns
(Who, that, which) for the subject.
Who/that = person.
Which/ that = things and animals.
If the clause starts with (who, which, that) is not important in the sentence, use them after
a comma..
7.6 reduction of relative clauses to relative phrases:
1- If you have (be form) in the form ---- remove (who, that, which) and (be form)
2- If you do not have (be form----- remove (who, that, which) +change verb to v-ing.
7.7 object pronoun
(Who (whom), that, which) for the object.
Reduction------------ just remove (who, that, which)
Chapter 8 (the past continuous tense – infinitives – modals – pronouns)
Chapter 8 ( the past – infinitives- modal verb pronoun)
8.1 past continuous tense
Positive: subject – (past be) – v-ing.
Negative: subject – (past be) – not – verb-ing.
{Past be= was and were.
8.2 + 8.3 yes/no question and information question
Yes/ no question
(past be) – Subject – v-ing?
Yes, subject + (past be)
No, subject + (past be) not.
Wh- question
Wh- (past be) – subject – v-ing?
8.4 simple past versus past continuous
Simple past------- happened and ended in the past.
Continuous past----- was happening during a period of time in the past.
8.5 When and while
If two events happened in the past we can show the relationship between them in one
sentence using while or when.
When: two clauses in the past simple tense (the verb with when happened first)
While: two clauses in the past continuous tense (the two verbs were happening in the
same time)
When or while: two clauses (one in the simple past + one in the past continuous)--
When with the clause in the past simple OR while with the clause in the past continuous.
8.6 infinitives after verbs
-some verbs take an infinitive directly without an object
- These verbs can be negative OR not can come between the main verb and the infinitive.
(Meaning is different)
The verbs are:
Begin- continue- decide- fail- forget- hope- know how- learn- manage- mean- offer- plan
prefer- pretend- remember- seem- start- try
(Ask- expect- like- need- prepare- teach- want- would like)= these verbs take 2 patterns
Can be followed by only infinitive OR can be followed by an object and infinitive.
8.7 infinitives after adjectives
Infinitive also can follow adjectives
1- subject – be – adjective – infinitive
Adjectives are: afraid- ashamed- fortunate- glad- happy- prepared- proud- readyrelieved- sad- willing.
2- IT – be – adjective – infinitive
Adjectives are: dangerous – difficult- easy- embarrassing- expensive- fun- goodimportant- impossible- irresponsible- necessary- nice- pleasant- possible- rude- safesimple- wrong)
8.8 infinitives of purpose
Positive purpose-------infinitive (to verb) = in order to.
Negative purpose----------- in order not + infinitive OR
so as not + infinitive.
8.9 modal verbs
See section (7.2)
Can (ability)
may, might (future possibility)
will (future plans)
Can, could, will, would YOU? (Request)
may, can I? (Permission)
Should, had better (advice)
have to, and must (obligation)
8.10 pronouns
See page 248
8.11 indefinite pronouns (some, any, no every)
Some --------- positive sentence + question.
Any ---------- negative sentence + question
No….. (In positive sentence) = any…. (In negative sentence).
Every ------- negative + positive sentences + question.
Chapter 9 (present perfect tense + present perfect continuous +
adverbs of degrees)
9.1 present perfect tense
Positive sentence------Subject + have OR has + p.p
Negative sentence ------ subject + have OR has + not + p.p
I, we, they, you ------ have
He, she, it ---------- has
9.2 questions with present perfect tense
Yes/no question
Have, has + subject + p.p?
Yes, subject + have, has
No, subject + haven’t, hasn’t.
Wh- question
Wh- + have,has + subject + p.p?
9.3 Time expressions with present perfect
For ------- period of time (a year, an hour, two weeks)
Since--------- specific time (January, 9:00 O’clock)
All---------- for a complete time period (year, week, my life, night)
Always----- between (have, has) and p.p.
9.4 time clauses with SINCE
Sentence= two clauses ------ one in the present perfect or continuous present perfect +
one in the past tense.
Since ------ with the clause in the past tense.
9.5 The present perfect continuous tense:
Positive ------------Subject + have, has + been + p.p.
Negative ----------- subject + have, has + not + been + p.p.
Use RECENTLY and LATELY.
9.6 questions with the present perfect continuous:
Yes/ no question
Have, has + subject + been v-ing?
Yes, subject + have,has.
No, subject + haven’t, hasn’t.
Wh- question
Wh- have, has + subject + been + v-ing?
9.7 The present perfect continuous versus the present perfect tense
WITH ACTION VERBS (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS) IS COMMON.
9.8 So and such
So-------------------------- before adjectives
So……. That…..--------- express result.
Such------------------------ before (article) adjective + noun.
Such …… that ----------- express result.
9.9 Enough and too
Enough:
-After adjectives
- Before noun.
Too:
-
before adjectives.( implies negative or problem)
Before adverbs.
Too many = too much
Too many --------- before countable plural nouns (can be adverb)
Too much--------- before uncountable nouns. (Can be adverb)
Too ……….. to….. ------ express negative result.
Chapter 10 (Gerunds and infinitive)
10.1 gerunds and infinitives as subjects
- Gerund is the –ing form of the verb.
{Gerunds OR infinitive can be the subject of the sentence.}
10.2 + 10.3 + 10.4 +10.5 +10.6 + 10.7 (gerunds)
- can be an object of preposition.
- After adjectives and preposition
( afraid of – capable of – content with- dedicated to- enthusiastic about- excited aboutfamous for- happy about- interested in- nervous about- pleased about- responsible forsad about- satisfied with- scared of- tired of- worried about)
-after phrasal verbs ( admit to- believe in- choose between- count on- plan on- dream ofapologize for- give up- heard of- look forward to- object to- thank( someone) for- think
of- recover from.
-after verbs ( avoid- celebrate- consider- deny-discuss- dislike- enjoy- keep- quit- risksuggest- understand)
-after verbs with objects (feel- hear- see- find- notice- watch)
{Some verbs followed by both gerunds OR infinitives}
(Begin- can’t stand- continue- hate-intend- like- prefer- start)
10.8 verbs before objects and simple form of the verb OR gerunds
(Let- watch-see- notice- hear)