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Name: _____________________ Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chemistry of Life Review Guide Test Date: Feb 3 - 16 multiple choice and 2 BCR’s 1. Explain why the cells below look different from one another. Nerve cell The cells above look differently because they all have different functions and their structure helps them complete that finction. 2. Muscular and Skeletal Systems The skeletal and muscular systems work together to support the body and allow for movement. The skeletal system also makes blood cells and protects vital organs. Bones are living organs that are made up of cells and have blood vessels and nerves that run through them. They are light because they have a hollow center. The five functions of the skeletal system are: movement, shape and support, store minerals, produce _ blood cells___, and _____protect_____ organs. Muscles always work in pairs . One muscle contracts while the other relaxes. 3. Circulatory System The circulatory system carries needed substances (oxygen and nutrients) to cells and carries waste products (CO2) away from cells. It also helps fight disease. Blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen to body cells and carbon dioxide _away from body cells. Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart are called veins Capillaries are the tiny blood vessels where gas exchange happens. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries in the lungs. When oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs it enters the left atrium_ of the heart (atria and ventricle) to get pumped out the aorta to the rest of the body. e.aorta f. pulmonary artery h.vena cava 4. Label the parts of the heart. g.pulmonary vein b. left atrium a. right ventricle d.left ventricle c.rightt ventricle The correct sequence that blood takes as it travels through the body is below: _heart_ (right side) lungs heart (__lungs__ side) to __body_ 5. Respiratory System The respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside air into the body and removes the waste products carbon dioxide and water from the body. Air is a mixture mostly made up of two gases nitrogen and oxygen Human use the oxygen from the air we breathe for respiration Air goes in the nasal passages and travels down the tube called the trachea The trachea splits into smaller and smaller tubes. At the ends of the smallest tubes are the Alveoli , tiny air sacs where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged. When a person exercises his/her heart rate increases to bring more oxygen and glucose to their muscle cells. 6. Glucose + Oxygen Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water The chemical equation above represents the process of respiration Circle the organic molecule that is broken down for energy in this process: carbohydrate protein lipid vitamin Circle the major waste product of respiration in cells: sugar carbon dioxide oxygen nitrogen 7. Look at the graph below. On the left is a description of Bob’s motion and speed. On the right, describe what Bob’s heart rate would look like at each position. (increasing, decreasing or remaining the same) Describing Motion Part B Part A Part A B Part C Describing Heart Rate Part D Part C Part D Part B Part E Part F Description of Bob’s direction and speed Moving slowly 1 m/s away from starting point Increase speed 8 m/s away from starting point Standing still for 3 seconds Part A Part A Part E Description of Bob’s Heart Rate Slowly increasing B C Quickly increasing Starts to decrease D Slowly increasing E Slowly 10/7.5 m/s (1.3 m/s) returning to starting point Moving past starting point fast 20 m/s E Quickly increasing F Standing still for 4 seconds F Slowly decreasing C D Part F Why does Bob’s heart rate increase while exercising? Bob’s muscles need more oxygen during exercise in order to break down glucose for energy and in the process creates more carbon dioxide in the process called respitation. 8. Digestive System The digestive system breaks down food into nutrient molecules the body can use, absorbs the molecules into the blood, and eliminates waste products. List the six nutrients the human body needs for survival: Water Carbohydrates Vitamins Minerals Protein Fats 9. Complete the chart with the name of the nutrient: Organic Nutrient Molecules that Provide Calories Name of Molecule Carbohydrates Protein Fat Function Main source of energy for the body Builds cellular materials Foods Found In pasta, bread, cereal, grains fish, meats, eggs, beans, nuts, peanut butter Stores energy and dissolve vitamins butter, ice cream, cheese, oils 10. List the sequence of organs in the order the food travels through the digestive tract: Mouth Anus Esophagus Large Intestine Stomach Small Intestine 11. In the mouth, teeth bite and crush the food and the enzyme amylase found in saliva begins to break down the carbohydrate starch into sugar In the esophagus, peristalsis, muscle contration, squeezes the food down to the stomach. The churning of the stomach along with stomach acid (hydrochloric acid) and the enzyme pepsin break down protein. The thick paste then goes to the small intestine. Most of the chemical digestion (fats, proteins, and carbohydrates) happens in the small intestine. Nutrients are absorbed through the villi into the blood vessels and are carried to the body cells. The liver produces bile which is secreted into the small intestine and breaks fats in food down into small droplets. In the large intestine, water is absorbed and the left over substances are formed into a solid form to be eliminated from the body as waste through the anus. 12. Complete the following chart by Putting an “X” in each box where mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, or absorption occurs. Listing the enzyme(s) found in each digestive organ. Listing any other important parts or facts about each organ. Mechanical digestion- the physical process of breaking food into smaller pieces. (The pieces could be put back together). Chemical digestion- the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. (The final product is not the same as the original molecule. It cannot be returned to the original