Download Shee Review Unit 6 - Everett Public Schools

1914-the Present
IMPERIALISM, NATIONALISM, INDUSTRIALISM
Africa: (under colonial rule) WWI – Africans had to fight for Europeans on African continent and in Europe.. African resources and manpower used
and colonial powers forced Africans to grow export crops and sell thema t low prices, imposed taxes. Over 2 million served in colonial armies and
more used as porters to carry equipment. Badly fed and mistreated. During the nterwar period, they remained colonies. German colonies were now
given to the British or French. They were seen as “Class C” mandates and they were to be run by new European rulers. They were not included in the
decision-making of the League of Nations…thus League was very European and imperialistic. Railroads and other infrastructure were built but only
to transport raw materials to the coast they they could be used for European use. Africans continued to work for Europeans for little pay and harsh
conditions – Brazzaville railroad built in 1920’s…20,000 AFrians died (64 men per mile of track). Hopsitals and medical care did not benefit Africans
and diseases spread rapidly. Colonial taxes were high and men had to leave women for work. This caused severe problems for wives who were left
alone with farms and children – still happens today. Economy had Cocoa in Ghana, palm oil in Nigeria, coffee in East Africa. During the depression,
most places were hard hit except South Africa where gold prices were high. Algeria, Kenya, Rhodesia and South Africa all had segregated societies
and racial discrimination. Colonization meant Chrisitainty and schools were established. Interestingly, many of these areas used Chrisitanity later in
their fight against imperialism. Some Africans travelled to Western countries for an education and learned liberal western ideas that contradicted the
racial prejudice and colonialism they faced in Africa. Examples of these people were Blaise Diagne . Many came back with a Pan-Africanism idea and
established groups to fight for African rights (such as the ANC). Pan-Africans included the African-American leaders of W.E.B. Du Bois and the
Jamaican Marcus Garvey. And advocated the unity of all African peoples in the global struggle against white supremacy and colonialism. It combined
European ideas of liberalism and nationalism as a weapon against Western coonial powers. WWII had a bigger impact on Africa – more Africans
fighting and more battles in Africa. Invasion of Ethiopia and weak League reaction showed a lack of respect for Africa and Africans remembered this.
Africans served alongside Europeans but began to get angry and by the end they were able to demand liberty from the very colonizers whom they
fought against Nazi. WWII gave a huge impetus to anticolonial movements in Africa and Asia (India was the model) and the British were no longer
willing to spend as much mone of the colonial territories. Ghana’s Nkrumah led his nation to independence and other West African coonies followed.
French colonies were slower in gaining independence as France fought to keep them. Algeria had a large population of white settlers and they fought
hard to keep the area. The FLN received support from Egypt and other Arab nations. But not ready for it – lots of economic problems. Kenya faced a
struggle as well, but they had a white settler population that wanted to keep the coffee plantations going. The Mau Mau movement – British captured
the leader – Kenyatta -who was in prison for years, but then came out and became president of Kenya. South Africa put up the longest and most
intense fight. Aparteid and Nelson Mandela – the struggle was against apartheid with the ANC as the anti-aparteid group. ANC was banned in South
Africa and had to lead armed resistance fighting from neighboring countries. 1990 the government ended the practice. During the Cold War, US and
USSR attempted to influence these newly independent states. At he Bandung Conference, many African leaders saw themselves as non-aligned. Often
supported by USSR and Cuban groups because Western democracies did not support the African independence movements. Ghana was drawn into
the Cold War when Nkrumah was overthrown in a US CIA-backed military coup. The Africans were also a target for PROXY WARS in which US and
USSR provoked, financed and armed competing factions in a country to fight. It seemed the superpowers were fighting their own war in these
countries. It helped start civil wars and inflamed ethnic rivalries and hatreds that had been lying dormant during colonial rule. Post-Cold War period
many thought that wealth and democracy would also spread to the nations in Africa. Very slow. Military coups and Civil Wars are happening as they
are left over from the ethnic problems started by the Cold War. Conflicts of resources (such as diamonds) and other minerals continue. 1994:
Rwanda had a massive “ethnic cleansing” (genocide) with the Hutu majority massacring the Tutsi neighbors on claims of discrimination and
favoritism during the colonial period. There have been success stories: Nelson Mandela and the ANC and in Nigeria the election of Olusegun Obasanjo
as President after decades of military rule. In Liberia, a female head of state was elected. Still – huge gap in rich and poor nations. Many struggle to
diversify their economies from cash crop systems of the colonial period. Poverty in Africa means high mortality rates, low life-expectancy rates, AIDS
(70% of those who have AIDS worldwide, live in Africa…closely related to poverty – treatement is expensive). Migration to western Europea nd the
US – many go to France and Spain…France is having some cultural and racial discrimination issues due to the African Muslims in the area and a new
law went into effect that said woman could NOT wear their headscarfs in schools and public.
