Download Ancient Greece developed the first democracy (rule of

World History STAR testing Review
1. Greece
* Ancient Greece developed the first democracy (rule of the people).
* Cities were established along small valleys on the coast. Because of the geographic location, each citystate had its own government. City-States: Independent political unit on a small scale
* Athens was the largest city-state. It had a monarchy, but later developed into an aristocracy (ruled by the
noble class.)
Greek Ideas/beliefs that encourage democracy
1. Individuals have worth and dignity and should have political freedom
2. Rational thought was better than simple supernatural explanations.
3. Citizenship was important and citizens should participate in government.
Greek Legacy
Direct democracy, three branches of government, written laws, trial by jury, citizens bring charges of
wrongdoing.
2. Rome
* Rome develops a Republic: The Romans adapted some of the Greek ideas.
* Like the Athenians, the Romans had different branches of government
* In 509 B.C. a group of Roman aristocrats overthrew a harsh king. They set up a new government, calling
it a republic
Legacy of Rome
Term Republic, senator and dictator, Written code of laws applied equally to all citizens & Individual is a
citizen in a state not a subject of a ruler
3. Democracy in England
*English Bill of Rights: In 1689- Summary of rights believed to be essential to the people
*Magna Carta: In 1215 angry nobles forced John to guarantee certain political rights- their demands were
presented in a written form called the Magna Carta. Kings could no longer rule as they pleased.
* Legacy: Bill of rights, guaranteed the rule of law, individual liberties, set an example for England’s
American colonists when they considered grievances against Britain nearly 100 years later
4. Renaissance “rebirth”
A period of European history, lasting from about 1300-1600, which was characterized by a renewed
interest in classical culture and changes in art, learning and views of the world.
5. Reformation:
16th century movement for religious reforms led by Martin Luther, leading to a founding of Christian
churches (protestants) that rejected the Pope’s authority.
6. Enlightenment
18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the
scientific method to all aspects of society
* John Locke- Believed that all humans had the right to life, liberty and property. “natural rights”
*Montesquieu- Believed in “Separation of powers” to control the government and protect freedom
*Rousseau- wrote the Social Contract and believed the only legitimate government had to have the consent
of the people.
7. American Revolution
Reasons why colonists wanted Independence: Britain was in debt. Britain expected the colonists to pay this
debt in the form of taxes. Stamp Act led to “no taxation without representation.”- Were not given the same
rights as people in Britain. Import tax on tea protest- lead to the “Boston Tea Party” –threw British tea into
the harbor. King George III was angry- British troops occupied the city. Other colonies protested the
treatment of Boston and formed the 1st Continental Congress. They were ignored and then set a plan for
revolution- The revolution began in Lexington in 1775 under the command of George Washington. Some
colonists were loyal to Britain and wanted to remain part of Britain. Enlightenment ideas influenced
independence.
8. French Revolution
Main Causes
Widespread Poverty, France was home to thinkers who taught the importance of freedom. “Enlightenment
Ideas”, Example set by the American Revolution, Discontent of the Third Estate, King Louis XVI could not
solve France’s problems. “weak leadership”
Immediate Causes
The King and Queen refused to economize and called upon the Estates-General for money. The Third
Estate asked for reforms before giving money. They wanted taxes to become fair, Privileges for Nobles to
cease, freedom of speech and press, government to leave business alone, constitution guaranteeing the
rights of the people. The Third Estate was out voted in the meeting and so they declared themselves the
National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath. They swore to not disband until they got a constitution.
The King refused their demands and on July 14, 1789 members of the Third Estate stormed the Bastille
(prison). Led to the establishment of a temporary government until Napoleon Bonaparte comes to power.
Reign of Terror
Period of time from 1793-1794 under the Jacobin ruler, Robespierre. The committee of public safety task
was to protect the revolution from its enemies. Thousands of political leaders and ordinary citizens were
executed mainly by the guillotine. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were also beheaded. Ended with the
beheading of Robespierre.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Takes over in 1799 by Coup d’ etat (seizure of power). He kept many changes of the revolution.
Strengthened central government, stabilized economy and equality of taxation. Dismissed corrupt officials,
set up public education, created code of laws, appointed officials by merit, religious tolerance. Signs
concordat (agreement) with the Pope regarding church and state relations. Church has no control over
national affairs. Napoleonic Code-Uniform set of laws for the country- promoted order and authority over
individual rights. 1804 he decides to make himself emperor- French supported him. Didn’t want to just be
the master France, but control the rest of Europe. Early 1800’s Napoleon had control over much of Europe.
