Download SK6 When the Ships Went Down War of 1812 lesson Plan

Course/Grade Level: 5th grade
Teacher: Sharon Keena ([email protected])
Lesson Title: When Ships Went Down - What changed from the War of 1812 to the Titanic
Connection Rational:
Pearson Unit 5, Week 2, features a non-fiction piece about the sinking of the Titanic and
photos taken of the wreckage on the ocean floor. It is followed by a short fiction selection set in
1880 about "surfmen, who risk their lives to save people lost in shipwrecks along the rocky
coast." Seafaring was one of the most dangerous occupations in the colonial period and early
years of the United States. The War of 1812, 100 years before the Titanic sunk, was fought on
land and water, with significant success on the water.
The war is usually remember in connection to the Star Spangled Banner, the burning of
Washing D.C., Dolly Madison's flight with treasures from the White House, and Jackson at the
Battle of New Orleans. The naval battles for control of the Great Lakes greatly out shined the
war on land and gave the young United States a proud heritage for the U.S. Navy.
During the War of 1812, Borneman wrote in his introduction, "the American navy proved
its mettle and found an icon as the USS Constitution, "Old Ironsides," sent two first-rate British
frigates to the bottom."
Despite the change from sail to steam power and radio contact ability, shipwreck rescue
hadn't changed much in the 100 years between the War of 1812 and the 1912 sinking of the
Titanic. For lone ships on open water, rescue for those on board remained dependent on available
life boats, proximity of other ships, and the temperament of the sea and the weather.
Survivors of naval battles fared better. During the War of 1812 the surviving ship of a
naval battle, basically the one with the least damage, attempted to pull the defeated vessel to
port, as a prize. If the defeated ship was unable to stay afloat, it would be destroyed or allowed to
sink and the men taken aboard the victorious ship as prisoners of war.
General background information about the war is included below to provide a brief
overview and the important information about the War of 1812.
1. Set Induction:
Discuss with students that the Titanic sunk in 1912, 100 years earlier, the United
States fought the War of 1812. With a class discussion/question session, get information
from the students about the war. Using the material supplied below, give the students any
important missing information about the war in general.
Using the large classroom map, show the students approximately where the
Titanic sunk, (map provided below) the New England shoreline, referred to in the fiction
selection, and the Great Lakes where most of the naval battles of the war took place.
2. Aims/Objectives and Standards:
a. Students will examine pictures of naval battles, answer questions related to the
pictures, make connections to the Pearson selection, and finally determine if
and why the sailors in the naval battles in the War of 1812 had a better
chance to survive.
b. 16.A.2c Ask questions and seek answers by collecting and analyzing data
from historic documents, images and other literary and non-literary sources.
c. 16.B.2d (US) Identify major political events and leaders within the United
States historical eras since the adoption of the Constitution, including the
westward expansion, Louisiana Purchase, Civil War, and 20th century wars as
well as the roles of Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Woodrow Wilson,
and Franklin D. Roosevelt
3. Procedures, Assessments and Materials Required:
a. Introduction above
b. Divide the class into pairs or small groups.
c. Provide students with a picture and a copy of the student questions. (below)
d. Explain to the class that students should compare what they see in the picture
to the pictures and information from their text book about the Titanic.
e. Allow students time to discuss and answer the student questions.
f. Have time for students to share with the class.
d. As a group determine if and why the sailors in the naval battles in the War of
1812 had a better chance to survive.
g. Assessment: Assess students on discussion, participation, and notes or
answers written for the questions.
h. Extension/Assessment Activity: In writing, have students tell you if they
would have rather been on a battle ship or the Titanic and why.
i. Materials:
Copies of pictures
Copies of student questions
Pearson reading text books
Paper and pencil
4. Resources and Scholarship:
Borneman, Walter R., 1812 The War That Forged a Nation, Harper Collins, New York,
2005
Pearson 5th Grade Text, Reading Street
Background Information provided below
http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/Titanic-Route-Map-A1514
http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/Titanic-Route-Map-A1514
http://www.historycentral.com/1812/Index.html
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/madison/aa_madison_war_1.html
http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812
Pictures
http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=301&nm=Oliver-H-Perry
http://www.september11news.com/Sept11History.htm
http://cpwv.org/2010/06/18/the-war-of-1812-begins/
http://your-family-tree.com/War_of_1812_info_9.htm
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-the-war-of1812.html
http://www.artknowledgenews.com/2009-07-21-23-57-44-bonhams-offers-a-midatlantic-battle-between-american-and-british-ship-in-1812.html
http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1810.html
http://www.digitalhit.com/posters/p/2876675
5. Conclusion/Lesson Wrap-up:
Review the main points of the discussion. Let the students conclude that the
ability to rescue people during both events was about the same. Ask students how that is
different today.