molecule). Absorption- the process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood. Part Mouth Mechanical Digestion X Chemical Digestion Absorption X Enzyme(s) Saliva Amylase Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Liver Other Starch is broken down Peristalsis pushes food to stomach X X X Hydrochliric Acid Pepsin Protein is broken down X X Pancreatin Bile Protein Fat Nutrients absorbed Water absorbed X Produces Bile Gall Bladder Stores Bile Pancreas Produces Pancreatin Nervous System The nervous system receives information about what is happening to the body and directs the way the body responds to this information. Cells that carry information through your nervous system are called neurons. A sensory nueron picks up a stimulus from the environment and changes it into a nerve impulse. The nerve impulse travels through nerves to the spinal cord that then carries the impulse to the brain. The brain interprets the impulse and sends a message to the spinal cord that tell the muscles to contract. A reflex is an automatic response that takes place very fast. In a reflex action, the brain is not involved. The impulses travel from the sensory neuron to the spinal cord and then back to the motor neurons. In order for the body to perform a reflex action the muscular and nervous systems must work together. 13. Endocrine System Hormones are chemicals that carry messages throughout the body. Hormones are produced by glands of the endocrine system. The pancreas produces a hormone known as Insulin. Not making this any of enough of this hormone results in a disease called diabetes. 14. Excretory System The lungs remove carbon dioxide waste from blood. The kidneys filter out waste products (urea from the breakdown of proteins and extra water) from the blood. These wastes are eliminated in urine. Part Two: Brief Constructed Responses DIRECTIONS Carefully read the BCR item. Write your response to the BCR, Function of Digestion, in the space provided on your answer sheet. BCR #1: FUNCTION OF DIGESTION The function of the digestive system is to break down food into small nutrient molecules. The nutrient molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried to the cells of your body. You eat a slice of pizza for lunch. Your pizza consists of bread, tomato sauce, and cheese. The pizza will travel through your digestive system. Some parts of the pizza will be mechanically digested, and some will be chemically digested in different digestive organs. Print Shop Clip Art Describe what will happen to the pizza as it travels through the digestive system from beginning to end. In your response be sure to Include the names of the different digestive organs. Identify the types of nutrient molecules. Explain what happens to the different parts of the pizza along the way. Remember that this item will be scored using the MSA Science Rubric. Your response will be scored for completeness, synthesis of information, and accurate use of terms. Use the following graphic organizer to help you organizer your response. You may not use it during the test. BCR #1: FUNCTION OF DIGESTION The function of the digestive system is to break down food into small nutrient molecules. The nutrient molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried to the cells of your body. You eat a slice of pizza for lunch. Your pizza consists of bread, tomato sauce, and cheese. The pizza will travel through your digestive system. Some parts of the pizza will be mechanically digested, and some will be chemically digested in different digestive organs. Describe what will happen to the pizza as it travels through the digestive system from beginning to end. In your response be sure to Include the names of the different digestive organs. Identify the types of nutrient molecules. Explain what happens to the different parts of the pizza along the way. Your claim/topic sentence: Evidence piece 1: the names of the different digestive organs Your concluding statement: Evidence piece 2: the types of nutrient molecules. Evidence piece 3: what happens to the different parts of the pizza along the way BCR #2: MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS Cells in a multicellular organism must be constantly supplied with oxygen and important nutrients to remain alive and healthy. At the same time, waste products are constantly removed from the cells. To accomplish this, the organs and systems of the body must function together, continuously interacting with each other. A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM Print Shop Clip Art Suppose you decide to enter a bicycle race. How would the organs and systems of the body interact with each other? In your response be sure to Identify the names of two or more systems that will interact. Explain how your heart and lungs will work together to meet the needs of your muscle cells as you ride, so that you can successfully compete in the race. Remember that this item will be scored using the MSA Science Rubric. Your response will be scored for completeness, synthesis of information, and accurate use of terms. Use the following graphic organizer to help you organizer your response. You may not use it during the test. BCR #2: MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS Cells in a multicellular organism must be constantly supplied with oxygen and important nutrients to remain alive and healthy. At the same time, waste products are constantly removed from the cells. To accomplish this, the organs and systems of the body must function together, continuously interacting with each other. Suppose you decide to enter a bicycle race. How would the organs and systems of the body interact with each other? In your response be sure to Identify the names of two or more systems that will interact. Explain how your heart and lungs will work together to meet the needs of your muscle cells as you ride, so that you can successfully compete in the race. Your claim/topic sentence: Evidence piece 1: names of two or more systems that will interact Your concluding statement: Evidence piece 2: how your heart and lungs will work together to meet the needs of your muscle cells as you ride, so that you can successfully compete in the race