MIDDLE EAST: - Nationalism, Israel struggle, oil, wars
WWI: Middle East was under Ottoman control – lots of rebellions and loss of territory before (Greece, Serbia, Albania) and alliances were taking
shape. The Austrian Empire wanted the Slavic-populated regions of the Empire as did the Russians who supported the Slavs. A huge internal and
external tug of war – when WWI broke out no one knew who the Ottoman were going to support but they went with Germany in hopes of gaining
territory from the Russians when it was over. Gallipoli was an unsuccessful attack on Ottoman by the British. The British did undermine Ottoman
empire – promised Arab independence if they revolted against the Ottoman. Also made promises to Jews (Balfour Declaration) on a homeland.
Zionism was a solution to the Anti-semitism in Europe. Independence did not come at the end of WWI – Ottoman Empire broken up and given to
British and French as mandates. Interwar Period – Ottoman Empire done…Mustafa Kemal formed a nationalist government for Turkey and he
modernized Turkey with a secular state modeled after Western states. Persia also kicked out the British and Reza Shah Pahlavi created Iran.
Modernized Iran and created a secular state on Western ideals. However, other nationalist movements were not successful. But when oil was
discovered – the area became much more important. Jews moved to Palestine, British tried to limit it, everyone angry at the British. WWII – fighting
in the middle east – Al Alamein, Egypt. Cold War - After WWII, many countries became independent. Many broke from colonial dependency but
extracted money by playing the two superpowers off each other. This is true in Egypt as Presidents Nasir and Sadat gained assistance from both
superpowers to increase industrial potential. Nasir got US help to build a dam at Aswan and then asked the USSR for nuclear weapons. US angry and
left the project and USSR finished it. BIGGEST ISSUES: Israel and the oil issue. Israel was created in 1948 and 700,000 Palestinians were refugees
after the first war. US and Britain helped Israel. 1967, Israel thought another attack was coming and attacked in the Six-Day War – they ended it by
taking control of West Bank, Golan Heighs, Gaza STrick, Sinai Peninsula and all of Jerusalem – everyone in Middle East angry at Israel for taking all of
this land. Terrorism campaign against Israel and the PLO and Yasir Arafat fighting them. Continues today. OIL made Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Arab Emirates rich and they formed OPEC – promote collective interests and spport the Palestinian Arabs in their struggle
against Israel. 1973 – embargo against US after they helped Israel – they vastly increased oil prices and oil became a weapon I the Cold War politics.
1979 – Revolutionin Iran and US tried to keep the Shah in power – instead Ayatollah Khomeini rose to power – hated westernization. Took 52
American diplomats hostage for 444 days. This also led to war with Iraq and Iran – Iraq wanted to topple Islamic regime (Saddam Husain was Iraq’s
leader – a Sunni) Iraq afraid that Iran would incite the Shi’ites in Iraq to fight the government. Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Post Cold War – still
not peaceful, lots of terrorism…terrorists want the governments of US to lose legitimacy because it cannot protect its citizens form acts of violence.
Airplane hijackings, murder at the Munich Olympics in 1972 as Palestinians murdered 11 Israeli athletes. Persian Gulf War…Iraq took Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia threatened and asked US to help…Bush ordered an attack – quick victory. Saddam remained in power. US tried to win “hearts and minds” of
Middle Eastern people, but often viewed as unwelcome intruder. Al Qaeda attacks and US went into Iraq looking for WMD’s in 2003. US forces only
came out in 2011.
