Download APES Review #2 Name

APES Review #2
Name ______________________________
Per.________
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
Pollution includes
a. dumping detergents into streams, causing fish kills.
b. spraying with DDT, lowering the eagle population.
c. releasing gases from coal combustion, causing acid rain.
d. erupting volcanoes, destroying a forest ecosystem.
e. a, b, and c.
f. all of the above.
2.
Effects of pollution might include
a. being unable to see the top of skyscrapers because of the smog.
b. acid rain-induced destruction of a statue in your city park.
c. spread of disease from an open dump.
d. less diversity of stream life because of road salt runoff.
e. b, c, and d.
f. all of the above.
3.
Which of the following pieces of evidence is likely to form the basis of an
environmentalist's opinion?
a. The rate of human population growth is declining.
b. Food is more abundant and cheaper than at any other time in human history.
c. Total forest area of the temperate zone region's industrialized countries increased during the
1980's.
d. Consensus science suggests that potential global climate change from human activities
should be taken as a serious problem.
e. Supplies of nonrenewable resources are about half as expensive relative to wages as they
were in 1980.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which of the following statements reflects a planetary management worldview?
We belong to Earth.
We should leave Earth in as good a shape as we found it.
The best things in life aren't things.
Consume more to stimulate the economy.
Take time to love, cherish, celebrate, and understand Earth and yourself.
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The North American Indians depended upon bison for
meat for their diet.
skin for their tepees and clothing.
gut for their bowstrings.
feces for fuel.
all of the above.
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Agricultural societies resulted in all of the following changes to humans except
growth of villages.
specialized occupations and long-distance trade.
increased competition for resources.
equal work distribution among people.
bartering between farmers and craftspeople.
7.
Which of the following behaviors would be least appreciated by the scientific community?
a. observing patterns in nature
b. hypothesizing about evidence
c. overstating a claim
d. arguing over alternative interpretations
e. imagining a new theory that explains data left unexplained by an older theory
8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Mathematical models are tested by comparing the predictions with
observations.
experimental data.
predictions of mental models.
scientific laws and theories.
all of the above.
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
A negative feedback loop is illustrated by all of the following except
decelerating loss of heat as a pan of hot water is removed from the stove.
exponential population growth.
pollution control.
a thermostat to maintain a certain temperature in your house.
sweating to cool your body down during and after vigorous exercise.
10.
A thermostat keeping your house within a certain acceptable temperature range is an
example of
a. homeostasis.
b. synergistic interaction.
c. leverage.
d. chaos.
e. the Gaia hypothesis.
11.
The idea that life on Earth helps sustain its own environment is a modified version of
a. homeostasis.
b. a synergistic interaction.
c. leverage.
d. chaos.
e. the Gaia hypothesis.
12.
All of the following are elements except
a. water.
b. oxygen.
c. nitrogen.
d. hydrogen.
e. carbon.
13.
Which of the following statements is false?
a. About one-third of the solar energy hitting the earth is immediately reflected back to space.
b. A spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emanates from the sun.
c. About one-third of the solar energy hitting the earth warms the land and lower atmosphere,
runs cycles of matter, and generates winds.
d. Less than 1% of sunlight is captured via photosynthesis.
e. Nuclear fusion is the source of energy radiating from the sun.
14.
Organisms that feed on dead organisms are called
a. detritivores.
b. detritus feeders.
c. decomposers.
d. scavengers.
e. carnivores.
15.
Energy flow is predominantly through a grazing food web in
a. a stream.
b. a marsh.
c. the deep ocean.
d. a forest.
e. a prairie.
16.
All of the following are sources of phosphorus except
a. inorganic fertilizer.
b. runoff of animal wastes from feedlots.
c. detergents.
d. acid rain.
e. ocean sediments.
17.
Sulfur naturally enters the atmosphere from
a. ammonium sulfate found in sea spray.
b. dimethylsulfide emitted by some species of plankton.
c. hydrogen sulfide from decomposition.
d. hydrogen sulfide from volcanoes.
e. all of the above.
18.
Wild African bees are best described as
a. nonnative species.
b. native species.
c. keystone species.
d. specialist species.
e. indicator species.
