Download Ninth Period A.P. U.S. History Final Exam Review Fall Semester

Ninth Period A.P. U.S. History
Final Exam Review
Fall Semester
Contact
By Janet Aldana
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Native Americans:
o Iroquois Confederacy: It was a political union of North American Indians who acted with war and peace, in trade alliances and
treaties of goodwill, as a single nation. Wanted territorial supremacy and wanted to gain fur trade against the French, English,
and Dutch.
o It consisted of five tribes the Mohawk (Keepers of eastern fire- middlemen with European traders), Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga,
and Seneca (keepers of western fire- fur suppliers) – all described as “the people of the longhouses”
o Later in the 1722 another tribe the Tuscarora would join in then being known as the Six nations.
o The five nations occupied an area from the Genesee River on the west, through the Finger Lakes regions, to the Hudson River
on the east
o Mound builders: They lived in regions of the Great lakes, The Ohio River valley, and the Mississippi river. They built “earthwork”
mounds for burial, residential, and ceremonial purposes this was known as the “woodland period”.
o They were the first intensive farmers when corn, rice and beans, came into their way of life.
o Pueblo Indians: They were located New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and parts of Texas and California.
o They are known for their adobe or stone dwelling structures, they were self governing prior to the time of Spanish contact, in
which the Spanish would begin to impose European government styles on them, were cruelly abused by the Spaniard’s, and
were ruled by the Spanish and Mexican domain.
o Creeks Indians: They were forced westward to Alabama by the Cherokees and Europeans. One out of the five tribes that had to
settle east of Mississippi by the Indian removal act.
Columbus
o He was promised 10% profit by the king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella for bringing back gold and spices
o Columbus found no gold and filled up ships with Indians and spices; and was in debt with Spain
o He enslaved many Native Americans; he forced them to convert into Christianity, and treated them with cruelty and violence in
effort seeking the riches ‘gold’.
ST. Augustine, 1565
o King Phillip II sent Pedro Menendez de Aviles to explore and colonize territory in St. Augustine
o Oldest permanent European settlement in North America
Samuel de Champlain (“Father of New France) - solider and explorer
o First trip: 1603 went to Canada as a geographer on a fur trading expedition, using the information he had he made an accurate
map from the Hudson River to the north Great Lakes.
o Second trip: 1604 to North America
looking for a place where French could make a permanent settlement
o Third trip: 1608 found a settlement and trading post along St. Lawrence River and would later be known as Quebec
o Joined the Huron Indians in the battle of defeating their enemies the Iroquois
Impact of European Culture on North America
o Brought in cattle
o Expanding territories
o The exchange of goods
o Diseases: chickenpox, small pox, measles - natives would die quickly of these diseases because they had no immunity
o Loss of territory, and culture
o Unbalanced power among Native American Indian tribes.
Impact of Native Americans on European Culture
o Agriculture; corn, and wheat
Spanish Relations with Native Americans
o Encomienda – allowed government to “command”, or give, Indians to certain colonist in return for the promise to try to
Christianize them.
o Mestizos – When children born were mixed with European and Native American.
o Mission system, Franciscans – Spain and Roman catholic help established European settlement in the region… mission systems
supported both the Spaniards who had colonized parts of Mexico, wanted to protect their colonies and influence northward and
the Roman Catholics wanted to convert Native Americans to Christians.
o Popes rebellion, Santa Fe – revolt by Pueblo Indians in 1680 against the Spaniards who were enslaving them making them to
dig mines for gold, and silver
o California- Father Junipero Serra – he was a Spanish missionary and established the Franciscans mission in San Diego,
California
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French relations with Native Americans
o Respected the natives, and created friendly relations
o Told them the British where only there for colonization and that the French interest was in fur trade.
o French learned natives language, habits, in some cases French men would marry native woman.
o Algonquians – First nation’s inhabitants of north America they are just a tribe that speak Algonquian they settled in New York,
Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.
o Beaver trade – Europeans valued the beaver-pelt hat and New France contained them, Europeans traded with the French to get
the beaver hats.
o Coureurs de bois – “runners of the woods”, french fur trappers, traded wepons with natives for beaver pelts, good relations with
the Indians, and some lived with the natives.
o Voyageurs – recruited Indians in the fur trade business, the slaughter of the beavers was against the Indians beliefs. (In many
places they traveled for beavers decreased the beaver population and ecological damage).
o Jesuits - French catholic missionaries, wanted to convert natives to Catholics, opened schools trying to Europeanize natives,
some were brutally killed by the natives that did not want to convert to Catholics, although some did.
British relations with Native Americans
o No respect or kindness towards natives
o British only wanted to colonize their land
o Differences between British and natives led to wars.
o British destroyed houses and stealing their goods
o They did not want to trade with the natives
New England
o Pilgrims– were English separatist that broke away from the Church of England
o Were committed themselves to a life based on the bible. They settled in Plymouth 1620 first permanent settlers in
Massachusetts.
o Wampanoag - The chieftain Massasoit signed a treaty with the pilgrims in 1621, to celebrate their first Thanksgiving.
o They had their own government and law, U.S citizens and still had to follow American laws; lived in Massachusetts and Rhode
Island
o most wampanoags died when attacked by British and diseases
o Pequot War, 1636 – English men killed man Indians from the Pequot tribe and made un easy peace between the Puritans and
Indians for 4 decades
o English settlers pushed inland into the Connecticut River valley erupted peaceful relations with Indians and whites.
o New England Confederation – Four colonies bounded together in which was a defense against foes or potential foes notably the
French, English, and the Dutch.
o Runaway slaves and people who fled from one colony to another also came into the confederation.
o Each colony only got two votes
o “Praying towns”- Developed by Puritans of New England in 1646-1675 to make an effort to make Native Americans into
Christians, Natives who moved to these towns where known as “Praying towns”
o King Philip’s War, 1675 – A series of assaults on English villages throughout New England
o Slowed westward march of English settlement in New England for decades
o Indians defeated in New England; threats were made to England colonist
Pennsylvania
o Quakers – they believed they were all children in the sight of God; “inner light”
o Would not take oath
o refused to support the church of England with taxes
o refused military, strife, and warfare
o fled to Rhode Island, New Jersey, and North Carolina
o disliked black slavery; founded the first anti-slavery society in 1775
Chesapeake (Maryland, and Virginia)
o Jamestown - *First permanent English settlement in 1607*
o Joint-stock company or the Virginia Company received a charter from King James I of English land for a settlement in the New
World.
o Powhatans – Indian chieftain father of Pocahontas, and was going to execute John Smith
o Pocahontas - “saved” John Smith from execution, assisted settlers in Jamestown
o Married John Rolfe
o Angelo-Powhatan wars – wars fought between English settlers and the Powhatan confederacy (Powhatan’s supremacy over a
few dozen tribes)
o 1st war In 1610 Lord de la War and his troops invaded Indian villages and a peace settlement ended the first war (1614), when
Pocahontas married John Rolfe
o 2nd war erupted in 1644 Indians last effort to dislodge the Virginias, but were defeated; treaty of 1646 banished the Chesapeake
Indians from their lands and separated Indians from white area settlements
Carolinas
o Tuscarora Indians – (North Carolina) lived along the Trench river where they planted crops and fished
The land they developed was taken over by colonist; abused by white settlers
Later join the five nations later being referred to as the Six Nations
Woman and children were taken for slavery to work on plantations
Yamasee – (South Carolina) members of Native Americans and formally inhabiting in costal Georgia and South Carolina, when
other Native Americans had conflict with the English in the 18th century they dispersed them
o Traded deerskin with S.C; destroyed many missions and resettled in along the Savanna river; later be English allies in Tuscarora
war
Founding of 13 Original Colonies (in order)
I.
Virginia
II.
New Jersey
III.
Massachusetts
IV.
New Hampshire
V.
Pennsylvania
VI.
New York
VII.
Maryland
VIII.
Connecticut
IX.
Rhode Island
X.
Delaware
XI.
North Carolina
XII.
South Carolina
XIII.
Georgia
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Southern Colonies (Plantation Colonies)
By: Bushra Bangash
Common characteristics of southern colonies
The southern colonies for the most part, were out to make money.
Economy- agricultural growing tobacco, rice, and indigo.
slavery was popular in the southern colonies.
Religion: Anglican faith was most common.Maryland had Catholics.
Climate: warm, made it possible to grow crops throughout the year.
Chesapeake: Virginia, Maryland
Religion was secondary importance in Virginia.
Tobacco was mainstay of Virginia and Maryland.
plantations were established near riverbanks for good soil and easy transportation.
First African slaves in America arrive in Virginia.
Joint-stock Company
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the
company’s profits and debts.
Virginia Company: Purpose, Failure, successes
Virginia was formed by the Virginia Company as a profit-earning venture. Starvation was the major problem; about 90% of the colonists died the first
year, many of the survivors left, and the company had trouble attracting new colonists. They offered private land ownership in the colony to attract
settlers, but the Virginia Company eventually went bankrupt and the colony went to the crown. Virginia did not become a successful colony until the
colonists started raising and exporting tobacco.
Virginia Charter
This was the first royal charter.
The enduring significance of Virginia's first charter lies in its provision that the colonists and their descendants "shall have and enjoy all Liberties.
It set up boundaries, defined the relationship of the colony to the crown, and provided for the government.
Jamestown (1607)/ Virginia
First permanent English settlement. Swampy area with mosquitoes and malaria. Many settlers died from starvation and diseases. Would have failed
without the leadership of John Smith.
John Smith
Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. Made the rule
“he who shall not work, shall not eat”
Powhatans, Pocahontas
Powhatan: name of the virginia Indian tribe
Came in contact with the Virginia settlers.
Formed Powhatan Confederacy( Chief Powhatan’s tribes in the James River area)
Powhatan: Chief of the Powhatan tribe. Led his tribes to join against the English settlers
Pocahontas: Daughter of Powhatan. Saved John Smith from a mock execution from her Father the Indian chief.
Got married to John Rolfe.
John Rolfe, tobacco
He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure
it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony
Africans arrive in 1619
SLAVERY begins: The first African slaves in America arrive in the Virginia colony
House of Burgesses,1619
The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.
Charter revoked in 1624, James 1
The London Company, a joint stock company, revised their charter in 1612, extending their control over their own affairs. House of Burgesses was
set up so that district representatives could advise the governor on problems (early democracy). James I revoked the charter in 1624, and
Jamestown became a royal colony.
King James hated tobacco & House of Burgesses; made VA royal colony under his control.
Bacons Rebellion, 1676; Governor Berkeley
Indentured Servants were unhappy because masters wont give them the land in “freedom dues”
Governor Berkely: Virginia’s governor. Very sad because of indentured servants poverty.
1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the
Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched
on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.
Berkely crushed the rebellion with Brutal cruelty.
Maryland (1634)
First proprietary colony
Lord Baltimore( Calvert)
Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own
religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.
Act of Toleration(1649)
Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act
guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.
Headright system, indentured servants
Headright system: Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into
America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists
Indentured servants: People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their
passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.
Indian slave trade
(no idea)
Restoration colonies, Charles II
Restoration colonies enabled England to control the East Coast, Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. These colonies had
governments that made a social hierarchy geared toward a dominant wealthy class.