ASIA:
WWI: China defeated by a coalition of powers all bent on staking claims on the Chinese mainland – the BOXER REBELLION. Sun-Yat-Sen formed the
Nationalists (Guomingdang) and overthrow the last Qing ruler. In Japan – Industrialization implemented by the Meiji rulers and very fast; Japan did
depend on its ability to colonize resource-rich territories – fought with the allies in WWI and it was an opportunity to gain territory. Japanese
conquered German colonies in the Pacific and asked the 21 demands - which gve them access and control of areas in China – anti-Japanese riots and
boycotts in China. India: Under British rule and most spoke English and adopted British ways, but they were discriminated against and could not get
the jobs they wanted in their own country. Despite appeals from the INC and the All-India Muslim League, the British rule favorted British citizens. In
the war, Indians supported the British. Interwar Period: China: Japan was given the areas it wanted at the Paris Peace Conference and it upset
Chinese – turned into the May 4th movement – students marching against foreign rule. Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) became ruler of the area and
united the nation. Wanted to modernize, but the party was corrupt and incompetent. Modernization did not come to China. Jiang Jieshi’s government
arrested communists and the Communists under Mao Zedong went on the Long March to escape the Guomingdang or Nationalists. It was one year,
but they survived (4,000 left from the original 100,000) and many began to join them. Japan – suffered during Depression, Japan’s ultranationalists
(much like Germany’s Nazi’s) began to feel that they could end dependence of foreign trade if they had their own colonies…but much of Asia was
already colonized – went after Manchuria in China. League said “no” – Japan withdrew and did it anyway. In 1937, they went after Beijing and took
over Nanjing killing 200,000 civilians (Rape of Nanjing) – the Chinese Nationalists and the Communists worked together to get rid of the Japanese but
with little success. Sino-Japanese war lasted 8 years. India: struggling against British rule – Amritsar Massacre in which army fired against peaceful
protesters at the Golden temple…demonstrations across India. Gandhi provided moral leadership for independence – non-violence and affinity for
poor made the fight for independence popular around the world. Jailing him made him popular and eventually Jawaharlal Nehru would lead India
into independence. WWII: India – INC opposed the wear and many refused to fight –s ome even joined the Japanese, but 2 millions did fight with the
British – By the end, Britain gave India indpeendnece. But Pakistan became separate as a Muslim state and there was a wave of refugees and violence.
India annexed Kashmire and the area has been in dispute ever since. Japan – Japan fought with Germany, took over Indochina in 1940 and US and
Britain refused to sell steel, iron, oil and other products to Japan. Japan retaliated by attacking Pearl Harbor and brought US into war. Japan took
more extensive territory than Nazi’s, but US was fighting them in the air and on sea. Battle of Midway, bombing of Tokyo, atomic bomb in Hiroshima
and Nagasaki. China – When Japan surrendered, there was a power struggle in China – civil war between communists and nationalist (guomingdang)
and Communists won because the Guomindang looted, confiscated upplies, taxed the people worse than the Japanese did! Stupid! 1949 – China is
communist under Mao (different type of communism) and become People’s Republic of China (PRC) – Nationalists go to Taiwan and are supported by
US Navy and US as “real” government of China. Cold War – Japan – Japan begins to industrialize further, loses emperor’s power and military so they
focus on industry, trade and new markets – focus on electrical, steel, shipbuilding…become a global economic superpower. SE Asia – Korean War (US
vs. USSR/China) and Vietnam War. Soviet Union was the symbol of communism – China was the primary communist player in Asia and involved in
Korea nd Vietnam. It received aid from USSR even though its communism was a little different. Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution – a different
path than the USSR India: East and West Pakistan – East Pakistan breaks away and becomes Bangladesh; tensions flare with India and Pakistan over
Kashmir as Kashmir joined India after independence without consulting its primarily Muslim populations. Both Pakistan and India covet the
resource-rich territory. Most Asian countries wanted to be independent of USSR and US and at the Bandung conference called by Sukarno in 1955,
they became non-aligned nations. However, many of them were still sucked into the global conflicts of the Cold War. Post-Cold War: Japan became
very successful as an economic power – Keiretsu were industrial alliances which had government support and assistance – six major keiretsu were
formed. Alliances of banks, commerce, industry and construction created some of the best manufactured goods in the world. Japan had a huge trade
surplus. However, in the 1980’s and on, Japan’s economy faltered – housing and stock markers were overvalued, corruption and overspeculation took
its toll. However many other countires followed Japan’s lead and created their own idea of “Keirutsu” corporation – South Korea (and Hyundai), Hong
Kong, Singamore are all seen as Asian Tigers and newly industrialized economies (NIE). They invest in education, high rates of personal savings,
emphasized exports over imports, government sponsorship and protection, technology and hard-working, disciplined labor force. All also had
Americans purchasing their supplies during the Korean and Vietnam wars. China : After Mao died, Deng Xiaoping leader…his allowd some limited
private enterprise and foreign investment and per capita output grew at a rate 8 x faster than the global average. Despite growth, still a poor nation
and economic reform did not mean political or social reform. Tianamen Square. Since Deng’s death in 1997 – more free expression. Today man y of
these Asian nations are not just receivers of culture, but transmitters of culture (Hello Kitty, manga comic books, etc…) . Population-wise, India and
China are both superpowers as they account for over 1/3 of the world’s population.