19.
A shark is least likely to be killed
a. by a predator.
b. for sport.
c. out of fear.
d. for food.
e. for economic gain.
20.
A rain shadow effect is most likely to be produced by a
a. forest.
b. ocean.
c. lake.
d. mountain.
e. city.
21.
Nights in deserts are cold because
a. winds originate at the North and South Poles.
b. the sun goes down.
c. there is a poor insulating effect from the desert's dry air.
d. there are few plants to modify the temperature fluctuations.
e. b, c, and d.
f. all of the above.
22.
In which type of relationship are lianas and epiphytes most likely to engage?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
competition
predation
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
23.
Mountain biomes
a. have deep,rich soils.
b. recover quickly from vegetation loss.
c. may act as sanctuaries for animal species driven from lowland areas.
d. have little biodiversity.
e. are independent of atmospheric changes and the hydrologic cycle.
24.
If you fish for trout, you would be most likely to seek out which part of a stream?
a. headwaters
b. middle elevations
c. mouth
d. all sections equally
e. no sections; trout are endangered
25.
Population size is governed by
a. births.
b. deaths.
c. immigration.
d. emigration.
e. all of the above.
26.
Rapidly growing populations in nature may be limited by
a. light.
b. water.
c. space.
d. nutrients.
e. one or more of the above.
27.
The Earth zone with the most volume and mass is the
a. lithosphere.
b. core.
c. crust.
d. mantle.
e. asthenosphere.
28.
a. 5
b. 7
c. 9
d. 11
e. 15
The deepest trenches in the ocean are ____ miles below sea level.
29.
If you wanted to study chemical weathering in the field, where would you most likely go?
a. tropics
b. subtropics
c. temperate zone
d. subarctic
e. poles
30.
Metamorphic rock is formed from sedimentary rock when the sedimentary rock is
exposed to
a. high temperature.
b. high pressure.
c. chemically active fluids.
d. any or all of the above.
e. none of the above.
31.
Smelters of ore minerals may give off
a. soot.
b. lead.
c. sulfur dioxide.
d. arsenic.
e. all of the above.
32.
The stability of soil is enhanced by
a. absence of water.
b. small amounts of water.
c. large amounts of water.
d. saturation by water.
e. high proportion of sand.
33.
If you were studying Earth's internal crust changes, which of the following time frames
would be most appropriate to use?
a. minutes to hours
b. hours to decades
c. decades to centuries
d. thousands of years to millions of years
e. millions of years to billions of years
34.
Carcinogens cause
a. genetic defects.
b. birth defects.
c. cancer.
d. chronic health effects.
e. acute health effects.
35.
Carcinogens may be
a. viruses.
b. radiation.
c. chemicals.
d. all of the above.
e. none of the above.
36.
You have been studying a large lake ecosystem. You learn that PCBs have been
dumped into the water. You predict that the most effected population would be the
a. algae.
b. small fish.
c. predatory birds.
d. zooplankton.
e. ducks.
37.
Of the following strategies to improve health care, the one that would have the least
effect on reducing disease in developing countries would be
a. more research on tropical diseases.
b. more emphasis on preventive health care.
c. a campaign against poverty.
d. more research on cancer and heart diseases.
38.
Of the following forms of birth control, the least effective is
a. IUD plus spermicide.
b. oral contraceptive.
c. condom (good brand).
d. diaphragm plus spermicide.
e. rhythm method.
39.
The change that takes place in a demographic transition occurs when
a. one-third of the population is under 15 years of age.
b. the birth rate drops below the death rate.
c. the economic development of a country changes the population growth pattern.
d. either immigration or emigration changes the population growth pattern.
e. family planning is acceptable to a country's culture.
40.
Some experts fear that the developing countries lack sufficient ___ to allow the
demographic transition to occur.
a. people
b. capital
c. cooperation
d. commitment
e. all of the above
41.
Breathing the air of Mexico City is like smoking ____ pack(s) of cigarettes each day.
a. 1/2
b. 1
c. 1 1/2
d. 2
e. 3
42.
The United States has about ____ metropolitan areas.
a. 50
b. 160
c. 350
d. 450
e. 500
43.
