Download WHAP Student Copy Worlds of Encounter

Worlds of Encounter
WHAP/Napp
Cues:
Objective: To identify and describe the world’s
diverse societies in Fifteenth Century
Do Now: List two facts about Zheng He.
Notes:
I. The Fifteenth Century
A. The outcome of Columbus’ journey would transform the world
Decimation of native populations in Americas, Atlantic Slave Trade,
massive population growth, growing prominence of _________
B. But these events were not foreseeable in 1492
C. Yoruba in West Africacity-stateswalled townseach ruled by an oba or
king but Beninhighly centralized ruled by warrior king named Ewuare
1. Artists in Beninfamous for remarkable _________ (brass) sculptures
D. Igbo“stateless society”titles of differing ranks: wealthy men-prestigious
titlesfamously described in Chinua Achebe’s novel: Things Fall Apart
E. Yet extensive trade among diverse societies in West Africa
F. Iroquois in “New York”loose confederation based on Great Law of Peace
Five Nations suppressed blood feuds through confederation council
values of limited government, social equality, and personal freedom
G. Brief attempt to restore Mongol Empire under Timur (known as ________
in the West)-devastation to Russia, Persia, and Indialast great military
success of nomadic peoples of Central Asia
1. Steppe homelands would be swallowed up by ________ and China
H. Yet majority of people lived in city-centered, state-based empires
II. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
A. After a century of Mongol rule and reduced population due to _________
B. Promoted Confucian learning and reestablished civil service examination
C. Highly centralizedpower concentrated in hands of the _______ while a
cadre of eunuchs (castrated men) personally loyal to the emperor exercised
great authority, much to the dismay of the official bureaucrats
D. Repaired the damage of the ________ years by rebuilding canals and
reclaiming land for cultivation
E. Restored millions of acres to cultivationrebuilt ______, reservoirs, and
irrigation works and planted a billion trees in an effort to reforest China
1. Economy rebounded, trade flourished, and population grew
F. Undertook the largest and most impressive maritime _________ the world
had ever seen
1. Enormous fleet, commissioned by Emperor Yongle, launched in 1405
2. Followed over the next twenty-eight years by six more such expeditions
3. Visited ports in Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, Arabia, East Africa
4. Captained by the Muslim ________ Zheng He, sought to enroll distant
peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system
5. Served to establish Chinese power and prestige in the _______ Ocean
and to exert Chinese control over foreign trade in the region
Summaries:
Cues:
6. However, did not seek to conquer new territories, establish Chinese
settlements, or spread their culture
7. Most surprising feature of these voyages was how abruptly and
deliberately they were ended
a) After 1433, Chinese authorities simply ________ such expeditions
and allowed this enormous and expensive fleet to deteriorate in port
b) Part of the reasondeath of emperor Yongle, chief _________
c) Many high-ranking officials had long seen the expeditions as a waste
of resourcesbelieved, was the self-sufficient “_________ kingdom”
d) Many Chinese believed that the real danger to China came form the
north, where nomadic barbarians constantly threatened
e) Viewed voyages as project of court eunuchs, whom officials ________
III. A Highly Fragmented Western Europe
A. Independent, highly competitive statesa sharply _______ Christendom
B. States learned to tax their citizens more efficiently, to raise standing armies,
and to create more effective administrative structures
C. A small Russian state centered on the city of ________ also emerged in the
fifteenth century as Mongol rule faded away
D. Much of this state building was driven by the needs of war
E. The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1454) between England and _______ over
rival claims to territory in France
F. A renewed cultural blossoming, known as the Renaissance celebrated and
reclaimed a classical ________ tradition
1. Began in the commercial cities of ______ (between 1350 and 1500)
2. Belief of the wealthy elite that they were living in a new era removed
from the religious confines of feudal Europe
3. Humanists reflected on secular topicshistory, politics, poetry, rhetoric
4. Machiavelli’s (1469-1527) The Princepower by any means necessary
5. Secular elements challenged otherworldliness of _________ culture
individualism signaled rise of capitalist economy - private entrepreneurs
6. 1415 -Portuguese maritime voyages farther down west coast of ______
7. 1492, Columbus to Americas - 1497, Vasco da Gama to India
8. But Europeans seeking ______ of Africa and Asia and converts
competing states ensured continued rivalry and more expeditions
9. Chinese withdrawal from the Indian Ocean facilitated European entry
IV. Islamic World
A. Ottoman Empireeventually conquered Byzantines and Constantinople in
1453 and in 1529, laid siege to Vienna in the heart of Central _________
B. Safavid Empireemerged from Sufi religious order founded by Safi al-Din
(1252-1334) – in 1500, forcibly imposed a Shia version of Islam in _______
C. West AfricaKingdom of SonghayTrans-Saharan trade, Islam, learning
D. Mughal Empire in IndiaIslamic empire in ______-dominated
Indiacreation of Islamic Turkic groupE. Muslim traders settled in Java and Sumatra-rise of Malacca, strategically
located on waterway between Sumatra and Malaya, spread of _______
Summaries:
Questions:
 What kinds of changes were transforming West African agricultural village societies
and those of the Iroquois as the fifteenth century dawned?
