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MOLECULAR GENETICS REVIEW SHEET Chapters Chapter 7 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 34 Cell Division and Mitosis DNA Structure and Function From DNA to Proteins Reproduction and Development Objectives 1. You should be familiar with the stages of the cell cycle and know the role of the nuclear membrane, centrioles, and spindle fibers in this cycle. 2. You be able to explain the enzymatic steps involved in DNA replication and know the general goal of the mitosis and the other stages of the cell cycle. 3. You should know the forms that DNA takes during the cell cycle and be familiar with the structures associated with DNA coiling. 4. You should be able to name those scientists who contributed to our knowledge of DNA’s function as hereditary information, as well as describe the details of the experiments they conducted in order to make their specific conclusions. 5. You should be able to name those scientists who contributed to our knowledge of DNA’s structure, as well as describe the general methods they used in order to make their specific conclusions. 6. You should know the monomer of DNA, as well as the how individual monomers bond to form a single strand and its complementary strand. 7. You should be familiar with the process of protein synthesis, and be able to transcribe the information contained in a given gene into a mRNA strand, and then translate the information in that mRNA strand into a series of amino acids or protein. 8. You should be familiar with the location of the events in protein synthesis including the many possible functions of the proteins produced. 10. You should be familiar with the stages of normal development and the development of cancer, and the relationship of each to the cell cycle and protein synthesis. Vocabulary Chapter 7 cell cycle chromatin diploid prophase nuclear membrane nucleosomes interphase chromosome gap 1 metaphase centrioles mitosis sister chromatids synthesis (s) anaphase spindle apparatus cytokinesis chromatid gap 2 telophase histones Chapter 11 Frederick Griffith heat killed digesting enzymes bacteriophages sulfur label fish sperm pneumonia bacteria R-strain transformation transforming factor extracts Alfred Hershey viruses E. coli bacteria phosphorous label Johann Meiescher acid phosphorous deoxyribonucleic acid DNA nucleotide nitrogenous base five-carbon sugar adenine guanine cytosine Erwin Chargaff Rosalind Franklin x-ray diffraction 2 nm 0.34 nm James Watson Francis Crick double strand DNA replication hydrogen bonds base pair sugar phosphate backbone semiconservative DNA ligase DNA repair Chapter 12 protein synthesis translation codon amino acid ribosome single strand start codon insertions cancer oncogene base sequence nucleus tRNA RNA polymerase gene mRNA transfer RNA rRNA endoplasmic reticulum genetic code temporary nucleosome stop codon gene mutation deletions radiation benign malignant proto-oncogene apoptosis S-strain Oswald Avery Martha Chase radioactive isotopes pus nuclein phosphate group thymine bonding rules 3.4 nm double helix enzymes DNA polymerase transcription messanger RNA anticodon ribosomal RNA uracil proteins base pair substitution carcinogens metastasis growth factor Chapter 34 gametes gastrulation fertilization organ formation cleavage blastula tissue specialization Other vesicles golgi bodies transport proteins