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Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
Chemical Level of Organization
1.
Introduction to Atoms and Molecules A.
Atoms
i.
2.
Examples
H = hydrogen
N = nitrogen
K = potassium
Ca = calcium
B.
Compounds
i.
Inorganic Compounds
ii.
Organic Compounds
Chemical Reaction
•
chemical equation
reactant
H
3H
Note: arrow (
A.
+
+
C
Na
Fe
P
reactant
product
H
N
H2
NH3
Molecular Formula
) indicated direction of reaction.
Common Chemical Reactions
i.
Synthesis Reaction
•
anabolic
A
ii.
= carbon
= sodium
= iron
= phosporus
+
B
Decomposition Reaction
Page 1
AB
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
•
catabolic
AB
A
+
B
N
+
3H
example:
NH3
iii. Exchange Reactions
AB
SR
iv.
C
WE
Oxidized
Reduces
Reversibility of Reactions
A +
B
AB
Equilibrium:
A +
B
C.
AC
SW
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
a.
b.
B.
+
+
AB
Reaction Rate
i.
Particle Size
ii.
Temperature
iii.
Concentration
Page 2
+
+
B
RE
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
iv.
3.
Enzymes
Inorganic Compounds
A.
Water
= Cl-
= Na+
B.
Water Characteristics
i.
“Universal Solvent”
a.
Solvent
b.
Solute
c.
Solution
d.
Suspension
ii.
Reactant
a.
Hydrolysis Reaction
b.
Dehydration Synthesis
iii.
High Heat Capacity
iv.
Lubricant
v.
Heat Distribution
vi.
High Heat of Vaporization
C.
Salt
•
•
Anions - negative
Cations - positive
Page 3
= water
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
Example: Na2SO4 dissociates into two Na+ and one
SO42-.
•
electrolytes
D.
Inorganic Acids and Bases
•
Ionization or Dissociation
•
Electrolytes
i.
Acids - If the cation is a H+
H+
HCl
+
proton
Clanion
(cation)
Base - If the anion is an OH-
ii.
Na+
NaOH
OH-
+
cation
hydroxyl ion
H+
H2O
then
OH-
+
water
iii.
Salt
iv.
Measurement of pH
a.
Acid solution - a strong acid contributes many
H+, a pH lower than 7 (ie., 6.9 - 1).
b.
Basic or alkaline solution, a pH higher than 7
(ie., 7.1-14).
[OH ]
-14
10
-13
10
-12
10
-11
10
-10
10
pH
+
[H ]
EXAMPLES
0
1/10000000
0
100000000
10
1/1000000
1
1000000
10
1/100000
2
100000
10
1/10000
3
10000
10
1/1000
4
1000
10
Page 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
Lemon juice, Gastric Juice
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
-9
10
5
100
10
1/10
6
10
10
1
7
1
10
10
8
1/10
10
100
9
1/100
10
1000
10
1/1000
10
10000
11
1/10000
10
100000
12
1/100000
10
1000000
13
1/1000000
10
10000000
14
1/10000000
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
-5
1/100
iv.
-6
Urine (pH 5-8); Saliva & Milk (pH 6.5)
-7
Neutral, I.e., [H+] = [OH-]
-8
Blood (pH 7.4)
-9
-10
-11
Household Ammonia (pH 11.7)
-12
-13
-14
Neutralization
HCl
+
acid
NaOH
H2O
base
water
What really happens:
NaOH
Na+
ClHCl
+
+
NaCl
+
NaCl
salt
OHH+
H2O
NOTE: remember that the NaCl is dissociated
in water.
“Weak” vs. “Strong”
v.
Strong Acids
HCl
Page 5
H+
+
Cl-
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
vi.
Weak Acids
HCO3-
H2CO3
•
iv.
H+
+
Equilibrium
Buffer Systems
a.
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Reactions:
1.
Acid Component:
H2CO3
H+
Carbonic Acid
HCO3-
+
Hydrogen Ion
Bicarbonate ion
(Weak Acid)
2.
Salt of the Acid Component
NaHCO3
Na+
Sodium Bicarbonate
(Weak Base)
4.
+ HCO3Sodium
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
•
Monomer
•
Polymer
A.
Carbohydrates
i.
Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
ii.
Disaccharides
Page 6
Bicarbonate ion
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
iii.
Reactions
a.
Condensation Reactions or Dehydration Synthesis
b.
Hydrolysis (digestion)
iv.
Polysaccharides
a
Starch
b.
Glycogen
Page 7
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
c.
Cellulose
•
C.
Fiber
Lipids
i.
Components
a.
Glycerol
b.
Fatty Acids
c.
Triglycerides
Page 8
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
ii.
iii.
iv.
Classifications
a.
Fats
b.
Oils
c.
Saturated Fat
d.
Monounsaturated Fat
e.
Polyunsaturated Fat
Phospholipids
Steroids
•
Cholesterol
Page 9
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
D.
Proteins
i.
Classifications
a.
Dipeptide
b.
Tripeptide
Page 10
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
General
Glycine
Aspartic Acid
+
c.
iii.
Polypeptides
Structural Organization
Page 11
Lysine
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
iv.
v.
E.
a.
Primary structure
b.
Secondary Structure
c.
Tertiary Structure
d.
Quaternary Structure
Denaturation
Functions
a.
Structural (fibrous proteins)
b.
Regulatory
c.
Contractile
d.
Immunological
e.
Transport
f.
Enzymatic (Catalytic)
Nucleic Acids
Page 12
Cell Biology Student Outline, Lecture #2 – Chemistry of Life
i.
Components
a.
Nitrogenous Bases
•
Purines
*
Adenine
*
Guanine
•
Pyrimidines
*
Thymine
*
Cytosine
b.
Sugar
•
Ribose
•
Deoxyribose
c.
Phosphate groups
Other Terms:
•
Double Helix
•
Genes
ii. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
ATP
ATP
+
ADP
P
Page 13
+
+
P
E
+
E
ATP