Did not control Britain. Eventually lost at the battle of waterloo and was exiled to Elba where he later died.
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
Europeans met to discuss plans to establish long lasting peace and security in Europe. Austrian Prince,
Klemens von Metternich was the most influential representative. His goals were to prevent future French
aggression, restore balance of power and restore Europe’s royal families to the throne.
9. Industrial Revolution
Facts:
1. England was the first country to industrialize. Why? England had all of the factors needed to
industrialize first. These factors included:
Climate, Avoided War, Natural Resources, Banking System, Easier Transportation, Labor,
Colonies, Harbors
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2.
It’s important to know that England had a great amount of wealth
needed to industrialize.
Industrial Inventions of the Era:
Watt improved upon the steam engine by inventing one that
worked faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel.
James
Watt
Steam Engine
Eli
Whitney
Cotton Gin
Henry
Bessemer
Steel
Manufacturing
Louis
Pasteur
Pasteurization
Pasteur discovered bacteria and that heat killed bacteria. He
developed the process of pasteurization to kill germs in liquids
such as milk. He helped to cure lots of diseases.
Thomas
Edison
Light Bulb
Factories could now stay open later due to the invention of the
light bulb. Factory owners no longer had to rely on daylight to
keep a factory running.
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8.
Bessemer invented the first process for mass-producing steel
inexpensively. This was crucial in the development of
skyscrapers and other large buildings of the era.
Cities grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution. This was due in part to the failure of the
cottage industry in the countryside and the availability of factory jobs in the cities. Cities like
Manchester, England saw such growth that it could not accommodate the influx of people. Living
conditions were horrible, allowing disease and death to ravage the community.
Working conditions were particular harsh in the factories. Men, women and children worked 1518 hour days, 6 days a week with very little break time, if any, in order to eat or use the restroom.
The early machines in the factories were dangerous and there were no safety precautions to protect
the workers from being injured. Many factory owners and managers were not concerned with
providing better working conditions for their employees. The horrible working conditions led
many workers to join together as unions in order to fight for better wages and conditions. The
miners union was an early union that found some success in changing their working conditions
through strikes and other means of protest.
In order to maintain factory production, factory owners had to seek other means of obtaining raw
materials. Raw materials were found in other parts of the world with their colonies. Raw materials
such as iron, coal, rubber or oil became necessary staples for the industrial production.
In order for a country to have a successful industrial economy, it is necessary to possess all of the
factors of production. These factors include:
Labor (workers)
7.
A machine that helped to speed up the time it took to remove
the seeds from cotton. It multiplied the amount of cotton that
could be cleaned.
Capital (money)
Natural Resources
Entrepreneurship
Capitalism – an economic system where money is invested in businesses with the goal of making
a profit – became the system used in the newly industrialized countries during the Industrial
Revolution. Businesses essentially ran the economy. The United States is currently a Capitalist
country. Some people disagreed with the way business became more important than the individual
person. Communism and Socialism emerged as a backlash to Capitalism during the Industrial
Revolution.
Critics of the Industrial Revolution often used the arts to express their hatred of the harsh factory
system. Charles Dickens used his novel to A Tale of Two Cities to express his disgust in the
factory system. Painters of the era used their art to depict their interpretation of industrialized
cities. This movement was called Realism.
10. Imperialism
1) What is Imperialism?
-the takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the
political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation
-one nation taking over another
2) What motives caused the nations of Europe to engage in Imperialist activities?
-The four motives were:
-Nationalism: loyalty to one’s own nation; empire building was a measure of greatness
-Economic competition: the Industrial Revolution provided European countries with the
need for new markets and sources for raw materials
-Racism: many Europeans felt they were better than other cultures; this is known as
Social Darwinism
-Missionary work: missionaries wanted to spread Christianity and “civilize” foreign
peoples
3) What are the forms of imperial rule?
-colony: a land controlled by a distant nation
-protectorate: a country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of
an outside power.
-sphere of influence: a foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other
economic activities
-economic imperialism: independent but less developed nations controlled by private business
interests rather than by other governments
4) What was the Berlin Conference (1884-85)?