Charles II in 1660 ascended the English throne and created a string of new settlements: The Restoration Colonies; a generous but extravagant man
who was always in debt, he rewarded 8 aritocratic supporters with a gift of the Carolinas, an area long claimed by Spain and populated by thousands
of Indians
Carolinas 1670, split in 1712
Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. They instituted headrights and a representative government to attract colonists. The
southern region of the Carolinas grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while the poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers. The
conflicts between the regions eventually led to the colony being split into North and South Carolina.
Charleston
1690 - The first permanent settlement in the Carolinas, named in honor of King Charles II. Much of the population were Huguenot (French
Protestant) refugees.
Impact of British West Indies, Barbados
Barbados:
(no idea)
Middle passage: the transatlantic sea voyage that brought slaves to the New World; the long and hazardous "middle" segment of a journey that
began with a forced march to the African coast and ended with a treak into the American interior.
Slave codes: 1661 denied even the most fundamental rights of slaves and gave their masters complete control over them, even the right to punish
for slight infraction.
Rice and indigo
Rice was grown successfully in South Carolina as early as 1680. By the early 18th century, with the slave system established on a large scale, rice
became a major export crop of the region. Rice planting was extremely profitable. Indigo was a highly-valued crop grown in South Carolina.
Stono rebellion, 1739
The Stono Rebellion was the largest rebellion mounted by slaves against slave owners in colonial America. The Stono Rebellion's location was near
the Stono River in South Carolina. They tried to march to Spanish Florida but failed.
differences between North and South Carolina
The southern region of the Carolinas grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while the poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers.
The conflicts between the regions eventually led to the colony being split into North and South Carolina.
Georgia(1733):reasons;successes
Georgia was formed as a buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish-held Florida. It was a military-style colony, but also served as a haven for the
poor, criminals, and persecuted Protestants.
James Oglethrope
Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his
colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist’s dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves)
caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor
Southern class structure
(No idea)
Anglican Church
Church of England (Anglican Church)
The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas
Early New England Colonies
By: Natalie Cantor
Protestant Reformation = passed by a German friar named Martin Luther, where the protestant church broke off
John Calvin = Calvin-Doctrine in 1536 “Institutes of the Christian Religion”- Once born, was determined to go to heaven or hell. He was a religious
leader who elaborated on Luther’s ideas.
Predestination = the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born
Church of England (Anglican Church) = the national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant
ideas.
Pilgrims (separatists) = The Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed , Separatist groups were illegal
in England, so the Pilgrims fled to America and settled in Plymouth
Plymouth Colony = Plymouth Massachusetts, a colony found by pilgrims in 1620. Eventually people started leaving because of religious persecution.
John Robinson = Became an early leader of Separatists, was minister or pastor of the pilgrims.
Separatists & Non-Separatists = Separatists (which included the Pilgrims) believed that the Church of England could not be reformed, and so started
their own congregations. Non-separatists (which included the Puritans) believed that the Church of England could be purified through reforms.
Mayflower Compact = 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a
government for the Plymouth colony.
Thanksgiving, Massasoit = Feast held by and Indian leader of Pokanoket named Massasoit in 1621, offered a feast with the Separatists in hopes to
negotiate a land deal.
William Bradford = A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists
get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
Massachusetts Bay Colony = (1629) 1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The
colony established political freedom and a representative government.
Puritans = The Puritans were non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the
Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England. Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the
population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population. Puritan colonies were self-governed, with each town having its
own government which led the people in strict accordance with Puritan beliefs.
Charles 1 = was the King of England who dismissed Parliament in 1629 the recalled it in 1640,with his councilor Archbishop William Laud , but most
didn’t like that so they beheaded Charles in 1649. Archbishop was accused of having too much power over the church and state and eventually was
beheaded in 1645.
Great Migration= (1630) about 70,000 refugees left England for America. Most of them were attracted to the warm and fertile West Indies, especially
the sugar-rich island of Barbados.
English Civil War = (1642-1647) was a war of political conflicts between parliament and royalist.
Interregnum = a period where a series of political experiments were created to run a country without a monarchy.
John Winthrop = (1588-1649)
1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in 1630 through 1649. A Puritan, opposed democracy, and
helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president. Believed he had a call from God to lead the new religious
experiment. “City upon a hill”, a beacon to humanity, colonist believed had a covenant with God, an agreement to build a holy society that would be
a model for humankind.
Covenant Theology = Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God’s covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace
between God and man through Christ.
“Protestant work ethic” = “calling to do Gods work on earth” (puritans) which involved serious commitment to work and to engagement in worldly
pursuits, mainly because of their spiritual intensity.
Congregational church = The Congregational Church was founded by separatists who felt that the Church of England retained too many Roman
Catholic beliefs and practices. The Pilgrims were members of the Congregational Church.
John Cotton = a very devoted Puritan, emigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution for his criticism for the church of England. Puritan colonies
were self-governed, with each town having its own government which led the people in strict accordance with Puritan beliefs.
1631 = The Massachusetts general court passed an act to limit voting rights to church members.
Cambridge Platform = (1648) was a doctrine for the puritan congregational church in America. The Cambridge Platform stressed morality over
church dogma.
Religion in MBC = “Visible saints “was another name for puritans.. Only those members of the congregation who had achieved grace and were full
church members (called the "elect," or "saints") could vote and hold public office. Other colonies had different styles of government and were more
open to different beliefs.
Half-Way Covenant = applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn’t achieved grace
themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.
1636 = Harvard, an institute of high learning named after John Harvard by Massachusetts. Hartford and Connecticut were founded. A group of
Boston Puritans led by Reverend Thomas hooker filled up the Hartford area.
Massachusetts School of law = (1647) First public education legislation in America. It declared that towns with 50 or more families had to hire a
schoolmaster and that towns with over 100 families had to found a grammar school.
Anne Hutchinson (Antinomianism) = She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She
was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
Quakers = A group of dissenters, arose in England in the mid-1600s and they were known as the Religious Society of Friends. Quakers were
especially offensive to the authorities, both religious and civil. They refused to support the Church of England with taxes.
Roger Williams = Separatist, broke away from corrupt of Church of England
Salem Witch Trials = A group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women. 1693, the
witchcraft hysteria ended when the governor of Massachusetts prohibited any further trials and pardoned those already convicted. (19 hanged and 1
pressed to death)
Cotton Mather = a Prime Minister who tried to show the reality of ghost in his studies and suggested mild punishment instead of death of those guilty
of witchcraft
Geography of New England = The soil of New England was stony and hard to plant with. There was less diversity in New England than in the South
because European immigrants did not want to come to a place where there was bad soil. The summers in New England were very hot and the
winters very cold.
3 Main contributions to the American Character: -Democracy -Perfectibility of society - Protestant work ethic
Other New Colonies and New England Politics- 17th Century
By: Lewis Dougher
Connecticut Colonies and Thomas Hooker (1636) - A group of Puritans led by Thomas hooker settled in the Hartford area, later drafting a document
known as the Fundamental Orders.
New Haven (1638) - A prosperous community, founded by Puritans who hoped to set up a closer church-government system than Massachusetts,
but fell into disfavor with King Charles II for sheltering two judges who sentenced his father to death.
Fundamental Orders (1639) – Written by the people of the Connecticut River colony, set up a basic democracy controlled by the “substantial”
citizens. Some of the Fundamental Orders’ ideas were later borrowed to use in its colonial charter and eventually its state constitution.
Rhode Island and Roger Williams (1664) – In 1636, Roger Williams fled to Rhode Island and built a Baptist church. He then established complete
freedom of religion in the Rhode Island area, even sheltering some abused Quakers. This religious diversity caused the Rhode Island area to
become more advanced than most old world communities.
New England Confederation- This was formed by the four New England colonies to provide defense for themselves during the time of salutary
neglect. It also worked as a court, resolving disputes between colonies.
Pequot War (1636-1637) – A war between the Pequot tribe and the English settlers, the settlers ended up setting fire to the Pequot village and shot
the fleeing survivors, virtually eliminating the Pequot tribe.
King Philips War and Metacom (1675) – Metacom (called King Philip by the English) launched a series of coordinated assaults on English villages
throughout New England. Frontiersmen were especially hit hard and most were forced to fall back to Boston. Ended in 1676 with hundreds of
colonists and many more Indians dead.
Dominion of New England – Imposed form London, this was intended to provide defense for the New England colonies in times of war, and it
enforced the Navigation Laws, which were extremely hated. This was overseen by Sir Edmund Andros, who became quickly disliked due to his
enforcement of the Navigation Laws.
Charles II – Had the Carolinas’ named after him, gave his brother, the Duke of York, the New York land area, and gave William Penn the
Pennsylvania area.
Mercantilism – The primarily English idea that a countries economic wealth (and its overall military and political power) can be measured by the
amount of gold or silver it has. The British authorities used this idea to justify their control over the colonies.
Navigation Laws (1651) - Declared commerce travelling to and from the colonies could be transported only in British vessels. This was to try and
stop the colonists from trading with the rest of the world (primarily Dutch shippers).
Sir Edmund Andros – Head of the Dominion of New England, was very pro-monarchy and anti-democracy, He revoked all land titles, laid heavy
restrictions on the courts, schools, and the press, and enforced the hated Navigation Laws. He was shipped back to England during the Glorious
Revolution.
“Glorious Revolution” (1688) – Also called the “Bloodless Revolution”, started in England when the unpopular King James II was dethroned and
William III enthroned. This resulted in the colonies revolting and shipping the unpopular Sir Edmund Andros back to England.
English Bill of Rights – Presented to King William II and Queen Mary in 1689, it listed the rights of the British people and limited the kings’ power of
taxing and prohibited maintenance of a standing army in peacetime.
Middle Colonies and Religion in the Colonies
By: Colby Drain
Middle Colonies
Characteristics
-soil was very fertile
-broad land
-known as "breadbasket" colonies b/c heavy on grain exports
-immigrants to middle colonies included: English and German
New York
-formerly named "New Amsterdam" changed to New York after the Duke of York
-founded by Peter Minuit
-major industries: manufacturing and agriculture
Peter Minuit
-Walloon from Wesel
-purchased Manhattan from natives
-founded New Amsterdam for the Dutch West India Co.
Peter Stuyvesant
-governor of New York
Patroon System
-Dutch West India Co. granted title and land to invested members
-inducements for immigrants basis for patroon system
1664, English Victory
-Second Anglo-Dutch War
-b/w English and United Provinces
-English tried to end Dutch domination of world trade
Leisler's Rebellion, NY (1691)
-animosity b/w lordlyt landholders and merchants
-ill-started and bloody insurgence
-Precursors: Massachusetts prohibited poorer folk from "wearing gold or silver lace"
American blue bloods resented pretensions of "meaner sort"
passed laws to keep them in place
Pennsylvania, 1681, William Penn
-Pennsylvania founded by William Penn
-1681- King signed charter for Penn
"Holy Experiment"
-Penn's term for ideal government
-believed charter was gift from God and he treated this exploration as a "holy experiment"
-largely failed
Quakers
-also known as Religious Society of Friends
-pacifists
-leaders known as Elders
-often ridiculed for beliefs
-established in Pennsylvania
Religion in the Colonies
Congregational Church
-protestant church
-each congregation handled its own affairs
Anglican Church
-less strict
College of William and Mary
-founded to raise/train better class of clerics
Presbyterianism
-never made official in any colony
Great Awakening
-religious movement
-dead dogs- preachers who droned on and on about same thing
Jonathan Edwards founder of Great Religious movement
George Whitefield
-preacher who preached emotive oratory
-revolutionized religion in colonies
Old lights
-deeply skeptical of emotionalism and theatrical antics of revivalists
New lights
-defended Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion
The Colonial Economy and Colonial Society
By: Bryan Estrada
NEW ENGLAND- The New England colonies were made up from the colonies of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode
Island, and Vermont. New England was the first colony established by pilgrims who formed the Plymouth colony it grew from the independence of
Britain to being the first region of the united states to be transformed by the industrial revolution.