6. Language Arts and Math Articulation (for 5th grade teachers only):
Lesson is tied to a Pearson reading selection.
Supplied documents and charts and information copied from websites (include site):
Background Information on The War of 1812
From: http://www.historycentral.com/1812/Index.html
The War of 1812 is one of the forgotten wars of the United States. The war lasted
for over two years, and ended in stalemate. It did however, once and for all confirm
American Independence. The offensive actions of the United States failed to capture
Canada. On the other hand, the British army was successfully stopped when it attempted
to capture Baltimore and New Orleans. There were a number of American naval victories
in which American vessels proved themselves superior to similarly sized British vessels.
From:
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/madison/aa_madison_war_1.ht
ml
Second War of American Independence
On June 18, 1812, James Madison signed Congress's official declaration of war against
England. Why?
Great Britain and France had been at war, off and on, since 1793. The United States,
which traded with both countries, was caught in the middle. Britain blocked all French
seaports and insisted that U.S. ships first stop at a British port and pay a fee before
continuing to France. Britian was also interfering in the affairs of Canada, America's
neighbor.
The War of 1812 came to be known as the second American war of independence. How
long did the war last and where was it fought?
The war was fought on land and on the sea and lasted almost three years. One of the
biggest offensives was the British attack on the capital city of Washington, D.C. British
soldiers landed on the East Coast on August 19, 1814, and stormed Washington on
August 24. The 63-year-old Madison barely escaped capture as British soldiers burned
Washington -- including the White House and the Capitol building (which housed the
3,000-volume Library of Congress at the time) -- before quickly moving on to Baltimore,
Maryland.
The United States and Britain each won several important battles. They eventually grew
weary of warfare and signed a peace treaty in Belgium on December 24, 1814. The treaty
recognized previous existing boundaries between American and British territory in North
America. Do you know what famous song was inspired by and written during the War of
1812?
On the morning of September 14, 1814, Francis Scott Key was moved to write a poem
that began "O, say can you see...?" while he was held aboard a British ship that had
bombed Baltimore's Fort McHenry through the night. He couldn't believe that the fort's
flag was still flying. Key thought his poem should be sung to an English melody called
"To Anacreon in Heaven."
After the war, the poem and music were united and published first in Philadelphia as the
"Star Spangled Banner," which was then played on patriotic occasions. In 1889, the
secretary of the Navy ordered the song to be played each time the flag was raised.
Congress didn't pass a law making the "Star Spangled Banner" the national anthem until
1931.
From: http://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812
Introduction
(June 18, 1812–Feb. 17, 1815), conflict fought between the United States and Great
Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights. It ended with the exchange of
ratifications of the Treaty of Ghent.
Major causes of the war
The tensions that caused the War of 1812 arose from the French revolutionary and
Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815). During this nearly constant conflict between France and
Britain, American interests were injured by each of the two countries' endeavors to block
the United States from trading with the other.
American shipping initially prospered from trade with the French and Spanish empires,
although the British countered the U.S. claim that “free ships make free goods” with the
belated enforcement of the so-called Rule of 1756 (trade not permitted in peacetime
would not be allowed in wartime). The Royal Navy did enforce the act from 1793 to
1794, especially in the Caribbean Sea, before the signing of the Jay Treaty (Nov. 19,
1794). Under the primary terms of the treaty, American maritime commerce was given
trading privileges in England and the British East Indies, Britain agreed to evacuate forts
still held in the Northwest Territory by June 1, 1796, and the Mississippi River was
declared freely open to both countries. Although the treaty was ratified by both countries,
it was highly unpopular in the United States and was one of the rallying points used by
the pro-French Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in wresting
power from the pro-British Federalists, led by George Washington and John Adams.