-gathering of 14 European nations in which they laid down the rules for the division of Africa
-agreed that any European country could claim land by notifying other nations of their claim
and by showing they could control the area
-no African representative was present at the conference
-by 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia remained
11. WWI
GREAT POWERS = Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Italy, Austria-Hungary
BALKANS = Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece
10.5.1 CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I: MAIN (Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism)
MILITARISM - by 1914, all of the Great Powers except Britain had large armies (Britain had
the largest Navy and Germany challenged Britain through building up their
Navy)
- European arms race
ALLIANCES - (1879) DUAL ALLIANCE = Germany and Austria-Hungary
- (1882) TRIPLE ALLIANCE = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
- (1887) Germany makes a treaty with Russia
- (1892 & 1894) military alliance between Russia and France
- (1907) TRIPLE ENTENTE = Britain, France, and Russia
***2 RIVAL CAMPS IN 1907: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy VS.
Britain, Russia, France***
IMPERIALISM - nations of Europe competed for colonies in Europe and Asia
- this competition created a sense of rivalry and mistrust among European
nations
NATIONALISM- The GREAT POWERS competed for raw materials and markets in
other parts of the world
- Germany challenged Britain as the industrial power of the world
- FRANCE and GERMANY fought over Alsace-Lorraine
- AUSTRIA-HUNGARY and RUSSIA wanted to control the Balkans (an ethnic
conflict existed between RUSSIA and SERBIA – Slavs and AUSTRIAHUNGARY)
10.5.2
EXAMINE THE PRINCIPAL THEATERS OF BATTLE, MAJOR TURNING POINTS,
AND THE IMPORTANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS IN MILITARY DECISIONS
AND OUTCOMES (E.G., TOPOGRAPHY, WATERWAYS, DISTANCE,CLIMATE).
1. most of the fighting during WWI was carried out by land armies in Europe (Western &
Eastern Fronts/Africa/Atlantic/Pacific)
2. PHASE 1: Bid for quick victory. First Battle of the Marne/Entry of Ottoman Empire/Japan
declares war on Germany
PHASE 2: Deadlock. German unrestricted submarine warfare/Gallipoli Campaign/Italy and
Bulgaria enter WWI/Battle of Verdun/ First Battle of the Somme/Battle of Jutland (British
navy VS. German navy)
PHASE 3: The Tide Turns. U.S. enters war/Russian Revolution-Russia leaves WWI(Treaty
of Brest-Litovsk with Germany)/the British fight the Ottomans in the Middle East
(Mesopotamia, Palestine, Gaza)
PHASE 4: Period of Decision. Germany shifts troops from Eastern to Western Front once
Russia leaves war/Second Battle of the Marne/Sept. 12, 1918 was the beginning of the end for
Germans in the west
WWI ENDS-November 11, 1918 (11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918)
10.5.3
EXPLAIN HOW THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND THE ENTRY OF THE UNITED
STATES AFFECTED THE COURSE AND OUTCOME OF THE WAR.
1. a large period of stalemate ended because of Russia’s withdrawal from WWI (largely due to
the Russian Revolution) and the U.S.’s entry into WWI.
2. Germany was able to send most of its troops to the Western Front because Russia exited the
war
3. The U.S. brought energy and soldiers to WWI and helped the Allies win.
10.5.4
UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF THE WAR AND ITS HUMAN COSTS (MILITARY
AND CIVILIAN) ON ALL SIDES OF THE CONFLICT, INCLUDING HOW COLONIAL
PEOPLES CONTRIBUTED TO THE WAR EFFORT.
1. 10 million people were killed and 20 million wounded in WWI.
2. colonial peoples from Africa, Asia, and North America served alongside the colonial powers
in Europe
10.5.5
DISCUSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AND GENOCIDE, INCLUDING THE
OTTOMAN GOVERNMENT’S ACTIONS AGAINST ARMENIAN CITIZENS.
1. By the 1880’s, about 2.5 million Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire begun to
demand their independence.
2. 1890’s – Turkish troops killed tens of thousands of Armenians
3. after WWI, the Turks deported 2 million Armenians (more than 600,000 died of starvation or
killed by Turkish soldiers)
10.6.1
TREATY OF VERSAILLES/WOODROW WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS/LEAGUE
OF NATIONS
1. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (Jan 18, 1919): the Big Four (Woodrow Wilson – US,
Georges Clemenceau – France, David Lloyd George – Britain, and Vittorio Orlando – Italy met at
the Palace of Versailles in France. Clemenceau and Wilson had conflicting views. Clemenceau
wanted to punish Germany harshly while Wilson supported a just and lasting peace.