MIDDLE COLONIES- The Middle Colonies were made up from the colonies of Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The Middle
Colonies had rich soil, it allowed the colony to be a great exporter in wheat and grain. The lumber and shipbuilding industries also had success in the
Middle Colonies, The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically diverse, with settlers coming from all parts of Europe.
SOUTHERN COLONIES- The southern colonies were made up from the colonies of Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland and Georgia.
In the south many plantations were ran by slave owners who owned slaves and indentured servants who cropped cash crops which included sugar
cane, tobacco, indigo, and rice. having slaves later led to the battle of the civil war.
MERCANTILISM- A theory brought from Europe stating that a nations wealth relied on gold and silver in its treasury, it also stated that a nation
should maximize the foreign trade getting a surplus on exports over imports
NAVIGATION ACTS- stated that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. It was aimed to hurt rival
Dutch shippers. It was a series of laws restricting the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its Colonies.
TRIANGULAR TRADE- The triangular trade was a way of trading goods between the North American Colonies, England, Africa, and West Indies.
Tobacco, fish, timber, and flour for english textiles were shipped too and from between England and North American colonies. Slaves were
transported from Africa to West indies and North American Colonies. Rum was transported from the North American Colonies to Africa. Sugar and
molasses was shipped from the West Indies to the North American Colonies, Timber and foodstuffs were shipped from the North American Colonies
to the West Indies.
MOLASSES ACT, 1733- Parliament passed the Molasses Act, it imposed a tax on molasses from non-british colonies it was aimed at crushing
North American trade with the French West Indies.
COLONIAL SOCIETY
ROYAL COLONIES- These were colonies that were British territory and had not yet gained independence or have voted to remain loyal to Britain.
CHARTER COLONIES- The colonies of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts Bay were charter colonies. In a charter colony, the King
granted a charter to the colonial government establishing the rules under which the colony was to be governed. The charters of Rhode Island and
Connecticut granted the colonists significantly more political liberty than other colonies.
PROPRIETARY COLONIES- These colonies were usually made up of land owners who were known as propieters, the king would grant them land
and they were granted what is known as today the privilege of the state.
COUNCIL UPPER HOUSE- The upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature. An upper house is also called a senate.
ASSEMBLIES LOWER HOUSE- The lower house is one of three chambers of a tricameral legislature, the other 2 chambers being the upper
house and middle house.
PRIMOGENITURE- Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the first born to inherit the entire estate of the father if he has passed away, to
the exclusion of younger brothers or sisters.
ENTAIL- A settlement of the inheritance of property over a number of generations so that it remains within a family or other group.
WOMAN LACK PROPERTY RIGHTS- women's property was under control of their husbands, giving women limited property rights.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN- Poor Richards Almanack was published yearly, The Almanack contained the calendar, weather, poems, sayings
and astrnomical and astrological information that a typical almanac of the period would contain.
PHILIS WHEATLEY- First African-American woman in United States history to have her poetry published.
AGE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT- The era of philosophy between intellectual, scientific, religious, and cultural life.
CLASSICAL LIBERALISM- A philosophy committed to the ideas of limited government including freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly.
JOHN LOCKE: NATURAL RIGHTS- "life liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" were the thoughts of john locke on the behalf of natural rights.
RIGHT TO REBEL- The right of the people to overthrow or rebel against the government if they act against the people's common interest's.
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU: 3 BRANCHES- Introduced the separation of powers with an executive, legislative, and judicial branch.
DEISM- The knowledge of God based on the application of reason on the designs/laws found throughout Nature.
Events that fostered the democratic ideal in the English Colonies and Great Britain v. France
By: Joseph Fernandez
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House of Burgesses- Created in Virginia. It was the first legislative body in colonial America. First met in Jamestown and the first meting
was to set minimum price for tobacco sales.
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Mayflower compact- First agreement for self-government in America. Signed by the men of the Mayflower, and set up the government for
the Mayflower colony.
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Fundamental Orders Of Connecticut- set up a unified government for the towns in the Connecticut area. It was the first constitution written
in America.
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New England Confederation- John Winthrop helped organize this. Created so it could be used as a defense for the New England colonies.
It acted as a court with disputes between the colonies.
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Maryland Act Of Toleration- Provided religious freedom in Maryland for all religions except for Jews and Atheist.
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Bacons Rebellion- Nathaniel Bacon and other Virginia colonists were angry towards governor Berkeley because he was trying to please
Indians after the Indians attacked them. Bacon and other colonists rebelled and rebellion ended soon after Bacon died.
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“Glorious Revolution” Bill Of Rights- resulted in King James II being thrown off the thrown and William III and Mary II being added. The Bill
Of Rights redefined the relationship between monarch and any future subject being barred from Catholic succession of the throne.
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Failure of Dominion of New England- All of new england joined together to protect themselves from the French and Indians. But in 1689
there union failed when King James II lost his thrown. After it failed, the British officials attitudes were temporarily changed towards the
American colonies.
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Leisler's Rebellion- An armed mob took over Fort James, with Jacob Leisler as commander. They convicted Leisler for treason and had
him executed.
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“Salutary Neglect”- A British policy for avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws. It was meant to keep the American colonies loyal
to Great Britain. Because of this policy trade laws were lenient, so the navigation acts weren't enforced.
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Whig ideology- the whigs were mostly concerned with making sure parliament ruled the king, and not the other way around. They joined
with Radicals in parliament to form a Liberal Party.
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Impact of the Enlightenment- Made the colonies want to be more religious. The enlightenment provided the philosophical basis for the
American Revolution.
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Zenger Case- John Peter Zenger printed bad things about the Colonial Officials and was sent to trial because of that. Zenger's lawyer had
said that the statements were true, but the jury found Zenger innocent. The case established the framework of, Freedom Of Speech.
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Albany Congress- was a meeting between the seven British American colonies. Representatives met daily in Albany, New York to discuss
relations against the Indians and defenses against the French.
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Paxton Boys- a group of men from Paxton, raided a Indian small settlement of Indians because legislators ignored there requests for
soldiers. 6 Indians were killed, and 14 were taken hostage.
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Regulator Movement- the people of North Carolina (called the Regulators group) rebelled against the court officials. The Regulators group
tried to shut down the local courts and suppress tax payments. The result was rioting in several countries, but a militia soon brought them
down.
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Dispute over the Ohio Valley- treaties between French, British, and Indians didn't cover the Ohio Valley territory, and all of them had
claimed to own the territory because of early explorations. Great Britain allied with the French, and the Indians felt threatened. Most of the
French and Indian war, was fought there.
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Seven Years War (French and Indian War)- The war was caused over a dispute between territory and the Indians had been terrorizing the
American colonists. So the colonists allied with Great Britain and they got rid of the Indians. After the war French no longer had control of
Canada, and Great Britain spent a lot of money on the war.
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Washington's Ohio Mission- Washington warned the French to stay out of Ohio Valley. Washington had a rough trip back, he walked
mostly on foot, got shot at, and almost drowned.
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Albany Plan- Proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany congress, it was an early attempt at creating a union of the colonies. The plan
was rejected by both sides.
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Battle Of Quebec- fought between American forces and British defenders, early in the revolutionary war. The Americans lost this battle,
and it was a heavily lost fight because there General was killed, Benedict Arnold was wounded, and 400 of there men were captured.
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Treaty Of Paris, 1763- signed by Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, and France, to end the French and Indian War/Seven Years War.
The Road to Independence
By: Dorian Granizo
Salutary neglect- belief that Britain left the colonies alone and they would flourish by doing their own thing and then when Britain stepped back into
the activities of the American people with new rule and taxes along with tariffs anger was formed among the American people.
Whig ideology- opposed the Jacksonian democracy party, believed in a patriotic system and was against tyranny therefore giving them preference to
a stronger congress or legislative branch instead of a stronger president or executive branch.
Writs of Assistance, James Otis- Thought of the idea of writs of assistance which are warrants and these warrants are for example search and
seizure warrants. These are small pieces of legislative that allows an official to do anything they want.
George Grenville- ended salutary neglect by imposing the Stamp Act in November 1765.
Pontiac’s Rebellion- A Native American uprising in 1763 led by Pontiac in the Ohio River Valley region, this showed that America was strong enough
to fight off such a revolt.
Proclamation of 1763- proclamation made by Great Britain after the French and Indian War regulating what would be done regarding Indian relations
and what would be done regarding the newly acquired French territory.
Currency Act, 1764- extension of the currency act of 1751; act prohibited the colonies from designating future money as legal tender for debts both
public and private.
Sugar Act, 1764- act installed by Britain in 1764 that was similar to the molasses act of 1733 in the fact that it taxed food, beverages, and spices that
contained sugar as well as items that didn’t contain sugar. Importantly protested by Sam Adams and James Otis.
Quartering Act, 1765- made by the British parliament in 1765 at the request by Thomas Gage that stated that the colonists would have to house and
feed all British soldiers in need of housing and food. Expired in 1767.
Stamp Act, 1765- tax that stated that all printed materials needed a stamp to show that they were purchased with the proper tax, the tax was one
penny. People felt that it was a violation of their rights as Englishmen. This tax was felt unjust under the philosophy of “no taxation without
representation” because since the colonies had no representatives in Britain that they could not tax them. Repealed March 17,1766.
Stamp Act Congress- met on October 19, 1765 in New York, 9 of the 13 colonies attended, those who didn’t send representatives were Georgia, N.
Carolina, Virginia, and New Hampshire. They discussed the Stamp act and the right to self tax along with the idea of “no taxation without
representation”.
Sons of Liberty- organization created to protect the rights of the American people from the usurpations of the British government, most famously
known for the Boston Tea Party that was done in rebellion of the Tea Act, and led to the Intolerable Acts. Famous members such Sam Adams,
Patrick Henry, and Paul Revere.
Declaratory Act, 1766- this act was formed after the repealing of the stamp act. It stated that Britain had the right to tax America however it pleased.
Townshend Acts, 1766- act made to counter the resistance to the quartering act and resistance to this act led to the British occupation of Boston that
ultimately led to the Boston Massacre. John Dickinson stated in “letters from a PA Farmer” that Britain taxing the colonies to increase revenue was
unconstitutional.
Boston Massacre- 5 killed on March 5, 1770, 5 colonists were killed by redcoats who were occupying Boston at the time.
Committees of Correspondence- committees that were formed in order to maintain communication throughout the colonies, a famous committee
were the Sons of Liberty with members such as Sam Adams and Paul Revere.
Tea Act, 1773- act passed on May 10, 1733, it placed a tariff on tea that was imported to the colonies. Due to this act a boat full of tea belonging to
the British East India Co. was stranded in the Boston Harbor. And the Sons of Liberty being outraged at the unjust tax implemented on the colonies
by Britain committed the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773. That led to the intolerable acts.