Since 1920, urban areas have seen improvements in
a. working conditions.
b. housing conditions.
c. medical care.
d. air and water quality.
e. all of the above.
44.
Today's cities are not self-sustaining because they import
a. minerals.
b.
c.
d.
e.
water.
energy.
food.
all of the above.
45.
Which of the following produces the loudest sound?
a. jackhammer
b. chain saw
c. food blender
d. rock music
e. military rifle
46.
With 4.8% of the people in the world, the United States has ___% of
the cars.
a. 15
b. 20
c. 25
d. 35
e. 40
47.
Ecologically sound development can be discouraged by
a. requiring environmental impact analysis for private and public projects.
b. conservation easements.
c. land trusts.
d. taxing land on the basis of the economically highest potential use.
e. all of the above.
48.
It is estimated that the majority of tropical forests will be gone in ____ years.
a. 5-10
b. 15-25
c. 30-50
d. 70-90
e. 100-120
49.
Of the following human activities, the ones with the least forest destruction are
a. unsustainable small-scale farming and raising illegal drug crops.
b. raising nut trees and chemical prospecting.
c. cattle ranching and commercial logging.
d. mining operations and oil drilling.
e. damming rivers and flooding large areas of forest.
50.
Individuals can help sustain Earth's forests by all of the following except
a. recycling paper.
b. recycling aluminum cans.
c. reducing beef consumption.
d. boycotting tropical hardwood products.
e. purchasing tropical fish.
51.
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Over 44 years passed from the first production of CFCs until the first awareness that they
could cause environmental damage.
b. CFCs are stable, odorless, nonflammable, nontoxic, and noncorrosive chemicals.
c. CFCs are found in bubbles in Styrofoam and insulation.
d. CFCs are important because they help screen out ultraviolet radiation from reaching Earth's
surface.
e. Bromine-containing compounds, called halons, are used in fire extinguishers.
52.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 20
d. 30
e. 50
It takes at least _____ years to phase in new energy alternatives.
53.
The net energy ratio is
a. the ratio of the energy it took to produce it to the new useful energy produced.
b. the ratio of the useful energy produced to the useful energy used to produce it.
c. high when the net energy yield is high.
d. high when the net energy yield is low.
e. used to calculate the gross energy product.
54.
The easiest, fastest, and cheapest way to get more energy with the least environmental
impact is to
a. improve photovoltaics.
b. develop wind power.
c. initiate the second wave of nuclear power plants in the United States.
d. eliminate energy waste.
e. develop wave power.
55.
At this time, the most important way to save energy and money in transportation is to
a. switch to hydrogen-powered cars.
b. switch to electric engines.
c. increase the fuel efficiency of motor vehicles.
d. ban cars in cities.
e. create binding agreements with countries in the Middle East.
56.
Freshwater solar ponds
a. can be used for hot water and space heating.
b. are located in isolated mountain areas.
c. are found in salt flats and deserts.
d. provide both cooling and heating.
e. have a low net useful energy yield.
57.
Which country leads the world in using wood as an energy source?
a. Canada
b. Sweden
c. China
d. Brazil
e. Costa Rica
58.
Geothermal energy is stored in the form of
a. dry steam.
b. wet steam.
c. hot water.
d. all of the above.
59.
The countries with the largest reserves of natural gas are
a. Canada and the United States.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Russia and Kazakhstan.
Nigeria and Algeria.
India and Pakistan.
Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
60.
A key option during the switch from oil to other new energy sources is
a. coal.
b. nuclear.
c. biomass.
d. natural gas.
e. solar.
61.
You send up a weather balloon that monitors temperature changes in the atmosphere.
Initially, the temperature drops as the balloon rises. Suddenly, there is a reversal and the
temperature starts to rise. This boundary would be the
a. pause that refreshes.
b. the tropopause.
c. the stratopause.
d. the minipause.
e. the mesopause.
62.
Environmentalists criticize the Clean Air Act of 1990 for all of the following except
a. failing to establish primary ambient air quality standards.
b. failing to increase the fuel-efficiency standards for cars and light trucks.
c. doing too little to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
d. relying primarily on pollution cleanup rather than pollution prevention.
e. failing to require stricter emission standards for fine particulates.
