Download 微观经济学双语教案 COURSE DESCRIPTION: The course

微观经济学双语教案
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
The course Microeconomic Theory aims to engage the student with the
fundamentals of microeconomics. Its purpose is to equip students handling
microeconomic problems with the standard economist’s tool kit of (economic)
intuition, graphical analysis and basic calculus techniques, thereby enhancing
students’ analytical power. Standard topics covered include: demand and supply, price
and output determination under different market structures, consumer and producer
theory, equilibrium, exchange and gains from trade.
一、课程的性质和目的
《微观经济学》是高等学校经济学类专业的核心课程和主要专业基础课。通
过本课程的学习，一方面让学生全面、系统的了解并掌握现代微观经济学的基本
概念、基本理论和基本分析方法等理论知识，为专业课程学习奠定理论基础；另
一方面使学生将所学习的经济学的原理和分析方法，应用于经济问题的分析、经
济政策的理解。本课程注重定性分析和定量分析的结合，强调运用一定的数学思
维能力，以及对经济直观的定性理解。
微观经济学是以单个经济单位（家庭、企业）为研究对象，通过研究单个经
济单位的经济行为及其相应的经济变量的决定来说明价格机制如何解决社会资
源配置（生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产）问题的科学。其基本内容包括：价格
理论、消费者行为理论、生产者行为理论、分配理论、一般均衡及福利经济学理
论、市场失灵。
二、教学的基本要求
通过学习，学生应该了解市场经济的产生和发展历程，了解和掌握经济学的
基本问题和有关原则、方法，懂得学习微观经济学对我国改革开放和社会主义现
代化建设事业所起到的重大作用。
掌握各章节的基本概念和经济学分析问题的基本方法，理解经济学的基本结
论，了解经济结论的推导，应用经济学理论分析经济社会的经济问题。
三、 本课程教学重点：
Consumer Choice; Price and Income Changes; Elasticity; Income and
Substitution Effects; Technology and Production; Technology and Production; Supply
in Product Markets; Factor Demand; Equilibrium in Competitive Markets.
四、 课程教学难点：
Price and Income Changes; Income and Substitution Effects;
Factor Demand; Equilibrium in Competitive Markets.
五、 本课程课时分配：共16学时
Chapter 1 The Scope and Method of Economics
教学目的和要求：要求学生了解并掌握稀缺性的概念，和经济学试图解决的
三大基本经济问题；能够解释供求模型并且熟练运用此模型分析经济问题。
本章重点：
· Explain the concepts of economics
·Identify the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics
本章难点：
·The Three Problems of Economic Organization
本章学时数：4 学时
1.1 What is economics?
(1) Economics is the study of how societies choose to use scarce productive
resources that have alternative uses, to produce commodities of various kinds, and to
distribute them among different groups.(P4)
(2) Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
1.2 The Three Problems of Economic Organization
(1)Every society must answer three fundamental questions: what, how, and for
whom?
(2)What kinds and quantities are produced among the wide range of all possible
goods and services?
(3)How are resources used in producing these goods?
(4)And for whom are the goods produced (that is, what is the distribution of
income and consumption among different individuals and classes)?
1.3 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
1.4 Theories and Models
(1). Theories are used to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic
rules and assumptions.
(2). Positive Versus Normative Analysis
Positive Analysis: Positive analysis is the use of theories and models to predict
the impact of a choice.
Normative Analysis: Normative analysis addresses issues from the perspective of
“What ought to be?”
Chapter 2 The Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice
教学目的和要求：要求学生了解并掌握稀缺性的概念，和经济学试图解决的
三大基本经济问题。
本章重点：
本章难点：
he market system
本章学时数：4学时
2.1 Scarcity, Choice & Cost
Virtually all resources (i.e. land, labour, capital) are scarce - i.e. there are not
enough to satisfy all the wants of all people in any given period.
Hence:
alternative uses of the resources - all
the goods that could be produced
alternatives the opportunity cost
Opportunity cost = value of the most highly valued foregone
alternative = value of the resource in its next best alternative use
2.2 Allocation of Resources
Because of scarcity, every economy/society has to have some means of organizing
the allocation of resources such that three major decisions are made:
1. What to Produce - what goods & in what quantities
2. How to produce the goods - the methods of production
3. Who gets the output - a “fair” distribution
2.3 Economic Systems
An economic system is the method of organising the allocation of resources. Two
polar cases are:
- a mode of organization in which resource allocation is
determined by the independent decisions and actions of individual consumers and
producers.