After Jefferson became president in 1801, relations with Britain slowly deteriorated, and
systematic enforcement of the Rule of 1756 resumed after 1805. Compounding this
troubling development, the decisive British naval victory at the Battle of Trafalgar (Oct.
21, 1805) and efforts by the British to blockade French ports prompted the French
emperor, Napoleon, to cut off Britain from European and American trade. The Berlin
Decree (Nov. 21, 1806) established Napoleon's Continental System, which impinged on
U.S. neutral rights by designating ships that visited British ports as enemy vessels. The
British responded with Orders in Council (Nov. 11, 1807) that required neutral ships to
obtain licenses at English ports before trading with France or French colonies. In turn,
France announced the Milan Decree (Dec. 17, 1807), which strengthened the Berlin
Decree by authorizing the capture of any neutral vessel that had submitted to search by
the British. Consequently, American ships that obeyed Britain faced capture by the
French in European ports, and if they complied with Napoleon's Continental System, they
could fall prey to the Royal Navy.
The Royal Navy's use of impressment to keep its ships fully crewed also provoked
Americans. The British accosted American merchant ships to seize alleged Royal Navy
deserters, carrying off thousands of U.S. citizens into the British navy. In 1807 the frigate
H.M.S. Leopard fired on the U.S. Navy frigate Chesapeake and seized four sailors, three
of them U.S. citizens. London eventually apologized for this incident, but it came close to
causing war at the time. Jefferson, however, chose to exert economic pressure against
Britain and France by pushing Congress in December 1807 to pass the Embargo Act,
which forbade all export shipping from U.S. ports and most imports from Britain.
The Embargo Act hurt Americans more than the British or French, however, causing
many Americans to defy it. Just before Jefferson left office in 1809, Congress replaced
the Embargo Act with the Non-Intercourse Act, which exclusively forbade trade with
Great Britain and France. This measure also proved ineffective, and it was replaced by
Macon's Bill No. 2 (May 1, 1810) that resumed trade with all nations but stipulated that if
either Britain or France dropped commercial restrictions, the United States would revive
nonintercourse against the other. In August, Napoleon insinuated that he would exempt
American shipping from the Berlin and Milan decrees. Although the British demonstrated
that French restrictions continued, U.S. Pres. James Madison reinstated nonintercourse
against Britain in November 1810, thereby moving one step closer to war.
Britain's refusal to yield on neutral rights derived from more than the emergency of the
European war. British manufacturing and shipping interests demanded that the Royal
Navy promote and sustain British trade against Yankee competitors. The policy born of
that attitude convinced many Americans that they were being consigned to a de facto
colonial status. Britons, on the other hand, denounced American actions that effectively
made the United States a participant in Napoleon's Continental System.
Events on the U.S. northwestern frontier fostered additional friction. Indian fears over
American encroachment coincidentally became conspicuous as Anglo-American tensions
grew. Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa ( The Prophet) attracted followers
arising from this discontent and attempted to form an Indian confederation to counteract
American expansion. Although Maj. Gen. Isaac Brock, the British commander of Upper
Canada (modern Ontario), had orders to avoid worsening American frontier problems,
American settlers blamed British intrigue for heightened tensions with Indians in the
Northwest Territory. As war loomed, Brock sought to augment his meagre regular and
Canadian militia forces with Indian allies, which was enough to confirm the worst fears
of American settlers. Brock's efforts were aided in the fall of 1811, when Indiana
territorial governor William Henry Harrison fought the Battle of Tippecanoe and
destroyed the Indian settlement at Prophet's Town (near modern Battle Ground, Ind.).
Harrison's foray convinced most Indians in the Northwest Territory that their only hope
of stemming further encroachments by American settlers lay with the British. American
settlers, in turn, believed that Britain's removal from Canada would end their Indian
problems. Meanwhile, Canadians suspected that American expansionists were using
Indian unrest as an excuse for a war of conquest.