Europe:
WWI: Industrialized counties, imperialistic countries. Creating colonies around the world - New Imperialism. This imperialism also fueled
nationalism – united nations under common language and culture, but also fostered hate for others they viewed as enemies. Also, ethnic minorities
attempted to break away from other empires in the name of “nationalism” – particularly in Ottoman and Austrian empires in Europe. To protect
themselves, they sought alliance, built up military power and continued to use nationalism to create hate for other groups. WWI started nd they
began to fight. END – Allies won…the Treaty of Versailles was unfair and the League was ineffective and countries often left on their own. Britain and
France used appeasement to avoid another war. During Depression – countries became desperate and for many, totalitarianism became a valid
means of government. They promised jobs, economic growth and help…especially in Italy, Germany and Russia where violent repression was the
price for reduction of unemployment and economic malaise. Germany used scapegoats to blame their problems on the world WWII and
Independence Movements: Germany and Italy supported fascists regions…Britain and France wanted to avoid war and used appeasement until it was
too late. Nazi’s made a pact with Soviets to avoid a two-front war (USSR got to avoid war), but after war started, turned their back on the agreement
and USSR fought with the Allies against Germany. Axis powers were ready to win until US got involved…Yalta Conference established that US and
USSR were the two new superpowers.. Cold War: battle of East vs. West/democracy vs. communism, but it really was an attempt by the US and USSR
to influence other people and territoris by prompting their economic ideologies. Western capitalist nations fell in line with US and they rebounded
after WWII. Eastern Communist nations led by USSR – both sides suspicious and an “iron curtain” descended across the world – later replaced by the
real “Berlin Wall”. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact, Germany split into 4 and tehn the blockade on West Berlin in 1948 when the democratic powers wanted to
unite their areas. 1949 – Soviets successfully tested a nuclear device and the stakes were higher as each side tried to make more weapons than the
other. In 1975 – Helsinki Accords which reinforced the boundaries in Europe and called for greater contact and cooperation between Europe. 1989 –
the fall of the Berlin Wall is the end of the Cold War…a flood of rebellion and protest swept through E. Europe – Poland, Hungary, Czechoslavakia and
Bulgaria…large numbers of East Germans cross into the Western portion – Post Cold War: not free of conflict…old tensions in Yugoslavia erupt into
religious and ethnic factionalism. Muslims, Catholics and Orthodox Christians, ,Serbs, Croats and Albanians led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia nd
the creation of new nations – ethnic cleansing in Bosnia as the Serbs in Bosnia (Orthodox Christians) attempted to rid the stae of Muslims. But the
new Post Cold War also brought coopearation as Britain join the EEC…new NGO’s such as Amnesty Internation and Doctors without Borders tried to
eliminate oppression and abuse. Multinational corporations with more than one nation (multinational corporations) – immigrant populations
growing quite a bit.