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts), 1774- caused by the Boston Tea Party that was committed by the Sons of Liberty. The Intolerable acts consisted of
the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Governments Act, the Administration of Justice Act, the Quartering Act, and the Quebec Act.
Quebec Act, 1774- stated the way the Quebec province would be governed. It set the borders of the Quebec territory, it changed the way the oath of
Quebec was set to not include mention of the protestant faith, it guaranteed the free practice of Catholicism, and allowed French law for private
matters and English law for public matters.
First Continental Congress, 1774- a meeting of 12 of the 13 colonies to discuss the rights and grievances they had. These rights and grievances
were listed and sent to King George the 3rd. The committee also considered their options of boycott for the intolerable acts, they discussed the
meeting of a second continental congress if King George were to ignore their list of grievances and rights.
Lexington and Concord- first battles of the American Revolutionary War, and occurred on April 19, 1775.
British v. American strengths and weaknesses- Britain had a better trained military staff in the form of combat, and Britain had the hired help of the
German Hessians. America had the benefits of knowing the terrain that was being fought on especially in the Appalachian region and the ability to
have ready supplies while British soldiers had to wait for ships to bring their supplies.
Second continental congress, 1775- organization that began meeting on May 10, 1775. They became the leading head of the United States during
the Revolutionary War. They made the Articles of Confederation.
Olive Branch Petition- a petition that was sent to Britain to avoid a full blown war with America. The petition was rejected by the British king.
Battle of Bunker Hill- took place on June 17, 1775. A conflict that occurred on Breed’s Hill when colonial troops in Boston received information that
British troops were soon arriving. The 1200 colonial troops were led by William Prescott. The British won.
Hessians- German mercenaries that were hired by the British to help fight in the American Revolution.
Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776- Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to try to convince the Loyalists throughout the
colonies to have a more patriotic mind set and to try to turn them against Britain.
King George the 3rd- reigned as king of Britain between 1760 and 1820. In his later years he suffered from a mental condition that was making him
crazy. He ruled Britain in the time of the American Revolution.
Richard Henry Lee’s resolution of June 7, 1776- known as the resolution of independence. This resolution led to the Declaration of Independence.
Declaration of Independence- written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, adopted by the second continental congress on July 4, 1776. Stated that the 13
colonies were independent and no longer part of Great Britain. It justified the separation of the 13 colonies with a list of grievances that the Colonies
had with Britain.
John Locke: natural rights philosophy- philosophy that everyone has certain unalienable rights that cannot be taken away from you by anyone, even
the government.
Revolutionary War and Articles of Confederation
By: Chance Hampton
Groups of the American Revolution:
1.
2.
Patriots
Loyalists (Tories)
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Battle of Trenton (1776): Continental Army v. Hessian Brigade; American victory; American Casualties: 2; Hessian Casualties: 23
Battle of Saratoga (1777): American v. British; American victory; American Casualties: 800; British Casualties: 1,600
Valley Forge: American camp for the 1777-78 winter.
Articles of Confederation (1777): Outlined the American federal government. Precursor to the Constitution.
Franco-American Alliance (1778): Alliance between the colonies and the French.
Yorktown: American and French v. British and Hessian; American victory; American/ French Casualties: 62; British/ Hessian Casualties:
156; influenced the British to sign the Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris (1783): Officially ended the war between Britain and America.
African American's in the war: Fought as both soldiers and were also seen in protest against British policies (such as Crispus Attucks in the
Boston Massacre)
Women in the war: Some women were used as nurses to aide the wounded while others dressed as men so they too could do their duty to
their country.
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ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
Changes after the revolution: end to primogeniture, Cincinnati Society disestablishment, Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom, Quaker
abolitionism...
Republican Motherhood: The women should be recognized in the new government because they are the ones who raise the future politicians
and it is the women who can sway the child's beliefs.
Changes to society after the Revolution
-Primogeniture ended, the first borne was no longer the only heir to parental fortune
-Critics such as Benjamin Franklin question the Cincinnati Society (recognition to the officers of the revolution) because it supposedly created
noble order
-Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom-passed in 1786, it protected the rights to practice religion freely and emphasized the separation of
Church and State.
-Many Quakers involve themselves in post-revolution abolitionism
-Quock Walker was a slave who won his freedom by quoting the Massachusetts Convention which stated all men were born equal and free.
This case was said to spur the Massachusetts abolition movement
-Republican Motherhood is the belief that mother's played a role in the upbringing of the United States and that they too should be recognized
as equals to men.
Sovereignty and Republicanism
-Popular Sovereignty is the belief that the people are charged with governing of a state
-Republicanism is the belief that the government should be run as a whole through elections rather than one governing family (such as in
Europe)
State Constitutions
-Popular Sovereignty
-Limited power of the government
-Civil Rights and Liberties
-Separation of Power
-Checks and Balances
Constitution
By: Nick Heredia
Exam Review - Constitution
The Philadelphia Convention was from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia to address problems in governing the U.S., which had been
operating under the Articles of Confederation from the independence over Great Britain. Although the Convention was intended only to revise the
Articles, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, wanted to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected
George Washington to be in charge over the convention. The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution.
James Madison was alarmed at the fragility of the Articles of Confederation, particularly the disunity of the state governments, and strongly
advocated a new constitution. At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Madison's draft of the Virginia Plan and his revolutionary three-branch
federal system became the basis for the American Constitution of today.
The Virginia Plan was important, because of its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the
idea of population-weighted representation in the national legislature.
The New Jersey Plan was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government proposed by William Paterson at the Constitutional
Convention on June 15, 1787.The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan's call for two houses of Congress, both elected according to
population or direct taxes paid. The smaller states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the larger
states, and so proposed an alternate plan that would have given one vote per state for equal representation under one legislative body. This plan
was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph.
The Connecticut Compromise was an agreement between large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part
defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the Constitution. It proposed a bicameral legislature, resulting
in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives.
The Three-Fifths compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 where
they decided that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for political purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the amount
of members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman.
The importation or export of slaves was banned on 1 January 1808; but not the internal slave trade, meaning that you could own slaves, but you
couldn’t take any more from another country.
Montesquieu described division of political power among an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary. The government is divided into branches, each
with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than the other branches. The normal
division of branches is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.
The Commerce Clause is an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution. The clause states that the United States Congress shall
have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes".
Safeguards: 1. Federal judges were appointed for life 2. President was elected indirectly by the Electoral College 3. Senators chosen indirectly by
state legislatures
The first method is for a bill to pass both houses of the legislature, by a two-thirds majority in each. Once the bill has passed both houses, it goes on
to the states. This is the route taken by all current amendments. The second method is for a Constitutional Convention to be called by two-thirds of
the legislatures of the States, and for that Convention to propose one or more amendments. These amendments are then sent to the states to be
approved by three-fourths of the legislatures or conventions. This route has never been taken.
The Founding Fathers' intentions regarding the Constitution's meaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve.
Federalists - Statesmen and public figures supporting ratification of the proposed Constitution of the United States between 1787 and 1789.
Anti-Federalists - central governing authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to, but not having more power than, its state government.
George Mason - Along with James Madison, he is called the "Father of the Bill of Rights."
Bill of Rights - first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known. They were introduced by James Madison to the First United States
Congress in 1789 as a series of legislative articles, and came into effect as Constitutional Amendments on December 15, 1791, through the process
of ratification by three-fourths of the States. Protects individual rights of American citizens.
The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles or essays supporting the ratification of the United States Constitution. Alexander Hamilton wrote 51
articles, James Madison wrote 26 articles, and John Jay wrote 5 articles.
Federalist No. 10, in which Madison discusses the means of preventing rule by majority faction and advocates an extended republic, is generally
regarded as the most important of the 85 articles from a philosophical perspective.
MISSING: Politics in the 1790s and Foreign Affairs in the 1790s
Jeffersonian Democracy
By: Lawrence Liandro
Election of 1800/ revolution of 1800- the election that took place in the year 1800 between Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr, John Adams, C.C.
Pinckney, and John Jay. During the election Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tie .The House of Representatives voted Thomas Jefferson for
president in the end.
12th amendment- The 12th amendment is the procedure that the president and vice president are elected. This amendment was proposed by
congress in 1803 and then ratified in 1804.
Sec. of Treasury Albert Gallatin – Chosen by Thomas Jefferson, Albert Gallatin became the Secretary of Treasury in 1800. In 1801 the national
dept was over 80 million dollars. Gallatin used two main sources of revenue which were the sale of public lands and money brought in from import
taxes. By 1812 Gallatin successfully lowered the national dept to a little over 45 million dollars.
Judiciary Act of 1801- an act that reorganized the federal court system by creating 6 circuits and adding 5 new district courts to relieve Supreme
Court justices of circuit riding. This act also created 16 more judge positions and changed the number of Supreme Court justices from 6 to 5.
Midnight Judges- A group of 42 federalists selected to be justices of the piece by John Adams (which was also a federalist). They were called
midnight judges because they were chosen at the last minute.
John Marshall- Adams’s secretary of state from 1800 to 1801. Adams appointed Marshall to be the chief justice of the Supreme Court.
Marbury v. Madison 1803- The decision established the doctrine of judicial review, which recognizes the authority of courts to declare statutes
unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase – Thomas Jefferson’s decision to buy the Louisiana Territory from the French to extend American land.
Lewis and Clark expedition- The exploration of Louisianan territory.
Hamilton and burr duel- Hamilton challenged burr to a duel but when the day came Hamilton decided to walk away, burr still shot and hit Hamilton
in the head.
Events leading to the war of 1812:
Embargo act- Jefferson’s taxation on imported goods in order to try and make America look independent and to pay off the national dept.
Non intercourse act- the act lifting all embargos in America, just before the end of Jefferson’s presidency.
James Madison- becomes president after Jefferson
Macon’s bill- act that lifted all embargos with France and Britain.
War hawks- mostly southerners which were for war against Britain
Battle of Tippecanoe- War between Indians that were supplied with weapons from the British and the Americans. It destroyed all hope for a Indian
confederacy, and increased hatred towards Britain.
War of 1812- War between America and Britain from 1812 to1815. this war was also known as the second war for independence.
Francis Scott key- Wrote the star spangled banner song after watching a town be bombarded by the British.
Battle of New Orleans- Andrew Jackson successfully protected New Orleans from Britain
Treaty of Ghent- the treaty that ended the war of 1815 because of the battle at Ghent. America won the war agin.
Nationalism and Sectionalism to 1828 (Incomplete)
By: Jose Macias
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President Monroe: 5th president of the U.S. and author of the Moroe Doctrine (1758 - 1831).
Secretary of State Jhon Quincy Adams: 6th president of the U.S. he was also an american diplomat and served both the Senate and
House of Representatives.
Domestic Policy: Also known as public policy, presents decisions, laws, and programs made by the goverment which are directly related
to issues in the country.
Era of Good Feelings: (1817 - 1825) The year Monroe's presidency people had a good feeling caused by the nationalistic pride after the
Battle of New Orleans and the second war for Independence with British, only one political party was present.
Nationalism & Economic Independence:
* Nationalism: Generally involves the inddetification of an ethic identity with a state. The subject can include the belief that one's
nation is of primary importance.
* Economic Independence: Autarky is the quality of being self - sufficent.
Single Party Rule: One-party systems or single party system is a type of party system goverment in which a single political party forms the
goverment and no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election.
Henry Clay's American System: A plan to streghthen and unify the nation. The system was a new form of federalism that included...