Under increasing pressure, Madison summoned the U.S. Congress into session in
November 1811. Pro-war western and southern Republicans ( War Hawks) assumed a
vocal role, especially after Kentucky War Hawk Henry Clay was elected speaker of the
House of Representatives. Madison sent a war message to the U.S. Congress on June 1,
1812, and signed the declaration of war on June 18, 1812. The vote seriously divided the
House (79–49) and was gravely close in the Senate (19–13). Because seafaring New
Englanders opposed the war, while westerners and southerners supported it, Federalists
accused war advocates of expansionism under the ruse of protecting American maritime
rights. Expansionism, however, was not as much a motive as was the desire to defend
American honour. The United States attacked Canada because it was British, but no
widespread aspiration existed to incorporate the region. The prospect of taking East and
West Florida from Spain encouraged southern support for the war, but southerners, like
westerners, were sensitive about the United States's reputation in the world. Furthermore,
British commercial restrictions hurt American farmers by barring their produce from
Europe. Regions seemingly removed from maritime concerns held a material interest in
protecting neutral shipping. “Free trade and sailors' rights” was not an empty phrase for
those Americans.
The onset of war both surprised and chagrined the British government, especially because
it was preoccupied with the fight against France. In addition, political changes in Britain
had already moved the government to assume a conciliatory posture toward the United
States. Prime Minister Spencer Perceval's assassination on May 11, 1812, brought to
power a more moderate Tory government under Lord Liverpool. British West Indies
planters had been complaining for years about the interdiction of U.S. trade, and their
growing influence, along with a deepening recession in Great Britain, convinced the
Liverpool ministry that the Orders in Council were averse to British interests. On June
16, two days before the United States declared war, the Orders were suspended.
Some have viewed the timing of this concession as a lost opportunity for peace because
slow transatlantic communication meant a month's delay in delivering the news to
Washington. Yet, because Britain's impressment policy remained in place and frontier
Indian wars continued, in all likelihood the repeal of the Orders alone would not have
prevented war.
War
Neither the British in Canada nor the United States were prepared for war. Americans
were inordinately optimistic in 1812. William Eustis, the U.S. secretary of war, stated,
“We can take the Canadas without soldiers, we have only to send officers into the
province and the people…will rally round our standard.” Henry Clay said that “the militia
of Kentucky are alone competent to place Montreal and Upper Canada at your feet.” And
Thomas Jefferson famously wrote
The acquisition of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere
matter of marching, and will give us experience for the attack of Halifax the next, and the
final expulsion of England from the American continent.
The British government, preoccupied with the European conflict, saw American
hostilities as a bothersome distraction, resulting in a paucity of resources in men,
supplies, and naval presence until late in the event. As the British in Canada conducted
operations under the shadow of scarcity, their only consolation was an American military
malaise. Michigan territorial governor William Hull led U.S. forces into Canada from
Detroit, but Isaac Brock and Tecumseh's warriors chased Hull back across the border and
frightened him into surrendering Detroit on Aug. 16, 1812, without firing a shot—
behaviour that Americans and even Brock's officers found disgraceful. The Northwest
subsequently fell prey to Indian raids and British incursions led by Maj. Gen. Henry
Procter. Hull's replacement, William Henry Harrison, could barely defend a few scattered
outposts. On the northeastern border, U.S. Brig. Gen. Henry Dearborn could not attack
Montreal because of uncooperative New England militias. U.S. forces under Stephen van
Rensselaer crossed the Niagara River to attack Queenston on Oct. 13, 1812, but
ultimately were defeated by a stiff British defense organized by Brock, who was killed
during the fight. U.S. Gen. Alexander Smyth's subsequent invasion attempts on the
Niagara were abortive fiascoes.
In 1813, Madison replaced Dearborn with Maj. Gens. James Wilkinson and Wade
Hampton, an awkward arrangement made worse by a complicated invasion plan against
Montreal. The generals refused to coordinate their efforts, and neither came close to
Montreal. To the west, however, American Oliver Hazard Perry's Lake Erie squadron
won a great victory off Put-in-Bay on Sept. 10, 1813, against Capt. Robert Barclay. The
battle opened the way for Harrison to retake Detroit and defeat Procter's British and
Indian forces at the Battle of the Thames (Oct. 5). Tecumseh was killed during the battle,
shattering his confederation and the Anglo-Indian alliance. Indian anger continued
elsewhere, however, especially in the southeast where the Creek War erupted in 1813
between Creek Indian nativists (known as Red Sticks) and U.S. forces. The war also took
an ugly turn late in the year, when U.S. forces evacuating the Niagara Peninsula razed the
Canadian village of Newark, prompting the British commander, Gordon Drummond, to
retaliate along the New York frontier, leaving communities such as Buffalo in smoldering
ruins.