63.
The monsoon season can
a. leach soil nutrients.
b. cause water to overflow its channels.
c. waterlog soil.
d. wash away topsoil and crops.
e. all of the above.
64.
Waste heat can
a. cause algae blooms.
b. deplete water of oxygen.
c. kill fish.
d. decrease water quality.
e. all of the above.
65.
The decline of Lake Baikal was started by
a. acid deposition originating in western Europe.
b. the building of two paper mills on the lake.
c. oil spills on the lake.
d. runoff of fertilizers from surrounding farms.
e. urbanization along the lake's shores.
66.
Thermal pollution
a. raises the solubility of oxygen in water.
b.
c.
d.
e.
lowers the respiratory rates of aquatic organisms.
nurtures spawning fish.
can kill organisms adapted to a particular temperature range by thermal shock.
decreases susceptibility of aquatic organisms to disease.
67.
Air pollutants account for about _____ of the nitrogen entering Chesapeake Bay.
a. one-tenth
b. one-fifth
c. one-fourth
d. one-third
e. one-half
68.
When a resource has been economically depleted, we can
a. recycle or reuse what has already been extracted.
b. cut down on unnecessary waste of the resource.
c. find a substitute.
d. do without.
e. all of the above.
69.
A soil sample of closely packed pebbles that is a mixture of minerals and low in humus
probably came from a
a. coniferous forest.
b. deciduous forest.
c. tropical forest.
d. grassland.
e. desert.
70.
An acidic soil is one with a pH of
a. 10 or more.
b. exactly 10.
c. 7 to 10.
d. less than 7.
e. exactly 7.
71.
Partially biodegradable plastics need _____ to be broken down.
a. light
b. oxygen and moisture
c. anaerobic conditions
d. cool conditions
e. none of the above
72.
Environmentalists would most object to plastics used in
a. lunch boxes.
b. shampoo bottles.
c. single-use packaging.
d. refrigerator storage containers.
e. toys for tots.
73.
The bad news about incinerators is that they
a. create few jobs.
b. are expensive to build.
c. are expensive to operate and maintain.
d. release toxic substances in fly ash and bottom ash.
e. all of the above.
74.
Deep-well disposal of liquid hazardous wastes is
a. a complex process.
b. less visible than other waste-disposal methods.
c. more carefully regulated than other waste-disposal methods.
d. the most expensive waste-disposal method.
e. all of the above.
75.
The real cost of dumping hazardous wastes is borne by the
a. producer of the waste.
b. the disposer of the waste.
c. the people whose health is affected by waste disposal.
d. the taxpayers who pay to clean up disposal messes.
e. c and d.
76.
A single type of crop is generally grown in
a. plantation agriculture.
b. traditional intensive agriculture.
c. traditional subsistence agriculture.
d. industrialized agriculture.
e. none of the above.
77.
Developments that offer hope for sub-Saharan Africa include
a. terracing in Kenya, where food production is ahead of population growth.
b. tree-planting in Kenya, where soil erosion has declined and fuelwood has increased.
c. experimenting with new varieties of food in Nigeria, where food production has kept pace with
population growth.
d. all of the above.
e. none of the above.
78.
Industrialized agriculture can affect water resources through
a. pesticide pollution.
b. fertilizer enrichment of surface waters.
c. sediment pollution.
d. fertilizer seepage into groundwater.
e. all of the above.
79.
Living organisms can be affected by agriculture through
a. loss of habitat from clearing land for agriculture.
b. use of monoculture.
c. killing predators to protect livestock.
d. fish kills from pesticide runoff.
e. all of the above.
80.
Which of the following plants has been called "supermarket on a stalk"?
a. peanut
b. soybean
c. winged bean
d. rice
e. dwarf wheat
81.
The conversion of grazing land and marginal land to agriculture would result in
a. increased erosion.
b. decreased biodiversity.
c. tremendous energy costs.
d. enhanced global warming effects.
e. all of the above.
82.