2. TREATY OF VERSAILLES: signed June 28, 1919. Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to
France and the French border extended to the west bank of the Rhine River. Limits were placed on
the size of the German army, Germany was prohibited from manufacturing weapons or war
material, and they were forbidden to build or buy submarines or have an air force. Germany was
given sole responsibility for the war and forced to pay $33 billion in war reparations over 30
years. LEAGUE OF NATIONS created.
3. LEAGUE OF NATIONS: international peace keeping organization. Members included
Allied war powers and 32 Allied and neutral nations. Germany and Russia not included.
4. FOURTEEN POINTS: a plan for achieving a just and lasting peace written by Woodrow
Wilson. 1-5 = end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, reduced national armies and
navies, and the adjustment of colonial claims with fairness towards colonial peoples. 6-13 =
changing borders and creating new nations. SELF DETERMINATION-allowing people to decide
which government they want to live under. 14 = “general association of nations”, LEAGUE OF
NATIONS was created
10.6.2
DESCRIBE THE EFFECTS OF THE WAR AND RESULTING PEACE TREATIES ON
POPULATION MOVEMENT, THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY, AND SHIFTS IN
THE GEOGRAPHIC AND POLITICAL BORDERS OF EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE
EAST.
1. The Ottoman Turks gave up most of their empire – they kept the country of Turkey. The Allies
created the following mandates instead of independent nations: (BRITISH CONTROL)Palestine,
Iraq, Transjordan (FRENCH CONTROL) Syria and Lebanon
12. Rise of Totalitarianism/Russian Revolution
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After being sentenced to 9 months in prison, Hitler laid out his plans for the German nation in his
book called…(Mein Kampf) ½ pt. for translation
What was the name of the democracy in Germany that was blamed for post WWI
problems.(Weimer Republic)
Before WWI, how were most European nations governed.(by monarchies)
Leader of the Communist Bolsheviks movement in Russia (Lenin)
A system in which the gov’t makes all economic decisions.(Command economy)
Describes a gov’t that takes total, centralized control over every aspect of public and private
life..(Totalitarianism)
Name 2 leaders that used totalitarian governments(Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini)
Congress-U.S.; Duma-Russia; Estates-General-France; Parliament-England); Reichstag?
(Germany)½ pt-what do all these bodies of people do?(make laws)
A 19th century German philosopher, argued that the workers of the world would one day
overthrow the ruling class and share equally in society’s wealth(Karl Marx) pg.390
Stalin took over 25 million privately owned farms in a brutal campaign agricultural revolution.
Called? (collective farming)
“He was all violence.. with a fierce energy ready to pull down the universe.. he had the face of a
lunatic.(Adolf Hitler)
Hitler claimed Germany needed more lebensraum, or this (living space)
What document was the source of Hitler’s fury, think of war reparations, and war-guilt.(Treaty of
Versailles)
Who was forced to make Hitler chancellor of Germany; the second most powerful position in the
German nation in 1932?(Hindenburg)
What was the name of Hitler’s elite, private protection squad.(SS, Schutzstaffel)
Hitler used his fiery speeches and Stalin used art to spread their messages. This is referred to as..
(propaganda)
This was the symbol for German fascism(swastika)
The Sudetenland had a high concentration of Nazi supporters. What nation was it a part
of.(Czechoslovakia)
When Hitler invaded Austria, instead of declaring war, Britain and France used this policy, hoping
Hitler was satisfied with his land gains.(appeasement)
What nation invaded and successfully defeated, Manchuria, Korea, and China, and the U.S. at
Pearl Harbor.(Japan)
Name two groups of people which Hitler blamed for Germany’s problems.(Jews, communists)
The stock market crash in the U.S. in Oct.1929 caused economic systems of the world to collapse,
this caused (The Great Depression)
13. WWII
1.
Where was World War II fought?
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There were two different “theaters” of the war
 Pacific (mainly U.S. vs. Japan)
 Europe (Allies vs. Axis powers; see below for who they were).
2. Which countries fought in World War II?
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There were two sides: the Allies and the Axis Powers.
 The main Allied countries were the U.S., Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.
 The main Axis countries were Germany, Italy, and Japan.
3. Who won World War II?
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The Allies
*Cartoon that MAY be used
PACIFIC THEATER
on state test.
4. What led up to the start of war in the Pacific?
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Japanese aggression
 The Japanese invaded and conquered the Chinese province of Manchuria then brutally invaded China
itself.
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The League of Nations was powerless to stop them.
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The United States protested by cutting off trade (particularly oil) to the Japanese thereby causing conflict
between the two nations.