Early in the war, the small U.S. navy boosted sagging American morale as officers such
as Isaac Hull, Stephen Decatur, and William Bainbridge commanded heavy frigates in
impressive single-ship actions. The British Admiralty responded by instructing captains
to avoid individual contests with Americans, and within a year the Royal Navy had
blockaded important American ports, bottling up U.S. frigates. British Adm. George
Cockburn also conducted raids on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. In 1814, Britain
extended its blockade from New England to Georgia, and forces under John Sherbrooke
occupied parts of Maine.
By 1814, capable American officers, such as Jacob Brown, Winfield Scott, and Andrew
Jackson, had replaced ineffective veterans from the American Revolution. On March 27,
1814, Jackson defeated the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in
Alabama, ending the Creek War. That spring, after Brown crossed the Niagara River and
took Fort Erie, Brig. Gen. Phineas Riall advanced to challenge the American invasion,
but American regulars commanded by Scott repulsed him at the Battle of Chippewa (July
5, 1814). In turn, Brown retreated when Commodore Isaac Chauncey's Lake Ontario
squadron failed to rendezvous with the army, and during this retrograde the war's
costliest engagement occurred at the Battle of Lundy's Lane (July 25). Riall, reinforced
by Drummond, fought the Americans to a bloody stalemate in which each side suffered
more than 800 casualties before Brown's army withdrew to Fort Erie.
In 1814, Napoleon's defeat allowed sizable British forces to come to America. That
summer, veterans under Canadian governor-general George Prevost marched south along
the shores of Lake Champlain into New York, but they returned to Canada after Thomas
Macdonough defeated a British squadron under Capt. George Downie at the Battle of
Plattsburgh Bay (see Plattsburgh), N.Y. (Sept. 11, 1814). British raids in Chesapeake Bay
directed by Adm. Alexander Cochrane were more successful. British Gen. Robert Ross
captured Washington (August 24) and burned government buildings, including the
United States Capitol and the Executive Mansion (now known as the White House). The
British justified this action as retaliation for the American destruction of York (modern
Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada, the previous year. The British assault on
Baltimore (September 12–14) foundered when Americans fended off an attack at
Northpoint and withstood the naval bombardment of Fort McHenry, an action that
inspired Francis Scott Key's “Star-Spangled Banner.” Ross was killed at Baltimore, and
the British left Chesapeake Bay to plan an offensive against New Orleans.
Meanwhile, New England Federalists, angry about the war's effect on commerce,
gathered at Hartford, Conn., to propose ways of redressing their grievances. Convening
from Dec. 15, 1814 to Jan. 5, 1815, the Hartford Convention adopted moderate
resolutions, but its mere existence prompted other parts of the country to question New
England's patriotism and Federalist loyalty, spelling eventual doom to the party.
Final stages of the war and the aftermath
Immediately after the war started, the tsar of Russia offered to mediate. London refused,
but early British efforts for an armistice revealed a willingness to negotiate so that Britain
could turn its full attention to Napoleon. Talks began at Ghent (in modern Belgium) in
August 1814, but, with France defeated, the British stalled while waiting for news of a
decisive victory in America. Most Britons were angry that the United States had become
an unwitting ally of Napoleon, but even that sentiment was half-hearted among a people
who had been at war in Europe for more than 20 years. Consequently, after learning of
Plattsburgh and Baltimore and upon the advice of the Duke of Wellington, commander of
the British army at the Battle of Waterloo, the British government moved to make peace.