Sustainable agriculture is characterized by all of the following except
a. promoting monoculture.
b. lack of requirements of massive amounts of fossil fuels.
c. conserving and building topsoil.
d. lack of use of many artificial chemicals.
e. water conservation.
83.
The gray wolf
a. is endangered in all the 48 lower states except Minnesota.
b. helps strengthen the genetic pools of its prey.
c. culls herds of bison, elk, caribou, and mule deer.
d. protects vegetation.
e. all of the above.
84.
New Forestry
a. leaves a few snags behind after clear-cutting.
b. leaves "slash" to provide wildlife habitat.
c. has protection of ecological integrity as a stated goal.
d. sometimes leaves a few seed trees after clear-cutting.
e. all of the above.
85.
Most overgrazing is caused by
a. drought.
b. climate changes.
c. large populations of wild herbivores.
d. too many grazing animals for too long a time.
e. periodic fires.
86.
Continuous grazing is least likely to result in
a. overgrazing of flat areas.
b. slow improvement of range quality.
c. invasion of less desirable forms of vegetation.
d. patterns of overgrazed and undergrazed areas.
e. overgrazing of forage grass.
87.
Passenger pigeons
a. were used as fertilizer.
b. were good to eat.
c. had feathers used in pillows.
d. were suffocated by burning grass or sulfur below their roosts.
e. all of the above.
88.
You are an ecologist studying alligators in the outback. You find that the population of
alligators is so depleted that organisms that depend on alligator holes for their survival are also
hurting. You would most likely label the alligators
a. threatened.
b. endangered.
c. locally extinct.
d. ecologically extinct.
e. biologically extinct.
89.
An endangered species is any species that can
a. undergo alteration of its genetic traits.
b. become rare within the next century.
c. soon become extinct in all or part of its range.
d. eventually become threatened or rare.
e. alter its own habitat.
90.
The whooping crane is vulnerable to extinction because of
a. its small size.
b. its call.
c. its low reproduction rate.
d. its fixed migration pattern.
e. c and d only.
f. all of the above.
91.
National parks can be viewed as habitat islands surrounded by
a. logging.
b. industrial activity.
c. energy extraction.
d. mining.
e. all of the above.
92.
The collapse of the Peruvian anchovy fishery in the 1970s was caused by the interaction
of biology, climate, geography, economics, and politics. The characteristic of complex systems
best applied to this event is
a. negative feedback loop.
b. positive feedback loop.
c. antagonistic interaction.
d. synergistic interaction.
e. delay.
93.
Water hyacinths have been most effectively controlled by
a. manatees, which are a threatened species.
b. mechanical harvesting.
c. plastic or canvas covers that deprive them of light.
d. herbicides.
e. none of the above.
94.
Prudhoe Bay is a
a. gem of biodiversity that shelters several habitat islands.
b. site of oil drilling in Alaska.
c. wildlife refuge in Alaska.
d. site of a disastrous oil spill in the 1970s.
e. critical point on the migration path of caribou, polar bears, and the Arctic tern.
95.
Most wildlife management in the United States is keyed to
a. protection of endangered species.
b. control of population sizes and habitats to maintain diversity.
c. management of population sizes and habitats to favor game species.
d. maximizing of bird diversity.
e. an equal balance of all of the above.
96.
All of the following would be considered examples of nonprofit, nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs) except
a. the AFL-CIO.
b. Texaco.
c. the National Wildlife Federation.
d. the National Science Teachers Association.
e. Citizens for a Clean Vine Brook.
97.
Incremental decision-making at the federal level is a result of
a. distribution of power and checks and balances among different branches.
b. influence of the regulated on the regulators.
c. lack of funding.
d. division of power among federal, state, and local levels.
e. all of the above.
98.
National environmental groups may emphasize
a. lobbying.
b. education.
c. research.
d. providing assistance for grass-roots organizations.
e. one or combinations of the above.
99.
It is easier to live sustainably when you
a. have a sense of place.
b. listen to children.
c. seek wisdom instead of information.
d. have an emotional attachment to the earth and its systems.
e. all of the above.
100.
A bioregion is identified by its
a. landforms and soil types.
b. wildlife habitats and life forms.
c. watersheds.
d. climate and weather patterns.
e. all of the above.