Americas:
WWI: Before WWI – America;s had sharp social divides with a small, very wealthy class and a large population of poor. Most of the countries were
victims of foreign intervention or foreign economic control. Only the US was the exception to the rule. 1% owned 85% of the land in Mexico…poor
included Native American and mixed ancestry (mestizo)., industry in Mexico dominated by US and British companies that controlled railroads, mines,
plantations and other industries. Forced peasants to endure harsh working conditions…thus, revolutionaly movements with Zapata leading peasant
revolts to get control from wealthy hacienda owners; Pancho Villa organized peasant revolts in northern Mexico…1920, the Consitutionalists defeated
everyone and got control of Mexico. Mexico and Brazil also faced similar situations – wealthy landowners aginst everyone else. Argentina had meat
and wheat – allowed foreign companies control over other industries and railroads. Brazil’s elite focused on coffee, cacao and rubber and let
foreigners control other industries. During WWI – US involved in the war with the Zimmerman Telegram and the sinking of the Lusitania…German
submarine warfare and in 1917 joined… Wilson created the 14 points…Interwar Peirod – Treaty of Versailles not signed by Woodnrow Wilson and
League created but US did not join – US chose to go back to isolationism – stay out of European affairs…but women pressed for voting rights with 19th
amendments and vote in 1920 and the NAACP developed to grant citizenship to African Americans. South American countries felt prosperity in the
1920’s and Argentina and Brazil industrialized a bit with the help of Britain…still dependent on foreign countries. Social progress did occur in
Argentina and Brazil, but most in Mexico where the revolution ensured peasants a greater voice in . US went through a boom period in 1920, but the
Depression hit in 1930’s as stock plunged in 1929 – hurt all of the Americas – because South America depended on exports – they were hit hard as
industrial nations imposed high tariffs and reduced imports…Sugar and coffee fell – all fell about 2/3’s. In Brazil: Vargas because an authoritarian
ruler…import-substitution industrialization – aimed at building the nation’s industry by restricting foreign trade and becamea model. Vargas had
abolished constitution and banned other political parties – governmetns only protected the interests of the oligaries and big business. Mexcico had
Cardenas come to power with the PRM – removed generals and redistributed 44 million acres of land, nationalized railroads and oil companies. But
remained poor. WWII: US joined with Pearl Harbor and helped them escape the Depression. Sold lots of weapons and materials to the Allies and Axis
powers. Women worked, new rights for blacks, etc… Brazil’s Vargas allied with US during war, Argentina remained netural (but inspired by Hitler)
under Peron. As Hitler began losing, Peron began to appeal to the workers to keep power and he became popular. Industrialized, but it hit social and
economic problems – he was overthrown after his wife died in the 1950’s…Cold War: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO, Berlin airlift, Korean
war and the 38th parallel (MacArthur and almost going to China), Vietnam and Viet Cong in the 1960s’, superpower status – committed to
containment and stopping the “Domino Theory”…US wanted to contain communism often came into direct conflict with the ideals of those in Latin
America. By seeking economic freedom, Latin Americans were challenging the supremacy of the US – US corporations still controlled LA – sugar in
Cuba, coffee in Columbia, Bananas in Guatemala, cooper in Chile. Efforts to rid their nations of foreign control seemed like “communist” insurrections
to the US and were often fiannaced and fueled by the USSR. Attraction to Socialist ideals was not because of USSR but more about efforts to address
social and economic issues in their own coutnries. Cuba under Batista who was supported by US and then corrupt and Castro – US blockaded area
after Castro nationalized all the US industries, looked to USSR for help, Bay of Pigs invasion failed and then the Cuban Missile Crisis with Khruschev.
In Brazi, military officers took over to protect them from communist rebellion. No opposition leaders, many civilians detailed and tortured. Brazilian
Solution was the combination of military dictatorship, violent repressionad n industrialization to stop communism nd adopted by other Latin
American countries. 1973, Allende was overthrown in CIA coup as he attempted to nationalize US copper mines in Chile. Pinochet took control of the
nation and allowed US to do what they wanted. Argentina also saw military dictatorhsips and went rhrough the “dirty war” Nicaragua – Sandinistas
overthrough US-backed dictator Somoza…fought off the Contras (illegally financed by the US). Post Cold War: The Cold War brought Latin America
into a region of revolution, counterrevolution, ciolence and repression – these difficult dictatorhsips and military-backed govt.’s ended in the 1990’s…
LA in debt at the end of Cold War…US, Mexico and Canada did the NAFTA – largest free trade zone in the world…democracy is universal in Latin
America, but poverty continued.