5. What event started the war in the Pacific?
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The Japanese surprised the U.S. by bombing the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Sunday,
December 7, 1941.
6. What happened in the early years of the war in the Pacific?
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The Japanese dominated early battles after gaining a big advantage after the success of the attack on Pearl
Harbor.
7. What was the turning point in the Pacific?
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The U.S. defeated Japan at the Battle of Midway and began pushing the Japanese west using a technique
called “island-hopping.”
8. How did war in the Pacific end?
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After the U.S. defeated the Japanese at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on
two Japanese cities—Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945). Japanese surrendered.
EUROPEAN THEATER
9. What led up to the start of war in Europe?
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German leader Adolf Hitler consistently went against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (the document
written at the end of WWI) by building up his military and demanding land throughout Europe.
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He took over Austria then demanded the Sudetenland, a region in Czechoslovakia.
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France and Britain, hoping to avoid a conflict, followed the policy of “appeasement” (which means giving in
to demands to avoid a conflict) and said he could have it if he made no more demands. Hitler agreed and this
agreement became known as the Munich Pact.
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He then broke the Munich Pact by taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia.
10. What event started the war in Europe?
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Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 after he signed the Non-Aggression Pact with Joseph Stalin,
leader of the Soviet Union. In the pact, the two countries agreed to not attack each other. See cartoon above.
11. What happened in the early years of the war in Europe?
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Germany dominated by conquering most of Europe. Though they failed to defeat Britain in the Battle of
Britain, they did conquer most of France, splitting that country into 2 governments. Vichy France was
controlled by the Germans while Free France was a rebel government lead by Frenchman Charles de Gaulle.
12. What was the turning point in Europe?
 D-Day Invasion (June 6, 1944): In the west, the U.S. and Britain led an invasion of France along the
Normandy coast to forced the Germans to retreat east.
 Battle of Stalingrad: In the east, Hitler broke the Non-Aggression Pact and invaded the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union defeated Germany in 3 major battles—Moscow, Leningrad, and Stalingrad and force
the Germans to retreat
EUROPE
PACIFIC
west.
Cause: Hitler & Appeasement
Cause: Japanese Aggression
**How did war in Europe end?
Start: Germans invade Poland
Start: Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
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The Allies closed in on Berlin,
Turning Point: D-Day &
the German capital, and the
Turning Point: Battle of Midway
Stalingrad
Germans surrendered (May
1945).
End: A-Bombs Hiroshima &
End: Berlin Destroyed
Nagasaki
14. Cold War
Countries: U. S. vs. Soviet Union
Ideological War: Capitalism vs. Communism
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Containment – a foreign policy established by Pres. Truman, blocking Soviet influence and
preventing the expansion of communism.
Iron Curtain – a phrase used by Winston Churchill to describe the division between Western
Europe (mostly democratic) and Eastern Europe (communist)
Truman Doctrine – a doctrine supporting countries that that rejected communism (not
supported by the American people).
Marshall Plan (1947) – Americans would give aid to foreign countries to battle hunger and
poverty.
Cold War – growing diplomatic hostilities between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
1949 - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
a. defense pact that allowed for military cooperation among its members
b. to prevent aggression, American troops and nuclear weapons were kept in W. Europe
Warsaw Pact – (Soviets viewed NATO as a threat) so they established an alliance with
Poland, E. Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albany and Czechoslovakia called the Warsaw pact.
(SEATO) Southeast Asia Treaty Organization was organized by the United States to stabilize
military aggression in Korea and Indochina.
brinkmanship – the U.S.’s willingness to retaliate instantly and to go to the edge or “brink”
The Soviets prove to do the same in the “Arms Race”
The United States supported the Nationalists in China led by Jiang Jieshi, while the Soviets
supported the Communists led by Mao Zedong.
Mao Zedong’s, Great Leap Forward (collective farms and communes) and Cultural
Revolution (society of peasants and workers) failed to create a powerful socialist nation.
The Korean War destroyed their land and over 5 million people died. North and South Korea
remained divided at the 38th parallel.
In the Middle East, there was conflict between the traditional Islamic values and embracing
those of modern Western materialistic values. Shah Pahliv of Iran supported it and the Prime
Minister, Muhammad Mossaddeq, forced the shah to flee. The U.S. then had him arrested.
The Soviet Union supported the Cubans by building 42 missile sites in Cuba, in response to
the U.S. supported Bay of Pigs incident.
After WW II, the Soviet Union didn’t allow Eastern European countries to run their own
economies and promoted only the development of industries necessary to them.