- a mode of organisation in which all resource
allocation is determined by the decisions of government bodies
The UK, in common with most other industrial societies, relies primarily on a
market system. However, there is also some government direction of resource
allocation - the UK is an example of a mixed economy.
Chapter 3 Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium
教学目的和要求：要求学生了解并掌握供求的一般概念、供求模型，熟悉供
求模型的简单应用
本章重点：
Explain and use the supply and demand model.
Identify and explain the role of prices in the market system
本章难点：
Identify and explain the role of prices in the market system
本章学时数：4学时
3.1 Demand and Supply Model
How are all the individual buying and selling decisions taken in a market system
co-ordinated? Answer - via price changes.
Prices are determined by and, in turn, co-ordinate buying and selling (i.e. demand
and supply) decisions in markets. The demand and supply model shows how prices
fulfil this crucial co-ordinating role
1. Demand
A demand function for a good A can be written as follows:
DA=F(PA,Y,PS,PC,T)
i.e. the demand for a good A (DA) depends upon:
- complements (PC) and substitutes (PS)
- preferences of consumers
A demand schedule shows the relation between the market price (PA) and the
quantity demanded of a good during a given time period, all other determinants held
constant (ceteris paribus)
2. Supply
A supply function for a good A can be written as follows:
i.e. the supply of a good A (SA) depends upon:
· Price of the good (PA)
· Prices of inputs (factors) (PF)
· Technology - the available production methods
A supply schedule shows the relation between the market price (PA) and the
quantity of a good firms are willing to supply in a given period of time, all other
determinants held constant (ceteris paribus)
3. Equilibrium
The concept of equilibrium is central to microeconomic models.
Equilibrium is a position of balance, which persists because there is no incentive
for anyone to change their behaviour.
Market equilibrium exists when demand = supply; i.e. when the amount consumers
want to buy at a particular price equals the amount firms want to sell at that price. The
price which equates demand and supply (i.e. clears the market) is the equilibrium
price.
4. Comparative Statics
What happens if one of the held constant variables determining demand and/or
supply changes? Clearly, a new equilibrium price and quantity will occur.
3.2 The Role of Prices
The demand and supply model clarifies the fundamental role of prices in the
market system. Specifically, prices perform the following essential functions:
· Prices convey information - about relative scarcity or abundance of goods and
inputs to households and firms
· Prices ration scarce resources - by equating demand and supply
· Prices determine incomes - a household’s income from the market depends on
the prices of the inputs it supplies to the market.
Chapter 4 Demand and Supply Application and Elasticity
教学目的和要求：要求学生了解并掌握供求的的简单应用，熟悉弹性的有关
概念和计算。
本章重点：
Derive the individual’s demand curve for a good
d calculate price elasticity of demand
-price elasticity of demand
本章难点：
Derive the individual’s demand curve for a good
-price elasticity of demand
本章学时数：4学时
4.1 Price Change: Derivation of Demand Curve
A change in the price of one of the goods, ceteris paribus, will clearly change the
position (and slope) of the budget line leading to a new equilibrium bundle. Hence the
amount consumed of each good will change. The following diagram shows how to
derive the individual’s demand curve for good X.
As PX falls the optimum point changes. The line drawn through the optimum
points is called a price consumption curve (PCC)
As PX falls the quantity the individual would like to consume of good X rises.
Hence, in the bottom half of the diagram, we can derive the individual’s demand
curve for good X given income, price of good Y and preferences. The model of
rational consumer choice predicts that an individual’s demand curve for a good is
downward-sloping (the reasons why this is generally the case are discussed more
explicitly in the next topic - see income and substitution effects).
4.2 Income Change
When the person’s income changes, ceteris paribus, the budget line will shift
parallel to the original. Note that as the prices of the goods are constant this represents
a change in both nominal and real income.
4.3 Normal Good
For a normal good a rise in income will lead to a rise in the consumption of the
good. The diagram below illustrates this case.
Both goods here are normal - as income increases, consumption of both goods
rises. The line connecting the points of equilibrium is called an income consumption
curve (ICC).