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Darwin* Naturalist and author of “On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” homologous structures similar structures in two living things that are found in the common ancestor of the living things Archaea a classification kingdom made up of bacteria that live in extreme environments adaptation the process of becoming adapted to the surrounding area; an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral change that improves a population’s ability to survive species a group of organisms that are closely related and naturally mate to produce fertile offspring Galapagos Islands* an archipelago on the equator in the Pacific, ab. 600 mi. (965 km) W of and belonging to Ecuador: many unique species of animal life evolution A change in the characteristics of a population from one generation to the next gene flow the movement of genes into or out of a population due to interbreeding recombina -tion* the formation of new combinations of genes, either naturally, by crossing over or independent assortment, or in the laboratory by direct manipulation of genetic material natural selection the process by which individuals that are better adapted to everything around them survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do punctuated equilibrium a model of evolution in which short periods of drastic change in species, including mass extinctions and rapid speciation, are separated by long periods of little or no change finch any songbird of the family Fringillidae , having a short stout bill for feeding on seeds and, in most species, a bright plumage in the male. genetic drift the random change in allele frequency in a population biodiversity the number and variety of organisms in a given area during a specific period of time variation* a difference or deviation in structure or character from others of the same species or group extinct describes a species of organisms that has died out completely divergent evolution* the build up of differences between groups of living things as a result of natural selection; divergence leads to the formation of new species analogous structures * Body parts in different species that are similar in function but not in structure that evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge mutation a change in the nucleotidebase sequence of a gene or DNA molecule phylogeny the evolutionary history of a species or taxonomic group speciation the development of new species as a result of evolution by natural selection convergent evolution the process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment vestigial structure a structure in a living thing that is reduced in size and function and that may have been complete and functional in the living thing’s ancestors biogeography * is the study of the distribution of life forms over geographical areas embryology* study of embryogenesis, the development of animals and plants from fertilization to birth/hatching gradualism a model of evolution in which slow change over a long period of time leads to a variety of living things