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Support for a high tarriff to protect american industries and generate revenue for the federal goverment.
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Maintanace of high public land prices to generate federal revenue.
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Preservation of the Bank of the U.S. to stabalize the currency and rein in risky state local banks.
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Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads & canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed
by the tarriff and land sales revenues.
The Tarriff of 1816: The Dallas Tarriff, which was inforced between 1816 and 1824 and formed the basis of the comprimise of 1833 ending
the Nullification Crisis.
Internal improvements in bonus veto bill: Was intended to direct profits from the second national bank to found internal improvements.
Panic of 1819: subtitled reactions and policies,is murray rothbords 1962 work about what he indentifies as the great economic crisis of the
U.S.
Jacksonian Democracy
By: Andrea Mackey
-Election of 1824
The people that were running for office were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay. Popular vote Jackson 152,933, Adams - 115,626, Clay - 47,136, Crawford - 46,979. Electoral vote: Jackson - 99, Adams - 84, Crawford - 41, Clay - 37. House vote: Adams
- 13, Jackson - 7, Crawford - 4, Clay - dropped. Jackson didn't have a majority in the electoral vote, so the election went to the House of
Representatives, and Adams won and became president.
-Jacksonian Revolution of 1828-When Andrew Jackson was elected president, people thought he could make the American Dream come true.
Jackson appointed the common people to government positions. Jackson was the first non-aristocrat to be elected as president. Jackson's election
was the "Common Man".
-Age of the Common Man
Jackson's presidency was the called the Age of the Common Man. He felt that government should be run by common people - a democracy based
on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights
allowed Jackson to be elected.
-Jacksonian Democracy (characteristics)-The Jacksonian era (1829-1841) included many reforms: free public schools, more women's rights,
better working conditions in factories, and the rise of the Abolition movement. In the election, Jackson was seemed as a common man and his
opponent, J.Q. Adams, was attacked for his aristocratic principles. Electors in the electorial college were also chosen by popular vote. Common
man, nationalism.
-Franchise extended and spoils system
Franchise extended - more people were given the right to vote, even men who owned no land. Spoils system - "To the victor go the spoils" - the
winner of the election may do whatever they want with the staff. Jackson made more staff changes than any previous president,. He fired many
people and replaced them with his own.(his supporters)
-Maysville Road Veto
1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay,
and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. he Applied strict
interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.
-1832 - Jackson, in his veto message of the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S., said that the bank was a source that catered to the rich, and
that it was owned by the wealthy and by foreigners.
-Charles River Bridge Decision, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, General Incooperation Laws
1837 - The Charles River Bridge Decision, delivered by Roger B. Taney, modified C.J. Marshall's ruling in the Darmouth College Case of 1819,
which said that a state could not make laws infringing on the charters of private organizations. Taney ruled that a charter granted by a state to a
company cannot work to the disadvantage of the public. The Charles River Bridge Company protested when the Warren Bridge Company was
authorized in 1828 to build a free bridge where it had been chartered to operate a toll bridge in 1785. The court ruled that the Charles River
Company was not granted a monopoly right in their charter, and the Warren Company could build its bridge. Began the legal concept that private
companies cannot injure the public welfare.
-Vice-President Calhoun: South Carolina Exposition and protest, nullification Vice-President Calhoun anonymously published the essay South
Carolina Exposition, which proposed that each state in the union counter the tyranny of the majority by allowing the right to nullify an unconstitutional
act of Congress. It was written in reaction to the Tariff of 1828, which he said placed the Union in danger and stripped the South of its rights. South
Carolina had threatened to secede if the tariff was not revoked; Calhoun suggested state nullification as a more peaceful solution.
-Webster-Hayne debate
The Webster-Hayne debate in 1830 was over an 1830 bill by Samuel A. Foote to limit the sale of public lands in the west to new settlers. Daniel
Webster showed the danger of the states rights doctrine, which permitted each state to decide for itself which laws were unconstitutional, claiming it
would lead to civil war. States rights (The South) vs. nationalism (The North).
-Toasts and quotes
April 13, 1830 - At the Jefferson anniversary dinner, President Jackson toasted, "Our federal union. It must and shall be preserved." making it clear
to the nullifiers that he would resist the states rights supporters claim to nullify the tariff law. V.P. Calhoun's response to the toast was, "The union,
next to our liberty, most dear. May we always remember that it can only be preserved by distributing evenly the benefits and burdens of the Union."
Calhoun had wanted Jackson to side with him (for states rights) in public, but he didn't succeed.
-Kitchen Cabinet
A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them
instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet".
-Peggy Eaton Affair
Social scandal (1829-1831) - John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair
with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided
with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against
the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.
-Nullification crisis and South Carolina
When faced with the protective Tariff of 1828, John Calhoun presented a theory in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) that federal
tariffs could be declared null and void by individual states and that they could refuse to enforce them. South Carolina called a convention in 1832,
after the revised Tariff of 1828 became the Tariff of 1832, and passed an ordinance forbidding collection of tariff duties in the state. This was
protested by Jackson.
-Tariff of Abominations
1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said
that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. It passed because New England favored high
tariffs.
The North wanted tariffs that protected new industries, but the agricultural Southern states depended on cheap imports of manufactured goods and
only wanted tariffs for revenue. The South strongly opposed protective tariffs like the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, and protested by asserting that
enforcement of the tariffs could be prohibited by individual states, and by refusing to collect tariff duties.
-Compromise Tariff of 1833 (Henry Clay)
Henry Clay devised the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which gradually reduced the rates levied under the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. It caused South
Carolina to withdraw the ordinance nullifying the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. Both protectionists and anti-protectionists accepted the compromise.
-Election of 1832 and Anti-Masonic Party
Andrew Jackson (Democrat) ran for re-election with V.P. Martin Van Buren. The main issue was his veto of the recharter of the U.S. Bank, which he
said was a monopoly. Henry Clay (Whig), who was pro-Bank, ran against him The Anti-Masonic Party nominated William Wirt. This was the first
election with a national nominating convention. Jackson won - 219 to Clay's 49 and Wirt's 1. The Masons were a semi-secret society devoted to
libertarian principles to which most were educated or upper-class men of the Revolutionary War era belonged. The Anti-Masons sprang up as a
reaction to the perceived elitism of the Masons, and the new party took votes from the Whigs, helping Jackson to win the election.
Jacksonian Economics
By: Symone Magee
Jackson was the seventh president of the United States of America, he was most known for his protection over popular democracy & individual
liberty for all American citizens and he was also known for his support for slavery and Indian removal. A few main thing that made Jackson different
from any other President was that he made major foreign changes and control over parts of the US economy such as the bank, would not only
influence US domestic policy but also US foreign policy. He was one of the few Presidents that would never leave America to the mercies of
overseas affairs, and he utilized his powers to ensure that America was self-guiding and sustaining with just fixing things between the US and foreign
Nations.
In 1830, President Andrew Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road, which allowed the Federal government to purchase a stock in the Maysville,
Washing, Paris and Lexington Turnpike Road Company., which was constructed to link roads from Lexington to the Ohio River. This was said to
provide federal funding to complete the project, Congress thus passed this, and not even a month later Jackson vetoed the bill saying that federal
funding on projects of nature was unconstitutional, he also said the bill violated the principles that the government shouldn’t be an economic affair,
and it interfered with the paying off of the national debt.
Along with the States Rights: Maysville Road Veto, President Jackson also signed into law the Indian Removal Act in 1830. This was one of the most
controversial Acts, the point of the act was too help Georgia which was the largest state at the time with the Indian problem since most of the Natives
lived in Georgia at the time. This bill was passed but then there was a significant number of oppositions from the Christian missionaries, and
especially the New Jersey Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen and Congressman Davy Crockett of Tennessee. Thus this resulted in the Black Hawk
War in 1832 where a group of Native Americans led by Black Hawk (a Sauk leader) in which they attempted to reclaim the land in Illinois that had
been ceded in a disputed 1804 treaty. The war only consisted of series of minor battles and skirmishes, of course we won. Then in 1835 the
Seminole War occurred which was where Seminole Indians started to protect freed blacks and escaped slaves; thus tension occurred between them
& the U.S. and turned in to the Seminole War, over the course of the war most Seminoles were forced to relocate west of the Mississippi River
(Indian Removal Act). Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (1831) was the supreme court case in which Georgia made laws that stripped all of Cherokee
Nation’s rights with the intention to force them off the land, the outcome was that the injunction was voided because the Cherokee’s were not apart of
Georgia they were a “denominated domestic dependent nation”. Trail of Tears was the act in which the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw
nations were forced to relocate from present day Oklahoma to the Western United States, in which many Indians died from exposure, disease, and
starvation while to route to their destination anywhere from 4000 -15000 were moved.
(Con’t) In 1832, the president of the Bank of the United States which is Nicholas Biddle, he applied to Congress for a recharter bill (which is a bank
that is owned by the state or can be privately owned), four years after the expiration date of the old bill, the recharter bill was passed then Jackson
quickly vetoed it and though it was still wanted the supporters of the bill were not able to gather enough votes to over ride the veto.
In 1836, Andrew Jackson proposed the Specie Circular also known as the Coinage Act, which required all land to be purchased in either Gold or
Silver; Jackson wasn’t able to carry this out so Martin Van Buren his successor did so, and passed it. This sounded good at first but then people said
that it was the reason in the raising of prices and the cause of the Panic of 1837 which was a financial crisis in which all the banks only accepted
payment in coinage (gold or silver coins). The Panic was thus followed with a 5 year depression, with the failure of banks and record high
unemployment-rates.
In 1837, the Charles River Bridge vs. Warren Bridge came up which consisted of the story that Charles River Bridge Company had been granted a
charter to build a bridge that connected from Boston to Charleston, but then Commonwealth of Massachutes chose another company to build the
Waren bridge which was very close to the first bridge that would connect the same two cities. Charles River Bridge Company claimed that the
Massachutes legislature had violated their contract and that the owners of the first bridge claimed that the charter implied exclusive rights to the
Charles River Bridge Company. The decision that was made sided with Warren Bridge. This case was led by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney who had
ultimately stated that “No legislature should have the power to stop the state from creating internal improvements because it was such an important
aspect of the state’s power.” Taney had been chosen by Jackson, and in all it put a bad image on Jackson, and definitely Taney’s future as Chief
Justice.
Recognition of Texas (1837) was when the Republic of Texas formed as a break away republic from Mexico, which was the outcome of the Texas
Revolution, the revolution claimed Texas, as well as parts of present day New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming. The revolution
also cleared up the dispute about the border which is the Rio Grande. President Jackson appointed Alcee La Brance as the person who officialy
recognized Texas as an independent republic.
The Election of 1836, was when Martin Van Buren was elected into office as President, which was President Jackson’s personal choice for president
because it resembled him and his views. Martin Van Buren a Democrat ran along with four other Whig candidates, the outcome lead that Van Buren
one the majority of electoral votes and more Popular Votes. This election was and is the first only time in which a Vice Presidential election was
thrown into the Senate. In the end Van Buren destroyed the Whig strategy by polling well in all sections of the country. The Whigs, however, were
able to make significant gains in Congress.