 What role did Central Asian and West African pastoralists play in their respective
regions?
 How would you define the major achievements of Ming dynasty China?
 What political and cultural differences stand out in the histories of fifteenth-century
China and Western Europe? What similarities are apparent?
 In what ways did European maritime voyaging in the fifteenth century differ from
that of China? What accounts for these differences?
 What differences can you identify among the four major empires in the Islamic
world of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
1. Which statement best characterizes the
4. Which of the following was the primary
political situation in the West around 1450? goal of Zheng He’s expeditions?
(A) Highly centralized and powerful
(A) To eliminate foreign trade with China.
monarchies governed linguistically
(B) To establish Chinese trading cities on
homogeneous kingdoms.
the Indian Ocean.
(B) Renaissance ideas had spread, making
(C) To impress foreign people with the
democracy the preferred political system.
power and might of the Ming dynasty.
(C)Small political units led by local and
(D) To establish diplomatic relations with
regional aristocrats were the rule, not the
the Muslim states in the Indian Ocean.
exception.
(E) To offer military protection and support
(D) The nation-state had taken root and
to Chinese merchants in the Indian Ocean.
monarchy had passed from the scene.
(D)The Holy Roman Empire had united the 5. A Renaissance humanist is one who
West into a larger political unit than the
(A) Seeks to reconcile Christian values with
Roman Empire of the classical era.
a public life.
(B) Considers Christianity to be an
2. Which label best characterizes the Italian outmoded superstition.
Renaissance?
(C) Holds that personal glory is the only
(A) A political movement
true value.
(B) A cultural movement
(D) Withdraws from the world to study
(C) A religious movement
ancient texts.
(D) A mass movement
(E) Rejects the past and embraces all that is
(E) A global movement
new.
3. Chinese naval expeditions were abruptly
ended in 1433 because
(A) Zheng He was suspected of building his
personal power.
(B) Maintaining the fleet was considered a
needless waste of national resources.
(C) The voyages had led to several
humiliating defeats.
(D) The large Chinese vessels proved to be
unseaworthy.
6. Under Hongwu, the Ming dynasty was
established as
(A) A feudal state dominated by warlords.
(B) A military state with a puppet emperor.
(C) A constitutional monarchy.
(D) A decentralized empire with
considerable autonomy for local authorities.
(E) A highly centralized, autocratic state.
Excerpt from pbs.org
Six centuries ago, a mighty armada of Chinese ships crossed the China Sea, and then
ventured west to Ceylon, Arabia, and East Africa. The fleet consisted of giant nine-masted
junks, escorted by dozens of supply ships, water tankers, transports for cavalry horses, and
patrol boats. The armada's crew totaled more than 27,000 sailors and soldiers. The largest
of the junks were said to be over 400 feet long and 150 feet wide. (The Santa Maria,
Columbus's largest ship, was a mere 90 by 30 feet and his crew numbered only 90.)
Loaded with Chinese silk, porcelain, and lacquerware, the junks visited ports around the
Indian Ocean. Here, Arab and African merchants exchanged the spices, ivory, medicines,
rare woods, and pearls so eagerly sought by the Chinese imperial court.
Seven times, from 1405 to 1433, the treasure fleets set off for the unknown. These seven
great expeditions brought a vast web of trading links—from Taiwan to the Persian Gulf—
under Chinese imperial control. This took place half a century before the first Europeans,
rounding the tip of Africa in frail Portuguese caravels, "discovered" the Indian Ocean.
With unrivaled nautical technology and countless other inventions to their credit, the
Chinese were now poised to expand their influence beyond India and Africa. Here was one
of history's great turning points. Had the Chinese emperors continued their huge
investments in the treasure fleets, there is little reason why they, rather than the
Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and British, should not have colonized the world. Yet less than
a century later, all overseas trade was banned, and it became a capital offense to set sail
from China in a multi-masted ship…
Zheng He commemorated his adventures on a stone pillar discovered in Fujian province
in the 1930s. His mission, according to the pillar, was to flaunt the might of Chinese power
and collect tribute from the "barbarians from beyond the seas." On his first trip, leading
more than 60 massive galleons, Zheng He visited what would later become Vietnam and
reached the port of Calicut, India. On his return, he battled pirates and established massive
warehouses in the Straits of Malacca for sorting all the goods accumulated on this and
subsequent voyages.
…Toward the end of his seventh voyage in 1433, the 62-year-old Zheng He died and was
said to have been buried at sea. Although he had extended the wealth and power of China
over a vast realm and is even today revered as a god in remote parts of Indonesia, the tide
was already turning against foreign ventures. The conservative Confucian faction now had
the upper hand. In its worldview, it was improper to go abroad while one's parents were
still alive. "Barbarian" nations were seen as offering little of value to add to the prosperity
already present in the Middle Kingdom.
Thesis Statement: Comparative: Chinese and European Views of Exploration
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