Americans abandoned demands about ending impressment (the end of the European war
meant its cessation anyway), and the British dropped attempts to change the Canadian
boundary and establish an Indian barrier state in the Northwest. The commissioners
signed a treaty on Dec. 24, 1814. Based on the status quo antebellum (the situation before
the war), the Treaty of Ghent did not resolve the issues that had caused the war, but at
that point Britain was too weary to win it, and the U.S. government deemed not losing it a
tolerable substitute for victory. Nevertheless, many Americans became convinced that
they had won the contest.
Unaware of the treaty, British forces under Edward Pakenham assaulted New Orleans on
Jan. 8, 1815, and were soundly defeated by Andrew Jackson's ragtag army, an event that
contributed to the notion of a U.S. triumph. The unanimous ratification by the U.S.
Senate of the Treaty of Ghent and the celebrations that followed cloaked the fact that the
United States had achieved none of its objectives.
Contention in the United States had hobbled the war effort, and domestic disaffection had
menaced the Union, but after the war a surge of patriotism inspired Americans to pursue
national goals. Contrary to American expectations, Canada remained British and
eventually developed its own national identity, partly from pride over repulsing U.S.
invasions. Meanwhile, Britain's influence among the northwestern Indians was forever
ended, and American expansion in that region proceeded unchecked. In the South, the
Creek War opened a large part of that region for settlement and led to the events that
persuaded Spain to cede Florida to the United States in 1821.
The most enduring international consequence of the war was in the arbitration clauses of
Ghent, perhaps the treaty's most important feature. Its arrangements to settle outstanding
disagreements established methods that could adapt to changing U.S. administrations,
British ministries, and world events. There lay the seeds of an Anglo-American comity
that would weather future disagreements to sustain the longest unfortified border in the
world.
David S. Heidler
Jeanne T. Heidler
Copyright © 1994-2009 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. For more information visit
Britannica.com.
Route of the Titanic
http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/Titanic-Route-Map-A1514
Student questions
1. What event or events are illustrated in the picture?
2. What is the setting for the events?
3. Compare the picture with the pictures of the Titanic on pages 204 through
215 of your text. What is the same? What is different?
4. Did the event in the picture happen before or after the Titanic sank?
5. How are the circumstances different and the same for the people on the
ships?
Student questions
1. What event or events are illustrated in the picture?
2. What is the setting for the events?
3. Compare the picture with the pictures of the Titanic on pages 204 through
215 of your text. What is the same? What is different?
4. Did the event in the picture happen before or after the Titanic sank?
5. How are the circumstances different and the same for the people on the
ships?
http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=301&nm=Oliver-H-Perry
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/5572/Battle-between-the-frigates-HMSShannon-and-USS-Chesapeake-off
Battle between the frigates HMS Shannon and USS Chesapeake off Boston during the
War of 1812; detail of a lithograph by J.C. Schetky.
The National Maritime Museum, London
http://www.september11news.com/Sept11History.htm
The American navy defeat the British in the Battle of
Lake Champlain in the War of 1812.
Click on the painting of the September 11, 1814
Battle of Lake Champlain for a larger image. >>>
http://cpwv.org/2010/06/18/the-war-of-1812-begins/
The War of 1812 Begins
http://your-family-tree.com/War_of_1812_info_9.htm
War of 1812 Info
Marines Aboard USS Wasp Engage HMS Reindeer. June 1814. Copyof painting by Sgt.
John Clymer. (Marine Corps ) Exact Date Shot Unknown . NARA FILE 127-N515040WAR and CONFLICT BOOK 87
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-the-war-of1812.html
http://www.artknowledgenews.com/2009-07-21-23-57-44-bonhams-offers-a-mid-atlantic-battle-between-american-andbritish-ship-in-1812.html
http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1810.html
The U.S.S. Constitution captures the British war ship Guerriere, War of 1812.
October 18, 1812 -The U.S.S. Wasp brings another victory for the Navy of the United
States when it captured Frolic; one day later, the U.S.S. Constitution would destroy
Guerriere. One week later, off Azores, the U.S.S. United States defeated Macedonian.
Above: Capture of the Sloop of War Flolic by the U.S. Sloops of War Wasp, October 18,1812. Print by F.
Kearny from sketch by Lt. Claxton.
http://www.digitalhit.com/posters/p/2876675
USS Constitution Being Towed in Rowboats Away from the Becalmed British Navy
War of 1812 Giclee Print