Martin Van Buren - Eighth president served one term and first President to be born as an American citizen. Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the
US that first started in New York when every bank only started to accept payment in only gold or silver coinage. This was put into place by Andrew
Jackson’s act the Specie Circular. Independent Treasury (Divorce Bill) – a system that retained government funds in the United States Treasury and
its sub treasuries, in the national banking and financial systems. It existed from 1846 – 1921. Election of 1840 was the hardest election of President
Van Buren where he was actual fighting to get re-elected along with all the hard times that were going on with the economic depression and the
Whig Party which was unified for the first time and was running against the war hero William Henry Harrison, his slogan was “Tippecanoe and Tyler,
too” and Henry Clay ran too. William Henry Harrion was elected as President and he was also a Whig. This election was unique because all the
people that ran which were Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk all would eventually or were presidents. Harrison
died a year into presidency and then John Tyler became President, who was the Vice President.
Manifest Destiny
By: Jessica Murphy
Manifest Destiny was the American belief that they were the chosen people and had a mission to spread democracy and their culture across the
continent.
With the approbation of President Tyler a treaty was signed in Washing to D.C. on April 12, 1844 by Mr. Calhoun, the Secretary of State, Messrs,
and representing America was Van Zandt and Henderson for the Annexation of Texas. But it was rejected by the senate that June. The south was in
favor of the annexation while the north was against it because it would increase the political strength of slave power and lead to a war between
Mexico and America. Texas joined America on July 4, 1845.
In the election of 1844 Henry Clay from the Whig Party and Martin Van Buren from the Democratic Party were scared that the annexation of Texas
would split up their parties. President Tyler hoped for a second term so he attempted to get support by backing the annexation of Texas. Clay won
the Whig nomination but Van Buren was not able to secure his nomination so James K. Polk won the nomination. Clay believed that he would win
because he thought he could split Tyler and Polk but when Tyler pulled out of the race the Democrats called for the reoccupation of Oregon and the
reannexation of Texas. They also cried Fifty-Four Forty or Fight.
Election of
Candidates
James K. Polk (TN)
George Mifflin Dallas (PA)
Henry Clay (KY)
Theodore Frelinghuysen (NJ)
James G. Birney (KY)
Thomas Morris (OH)
Party
Electoral
Vote
Popular
Vote
Democratic
170
1,339,368
Whig
105
1,300,687
Liberty
0
62,103
"Election of 1844." United States History. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h319.html>.
Oregon Trail was the rought many people used during the Oregon fever when people would travel to Oregon to settle.
Mexican war was caused by the Texas Annexation, the boundary dispute, the California question, and the monetary claims against Mexico. It ended
in America getting approximately 525,000 square miles of land and a heavy loss of lives.
The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brought an official end to the 2 year war with Mexico. It was signed on February 2, 1848 in the city of Guadalupe
Hidalgo
Wilmot Proviso barred slavery from any territory acquired from Mexico. But it did not pass.
Rise of National Economy
By: Ali Nix
The rise of the national economy was a moment that got America back on there feet, but it wasn’t just in a night or day it was over some time. It
started with little things like Samuel Slater he was called the “father of the factory system”. He had worked at a mill back home where he memorize
the textile industry, then came to America and built it here. An inventor named Eli Whitney also helps the economy rise by inventing the cotton gin,
which was a machine that would go and manually pick the seeds out of the white stuff. He also invented interchangeable parts which would save lots
of money and time. As the more inventions came out even more inventions came out. There was john Deere who invented the steel plow which
came in use after Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper that would go and fix the glass, then the plow would come and get the dirt all
fresh so it was a lot easier to grow plants which help produced which helped the economy. But two of the biggest things that helped the economy
were the invention of Samuel Moore who invented the typewriter. Which helped a lot with communication people could go places and still write back
to the loved ones. The second thing is was the transportation revolution which is when they came up with railroads, trains, and other transportations,
but a huge one was the steamboat invented by Robert Fulton. The boat name was Clermont and it failed the first time but worked the second after
adding a dolly peddles.
All these inventions the people were getting smarter and we were expanding the mind we could do more, we could sell more, we started to grow
and for a second we were doing great.
Social Reform (Religion to Education)
By: Evelyn Ortiz
 Religion: by the beginning of the 19th century traditional Christian beliefs were held in less favor by numerous educated
Americans.
 Second Great Awakening: a religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the united states
 Reaction to deism:
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Unitiarism: is a nontrinitarian Christian theology which holds that god is one person, in contrast to the doctrine of the trinity.
Liberalism: is the belief in the importance of individual liberty and equal rights. Liberalism first became a powerful force in the
Age of Enlightment.
Social ills:
Charles Grandison Finney: was a Presbyterian and Congregationalist figure in the Second Great Awakening his influence
during this time period was enough that he has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism.
Peter Cartwright: was an American Methodist revivalist and politician in Illinois he was a missionary who helped start the
Second Great Awakening and personally baptized twelve thousand converts.
“Circuit riders”: a popular term referring to clergy in the earliest years of the United States who were assigned to travel around
specific geographic territories to minister to settlers and organize congregations.
Camp meetings: is a phenomenon of American frontier Christianity. The movement of thousands of settlers to new territories
without permanent villages of the types they knew meant they were without religious communities. Not only were there few
authorized houses of worship, there were fewer ordained ministers to fill the pulpits. The "camp meeting" led by itinerant
preachers was an innovative response to this situation.
Revivalism: is a term that generally refers to a specific period of increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church
congregation or many churches, either regionally or globally. This should be distinguished from the use of the term "revival" to
refer to a evangelistic meeting or series of meetings
Perfectionism:
“The burned over district”: refers to the religious scene in Upstate New York, particularly the western and central regions of
the state, in the early 19th century, which was repeatedly "burned over" by religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening
Millennialism: is a belief held by some Christian denominations that there will be a Golden Age or Paradise on Earth in which
"Christ will reign" for 1000 years prior to the final judgment and future eternal state.
Millerites: were the followers of the teachings of William Miller who, in 1833, first shared publicly his belief in the coming Second
Advent of Jesus Christ in roughly the year 1843
Mormons: is an adherent, practitioner, follower, or constituent of Mormonism, which is the largest branch of the Latter Day Saint
movement. Most commonly, the term Mormon refers to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which is commonly but
imprecisely referred to as the Mormon Church.
Joseph Smith: was the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, a group of churches whose adherents regard him as a
prophet. During the late 1820s he became the leader of a small group of followers who believed that an angel had given him a
book of golden plates containing a religious history of ancient American peoples.
Brigham Young: was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the western United States. He was
the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death and was the founder of
Salt Lake City and the first governor of Utah Territory, United States.
Utah wilderness utopias:
Brook farm: was a utopian experiment in communal living in the United States in the 1840s. And was inspired in part by the
ideals of Transcendentalism, a religious and cultural philosophy based in New England.
New Harmony:
Oneida Community: was a Religious commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, New York. The
community believed that Jesus Christ had already returned in the year 70, making it possible for them to bring about Christ's
millennial kingdom themselves, and be free of sin and perfect in this world, not just Heaven.
Shakers: The United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing is a religious sect originally thought to be a development
of the Protestant Quakers. Founded upon the teachings of Ann Lee, the group was known for their emphasis on social equality
and rejection of sexual relations, which led to their precipitous decline in numbers after their heavy involvement in the running of
orphanages, was curtailed.
Amana Community: a society of German pietisms whose founders immigrated to the United States in the mid-nineteenth
century. The community had its roots in Germany, where a pietistic sect called the Inspirationists had established the Community
of True Inspiration to protest the arbitrary rule of church and state.
Abolitionism: In Western Europe and the Americas abolitionism was a movement to end the slave trade and set slaves free. At
the behest of Dominican priest Bartolomé de las Casas who was shocked at the treatment of natives in the new world, Spain
enacted the first European law abolishing colonial slavery in the 16th century, although it was not to last.
Temperance: is a social movement urging reduced use of alcoholic beverages. Temperance movements may criticize excessive
alcohol use, promote complete abstinence, or pressure the government to enact anti-alcohol legislation.
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American Temperance Union: A national temperance union was formed in the United States 1826. Shortly thereafter, a second
national temperance union was organized and the two groups merged in 1833 to form the American Temperance Union.
Maine Law, 1851: passed in 1851 in Maine, was one of the first statutory implementations of the developing temperance
movement in the United States.
Neal S. Dow: nicknamed the "Napoleon of Temperance" and the "Father of Prohibition", was mayor of Portland, Maine. He
sponsored the "Maine law of 1851", which prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor. Dow was widely criticized for his heavy
handed tactics during the Portland Rum Riot of 1855.
Women’s Rights: are entitlements and freedoms claimed for women and girls of all ages in many societies. In some places
these rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local custom, and behavior, whereas in others they may be ignored or
suppressed. They differ from broader notions of human rights through claims of an inherent historical and traditional bias against
the exercise of rights by women and girls in favor of men and boys.
Seneca Falls, 1848: was an early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19–20, 1848. It
was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Boston-based Lucretia Mott, a Quaker famous for her
speaking ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her
Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often
credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States.
Lucretia Mott: Was an American Quaker, abolitionist, social reformer, and proponent of women's rights. She is credited as the
first American "feminist" in the early 19th century but was, more accurately, the initiator of women's political rights.
Susan B. Anthony: was a prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights
movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States. She traveled the United States, and Europe, and averaged 75
to 100 speeches per year.
Sarah & Angelina Grimke: The Grimke sisters of South Carolina were two early female abolitionists and women's rights
activists, traveling throughout the North, lecturing about their first-hand experiences with slavery on their family plantation.
Receiving abuse and ridicule for their abolitionist activity, as later women active in a range of reform activities would find, they
both realized that women would have to create a safe space in the public arena if they wanted to be effective abolitionists and
reformers. So in an often to be repeated story, they both became women's rights activists.
Lucy Stone: Was a prominent American abolitionist and suffragist, and a vocal advocate and organizer promoting rights for
women. In 1847, Stone was the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree. She spoke out for women's rights and
against slavery at a time when women were discouraged and prevented from public speaking.
Sojourner Truth: was the self-given name, from 1843, of Isabella Baumfree, an African-American abolitionist and women's
rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, New York. Her best-known speech, Ain't I a Woman?, was delivered in
1851 at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio.
“Republican Motherhood”: identifies the concept related to women's roles as mothers in the emerging United States before,
during, and after the American Revolution. It centered on the belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of
republicanism, making them the ideal citizens of the new nation. Republican motherhood meant a new and important role for
women, especially regarding civic duty and education, but it did not soon lead to the vote for women.
Catharine Beecher: she was an American educator known for her forthright opinions on women’s education as well as her
vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education.
“Cult of Domesticity”: was a prevailing view among upper and middle class white women during the nineteenth century, in
Great Britain and the United States.
Godey’s Ladybook: a United States magazine which was published in Philadelphia and popular among women during the 19th
century.
Impact of industrial Revolution on gender roles:
Education:
Noah Webster: American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author.
William McGuffey: American professor and college president who is best known for writing the McGuffey Readers, one of the
nation's first and most widely used series of textbooks.
Public education:
Horace Mann: American education reformer, and a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1827 to 1833.
Social Reform (Other Reformers to Literature)
By: Alejandra Perez
Other Reformers:
 Dorthea Dix: She helps improve the treatment of the insane in asylums and prisons throughout the 1820’s
 American Peace Society: Made in 1828 by William Laddit. It had a ringing decleration of war on war. It later got replaced by the U.N.
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Prison Reform: Prison reform started in 1790 with the Pennsylvania System, which was the idea that solitary confinement would bring in
meditation and moral reform BUT this led to a lot of mental breakdowns…so the Auburn System replaced it in 1816.The Auburn system
allowed congregation of prisoners during the day.
Nativism:
 “Old Immigration”: Started coming to the New World from the 1820’s- 1860’s. They came from the northern or western parts of Europe.
(Ex: English, German, and Norwegian)
 Irish and German Immigration: (1830’s -1860’s)
- There was an increase of Roman-Catholic Irish coming to the U.S. due to the potato famine. They were poor, hated blacks, and the
Irish themselves were heavily discriminated by Anti-Catholic nativist,
- - The increase of German immigrants were uprooted farmers displaced ‘cause of crop failure and some of them were refugees in
search of democracy. They brought in a lot of material goods (i.e. kindergarden) that shaped American culture. Like the Irish, they too,
were discriminated by nativist.
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Nativism: It was a policy that preferred natives as opposed to immigrants
“Know Nothings” Also known as the “American Party“, was formed by Nativist who were alarmed by the increase of immigrants from
Ireland and Germany. They opposed immigration and Catholic influence. In the Election of 1856,they chose Millard Fillmore as their
candidate.
Transcendentalism:
**By the Way! **: Transcendentalism was a philosophy that was the polar opposite of the Puritan belief of Calvinism. It emphasized on the truth and
self-reliance. It also associated with both religion and society.
Some Famous Transcendentalist are…
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Ralph Waldo Emerson: was a famous transcendentalist and essayist/poet. In his essays he stressed on self reliance and express his
abolitionist views.
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Henry David Thoreau: was a transcendentalist philosopher and a poet/essayist. In his essay “On Civil Disobedience” he inspired
social/political reformers ’cause of his radical actions. He was an extreme individualist and told people to follow passive resistance (protest
by not obeying laws) Both Gandhi and Martin Luther King quoted him later on in history.
Literature (Knickerbocker group):
 Knickerbocker group: Was a group that consisted of three writers from New York. They were William Cullen Bryant, James Fenimoore
Cooper, and Washington Irving.
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James Fenimoore Cooper: He was the first American novelist. He wrote the Leatherstocking Tales (which was a series of novels based
of the American Frontier)
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Washington Irving: He was an author and diplomat. He was the first American to be internationally recognized. He wrote the "The Legend
of Sleepy Hollow”.
Literature (Other)
 Walt Whitman: Was a famous anti-slavery and alcohol poet who was also a deist. His first volume of poetry, Leaves of Grass (1855), was
a new form of poetry using informal words and expressing his views. Leaves of Grass was considered immoral and patriotic unpopular at
the time
Other:
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Hudson River School of Art: Leaded by Thomas Cole, a group of American painters in 1825 leaded by Thomas Cole, used their artistic
talents to romanticized landscapes, making them look better than usual. They weren’t highly regarded….
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Romanticism: was a artistic style/intellectual movement during the Ante-bellum that affected the emotions and imagination.
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Gilbert Stuart: Was a famous American painter who was famous for his portraits especially of George Washington.
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Charles Willson Peale: He was a famous painter, soldier, and naturalist who painted a lot of portraits of people.
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Alexis de Tocqueville: A French man who came to America in 1831 who observed democracy in government and society. His book,
Democracy in America, discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. He was the 1st to
raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals
 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: He was an internationally recognized poet . He emphasized how history is important to the present.
Slavery and the South
By: Susana Ramirez
king cotton"-belived that if they went to war, Britain would help them out because they were a major cotton importer ( Britain had other sources within
its empire). The souths dependence on cotton contributed to its bad economy after the civil war.
Cotton Gin,invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, it was more affective at separating cotton seeds from cotton. This demanded more cotton and more
slaves. The south became a one crop economy. Eli Whitney also introduced the idea of interchangeable parts.
Border south: DE,MD,KY,MD
Main crop tobacco. 1850: slaves were 17% of the population, about 5 slaves per slave holder. 1850, over 21% of Border South’s blacks free; 46% of
South’s free blacks. 22% of white families owned slaves.
Middle south: VA, NC, TN, AR
1850:slaves were 30% of the population, about 8 slaves per slave holder. 36% of white families owned slaves. People who owned more than 20
slaves in South 32% ; Ultra-wealthy = 14%
Lower south: SC, FL, GA, AL,MS,LA,TX
1850 slaves were 47% of population, about 12 slaves per slave holder. Less than 2% were free. 43% of white families owned slaves. Those who
owned more than 20 slaves in South: 62%; Ultra-wealthy = 85%
Slave revolts:
Gabriel Prosser 1800 revolt…he was a literate slave who planned and led a slave rebellion on August 30th 1800. Governor James Monroe alerted
the militia. Gabriel and 26 other slaves were hanged, the Virginia and other legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks like their education.
Denmark Vesey conspiracy of 1822..after many yrs as a slave in 1800 he won the lottery $1,500. He used the money to buy his freedom and set up
Methodist church in Charleston in 1816. He was accused of being the leader of a secret plan to rebel against whites that took 2 yrs of preparation.
The plan was to kill as many whites as they could and escape to Haiti or Africa. Charlston authorities charged 131 people with conspiracy, 62
convicted and executed at least 35 including Denmark Vesey.
Nat Tuner revolt 1831..he was a slve in virginia that lead a rebellion. Sixty Virginians were killed mostly women and children. It was the largest slave
revolt ever in the south. Over 100 slaves were killed because of it tunnner was hanged. This produced a wave of anxiety among southern plantaion
owners that resulted in harsh laws comeing down further on slaves.
Mountain whites, lived in the valleys of the Appalachian range W. Virginia to northern GA and AC. Their was indepent small farmers 100a of miles
away from the cotton kingdom. They hated planters and slaves.
Missouri compromise of 1820, act passed by congress meant to keep a balance between the number of slaves states and the Free states. It allowed
Missouri to enter as a slave state and Main to enter as a free state. Henry clay came up with the compromise, but this just intensified the sectional
division.
Liberty party, was a political party founded by William Lloyd Garrison and by other abolitionist to further antislavery goals.
Election of 1844, democrat James Polk defeated (Whig) Henry Clay.
Gag Rule a series of rules adopted by the House of REP to prevent the submission of antislavery petition. John Quincy Adams fought against the
gag rule because it threatened to deny Americans basic civil rights since the constitution gave the rights to citizens to freely petition their
government. Adams succeeded.
William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the newspaper the liberator, antislavery on Boston in 1831. In 1833 he co-founded the American anti-slavery
society.
Theodore Weld abolitionist and reformer from Connecticut traveled with his followers, preaching abolionism in the old NW wrote the bible against
slavery and slavery as it is, which talks about the horrers of American slavery.
Wendell Phillips a reformer and most important abolitionist , he followed Garrison’s views until political reason took in a new direction in 18600s
Sarah and Angelina grimke the only white southern women to become leading abolionist , and were involed in women’s rights.
Fredrick Douglass was a black abolitionist, published the north star his own newspaper. Wrote his memoir narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass
Harriet Tubman helped many slaves escape through the underground rail road.
Prig v Virginia, civil war case, declared unconstitutional
The 1850s (Election of 1848 to “bleeding Kansas”
By: Maddie Reyes
In the election of 1848, the Candidates from the Whig Party were: Zachary Taylor(Presidential Nominee), Henry Clay, Winfield Scott, and Daniel
Webster. The Candidates from the Democratic Party were: Lewis Cass(Presidential Nominee), Levi Woodbury, James Buchanan, and Martin Van
Buren. And The Candidates from the Free Soil Party were John P. Hale, Joshua r. Giddings, and Charles Francis Adams. Zachary Taylor who was
the General, who led the war against Mexico and was a war hero, defeated Lewis Cass. Zachary Taylor won 139,000 more votes than Lewis Cass.
His Vice President was Millard Fillmore.
-California and Utah applied for statehood. The issue was whether those states where going to be admitted as slave states or not. At last, the North
and South agreed to Compromise. Stephen Douglas was in charge of writing this document. It was called The Compromise of 1850.
- California was admitted to the Union as a free state, but Utah was not admitted because of the Mormons and their practices. Any territories that
were to be admitted later would be determined by the principle of Popular Sovereignty.
-Fugitive Slave Act/Laws were passed to enforce the return to the South of the Slaves that had escaped to the North. The Underground Railroad
was discovered. This pathway helped thousands of fugitive slaves that desired to be free and to escape to the North.
-In1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin. This was a story that described the slave condition and treatment in the South.
- In 1853 Franklin Pierce was elected President. In this year Franklin Pierce also made a big purchase from Mexico. This purchase acquired
30,000 square miles of territory in the southern portions of present-day Arizona and New Mexico. This was known as the Gadsden Purchase.
-1854- Stephen Douglas created The Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress. This act created 2 new territories, Kansas in the South and
Nebraska in the North.
-“bleeding Kansas”- Was when the Kansas territory was the place that witnessed much violence over whether the territory would be free or slave.
The 1850s (New England Emigrant aid Company – Crittenden Compromise Proposal)
By: Kayla Robledo
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The New England Aid Company was a transportation company that helped move immigrants to the Kansas territory to change the power
so Kansas could enter the US as a free state not a slave state.
The company was created by Eli Thayer because the Kansas-Nebraska chose whether they wanted slavery to be legal when the company
wanted to be anti-slavery.
It was responsible for creating Lawrence, Manhattan, Topeka Osawatomie, towns in Kansas.
Originally named the Emigrant Aid Company and was changed in 1855 to the New England Emigrant Aid Company.
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Crittenden Compromise Proposal
Was proposed unsuccessfully by john J. Crittenden to help fix the U.S. secession crisis from 1860-1861.
Composed of 6 proposed constitutional amendments and four proposed congressional resolutions.
The Senate and House of Representatives rejected the proposal in 1861.
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Amendments to the Constitution
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5.
6.
Slavery would be prohibited in any territory of the United States "now held, or hereafter acquired," north of latitude 36 degrees, 30 minutes
line. In territories south of this line, slavery of the African race was "hereby recognized" and could not be interfered with by Congress.
Furthermore, property in African slaves was to be "protected by all the departments of the territorial government during its continuance."
States would be admitted to the Union from any territory with or without slavery as their constitutions provided.
Congress was forbidden to abolish slavery in places under its jurisdiction within a slave state such as a military post.
Congress could not abolish slavery in the District of Columbia so long as it existed in the adjoining states of Virginia and Maryland and
without the consent of the District's inhabitants. Compensation would be given to owners who refused consent to abolition.
Congress could not prohibit or interfere with the interstate slave trade.
Congress would provide full compensation to owners of rescued fugitive slaves. Congress was empowered to sue the county in which
obstruction to the fugitive slave laws took place to recover payment; the county, in turn, could sue "the wrong doers or rescuers" who
prevented the return of the fugitive.
No future amendment of the Constitution could change these amendments or authorize or empower Congress to interfere with slavery
within any slave state.
Fugitive slave laws
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That fugitive slave laws were constitutional and should be faithfully observed and executed.
That all state laws which impeded the operation of fugitive slave laws, the so-called "Personal liberty laws," were unconstitutional and
should be repealed.
That the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 should be modified [and rendered less objectionable to the North] by equalizing the fee schedule for
returning or releasing alleged fugitives and limiting the powers of marshals to summon citizens to aid in their capture.
Those laws for the suppression of the African slave trade should be effectively and thoroughly executed.
Civil War (Lincoln’s Inaugural Speech – Grant’s Virginia Campaign)
By: Mario Sierra
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address was for the purpose of addressing the Nation on his intentions during his first term as President.
Sec of State. William H Seward, was Sec of State for Lincoln and Johnson, we was a huge follower of abolition
Sec of Treasury was Salmon P Chase, was against slavery as well, became a chief justice
Sec of War was Edwin St. Stanton helped organize the massive militia force used during the war
Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware and Missouri never declared secession to either side, they are known as the border states
South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. They formed the Confederate States of America, which was the
deep south that supported slavery. The Confederacy was never recognized by the union
Jefferson Davis was appointed as President of the Confederacy throughout the entire war. Alexander Stephens served as V.P of the Confederacy
The South had several advantages like a huge supply of food from their many agricultural farms, they also had good relations with foreign nations
due to their massive exports of cotton.The south also had the people with most experience in fighting, although the north had better weapons, they
had inexperienced commanders. The South also wanted to fight more, they were determined to protect their economy of slavery, which was also a
benefit to them because they got free fighters. They were also defending their turf instead of taking the offensive
The Norths advantages included they had the side of the president, Abe Lincoln. they had the larger population. They could move good around
quicker due to their advanced transport system using railroads
Lincoln's dilemma after the attack on Fort Sumter was if he really wanted to follow through with a war. His decision was that it was necessary to
keep the nation united and he mobilized the army.
The north and south both had drafts, the norths was based on a lottery, the persons name drawn had 3 options, they could pay $300 to get out of
the battle, or find a replacement for the entire war, they looked to blacks to take their places.
The anaconda plan was the norths strategy to blockade southern ports. its cut their cotton exports by 95%. Supplies were also thin because ships
that got through the blockade had minimal amounts of supplies.
Battle of Bull Run was the first major battle of the civil war, it was fought near Manassas, Virginia (Battle of Manassas). This battle opened the
eyes of many to the how long the war may end up being, the north and south were both ready to fight
There were four states that also seceded, they were, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee. They seceded in protest to Abrahams
call on troops to help recapture the states that seceded.
General George McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign was a plan to capture the city of Richmond, Virginia, which was controlled by the Confederates.
The Union was defeated in their attempt and was forced to withdraw
Confederate General Robert E. Lee after his home state, Virginia, seceded to the Confederacy, he became a Confederate General.
Antietam was the battle with the most loss of life, one in four soldiers was killed of badly injured. The Union pushed the Confederates past the
Potomac River.
Fredericksburg
Battle of Chancellorsville, the Confederates won this battle even though they were severely outnumbered.
Gettysburg, the union won, giving them a new sense of pride and hop that they would win the war
Siege of Vicksburg was another victory for the Union because although they suffered heavy losses of men, they gained command of the
Mississippi River
Shermans March to Sea- the order given by William Sherman to march from Atlanta, Georgia to Savannah
Grants Virginia Campaign- was series of battles that were in favor of the union
Civil War (Appomatox Courthouse – John Wilkes Booth)
By: Jay Wang
Appomattox Court House- is where General Robert E .Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant. It was the ending battle of the Civil War.
Emancipation Act of 1862- was a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that Abraham Lincoln set up. It stated that on January 1, 1836, the
president would release the final proclamation.
Emancipation Act of 1863- (???)
Emancipation Proclamation of 1863- declared slaves in the Confederacy to be “forever freed”. The Proclamation was a controversy because it only
freed slaves in the Confederacy, where Lincoln had no control over. It also changed the nature of the war because it closed off any chance of
negotiating.
Suspension of civil liberties
Abeas Corpus-states that it is a person’s right in a free society to not be taken from their homes without his/her permission without a reason or cause
and to not be detained or punished by authorities without getting a fair hearing in court and a chance to defend themselves.
Ex parte Merryman-a case that ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians, even during wartime, in areas where the civil courts were open.
1st Amendment Issues-during the time of the Civil War, President Lincoln stated that during dangerous times, it was alright to ignore the 1st
Amendment. During the Civil War, there were alterations to the protections that were guaranteed from the 1st Amendment that consisted of opening
mail and censoring anti-Union newspapers.
Lincoln’s usurpation of Congressional powers
Copperheads-were extreme War Democrats. The openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, Lincoln, and especially the
emancipation proclamation. They controlled a lot of political strength in the southern parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
Clement L. Vallandigham-was a congressman from Ohio that was very gifted at speeches. He publicly demanded for the war to end and should have
been tried for sedition, but he was convicted by a military tribunal. He was sentenced by President Lincoln to jail. Ran for the governorship of Ohio on
foreign soil, but it ended up successful.
Republican legislation passed in Congress after secession
National Bank-was the first significant step taken toward a unified banking network since 1836, when the Bank of the United States was killed by
Andrew Jackson. This new system continued to function for 50 years until it was replaced by the Federal Reserve System in 1913.
Tariff-Congress passed the Morrill Tarriff Act that increased the existing duries some 5 to 10 percent, boosting the tzes to about the moderate level
of the Walker Tariff of 1846. Eventually the rates increased rapidly due to the war. The tariff WAS a protective tariff, but only to the American
industrialist (and the Republican party).
Homestead Act-was a law signed by Abraham Lincoln stating that to own a piece of land, all the person needs to do is go through the three-fold
homestead acquisition: filing an application, improving the land, and filing for a deed of title. Any U.S. citizen could file an application and claim 160
acres of Government land. For 5 years, the person must live on the land and build a 12-by-14 dwelling and grow crops. After 5 years, the
homesteader can file for a deed and own the land.
Transcontinental railroad- (???)
Land Grant Act-was an act that created land-grand colleges. Each college would start off with 30,000 acres of federal land. (???)
Great Britain
Trent- was an issue where a Union warship forcibly extracted two Confederate diplomats that were heading to England. The ship belonged to Britain,
and this forceful extraction caused Britons to be angered, and it almost caused a war with Britain.
Alabama- was a ship built by Britons. It flew the Confederacy flag, but was manned by Britons. It roamed the seas and acted like a pirate towards the
North. It was eventually destroyed off the coast of France, but it wasn’t forgotten that they helped the South go against the North. In a way to try to
remain neutral and not have this used against them, they stopped, but it didn’t entirely work. Union ships were still being captured.
Laird Rams-were two Confederate warships being constructed in the shipyard of John Laird and Songs in Great Britain. They were designed to
destroy the wooden ships of the Union with their iron rams and large-caliber guns. The government (British) bought these two ships for the Royal
Navy to prevent war.
France:
Emperor Napoleon III-took advantage of the war in the United States to try to capture Mexico. He sent an archduke, Maximillan, as the emperor of
Mexico. This was a huge gamble because the Monroe Doctrine was still in place, but Napoleon thought that the Union would soon collapse and they
wouldn’t be able to do anything about it. Unfortunately for them, he was forced to take his French influence from Mexico City.
Election of 1864:
Candidates –Abraham Lincoln and George B. McClellan
Parties-National Union Party and the Democratic
At this time, the Republican Party didn’t exist. They merged the War Democrats, and formed the Union party. The Union Party was composed of
Copperheads, Peace Democrats, and War Democrats.
Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Speech: “With malice toward none, with charity for all”-(???)
John Wilkes Booth-was the man that killed Abraham Lincoln by shooting him in the back of the head.
Reconstruction
By: Jared Wheaton
Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan- This bill allowed a Southern State to rejoin the Union once ten percent of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the
Union. Then voters could elect delegates to revise state constitutions and make new governments. All but high ranking war officials were excused.
This was more of a plan to end the war quickly than for Reconstruction.
13th amendment, 1865- This amendment abolished slavery in the United States.
14th amendment, 1867- This provided that as long as one was a citizen of the united states, they could not be stripped of their rights in any way
except in the case of rebellion or attack against their country or state.
15th amendment, 1870- This amendment allowed anyone to vote, regardless of color or previous servitude.
Wade-Davis Bill, veto- This bill, proposed by the Radical Republicans, suggested that the Southern states would only be readmitted if 50 percent of
the population voted and took an oath to be loyal. Lincoln was in a tight spot, he didn’t want it to pass for fear of prolonging the war, but didn’t want
the voters to dislike him, as it was election year. He managed to veto it by refusing to sign before Congress went to recess.
Radical Republicans- This was a group in Congress that believed that Lincoln was not harsh enough in punishing the Southerners. They wanted to
control the Reconstruction, disband the aristocratic farms, develop industry, divide land up, and ensure greater liberties for slaves.
Freedman’s Bureau- Took the land confiscated by the Union in the Civil War and helped to get slaves the property. This also helped distribute
supplies and create schools in the lands.
Ex Parte Milligan- Lambden P. Milligan was found attempting to free prisoner of war camps and was sentenced to death. However by the end of the
case, it was found that execution of civilians by federal courts was unlawful, and Milligan was free to go.
Black Codes- These were passed in Southern states using the loophole that any powers unspecified by the Constitution were given to the State.
These codes imposed heavily on the former Black Slaves, forcing them to go without rights in most cases.
Andrew Johnson- 17th president of the United States, his views on Reconstruction were much more lenient than Lincoln’s. He believed that the
States had the right to choose what was right for themselves. Many of the former aristocrats were pardoned with presidential pardons which were not
all that hard to obtain. Slaves were still beaten in the country sides and Black Codes were prominent.
1866 Elections- There were no Presidential Elections, due to Johnson taking the place of Lincoln. However the Radical Republicans dominated the
Senate and Congress, and used that power to control the Reconstruction the way they saw fit.
Civil Rights Act, 1866- Passed by vetoing over Johnson in Congress, this bill stated that all who were born in the US were instantly citizens of the
country.
Military Reconstruction Act, 1867- Divided each conquered southern state into five military districts, each watched over by a Union General. This
also declared martial law in these districts and as such deployed troops to keep the peace.
Impeachment of Johnson- The House and Senate grew tired of presidential vetos to prolong Reconstruction. So they impeached him on the basis of
violating the Tenure of Office Act. Sadly the Republicans fell one vote short of fully prosecuting him.
“scalawags” and “carpetbaggers”- Referred to Southerners who sided with the North and Northerners who sided with the South, respectively.
Purchase of Alaska, 1867- Secretary of State William H. Seward purchased Alaska for $7.2 million dollars. Was received as foolhardy on the part of
Seward.
President Ulysses S. Grant-Former war hero, Grant allowed the Radical Reconstruction to take place, even at some times bolstering it. He
discovered a financial plan made by Jay Gould and James Fisk. He promptly attempted to stop it, but it had already thrown the economy into
turmoil. Grant attempted to snuff out organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan.
Compromise of 1877- The south would recognize Hayes as the new president provided that: all troops were removed from the former Confederate
States, at least one Southern Democrat was appointed to Hayes’ cabinet, another transcontinental railroad was constructed, and that legislation was
made to help industrialize the South.
Hiram R. Revels & Blanche K. Bruce-The first black men to serve in the United States Congress and House of Representatives.
Redeemers, Solid South-The Redeemers sought to overthrow the Radical Republicans and strengthen the South. They did this by cutting taxes,
creating state fairs, creating regulations for railroads, and improving social services to the agricultural class.
Ku Klux Klan- A religious group which believed heavily in white supremacy. Were extremely against Black Rights and were even violent to those who
were black.