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SS221: Athens Vs. Sparta Name: ____________________________ Per: _________ Group Members: Facilitator: ___________________________ Scribe: ________________________________ Time Keeper:_________________________ Researcher: ___________________________ Summarizer: __________________________________ Self Evaluation: Circle the number that is most accurate. 5=Strongly Agree 1=Strongly disagree I fulfilled my role in the group. 1 2 3 4 5 I helped my group to stay on task. 1 2 3 4 5 I worked hard on this assignment. 1 2 3 4 5 The Facilitator in my group fulfilled their role. 1 2 3 4 5 The Scribe in my group fulfilled their role. 1 2 3 4 5 The Time Keeper in my group fulfilled their role. 1 2 3 4 5 The Researcher in my group fulfilled their role. 1 2 3 4 5 The Summarizer in my group fulfilled their role. 1 2 3 4 5 My group was able to stay focused on the task. 1 2 3 4 5 Everyone in my group contributed. 1 2 3 4 5 I am happy with the work my group did. 1 2 3 4 5 Peer Evaluation: Instructions: Individually read the information about Sparta and Athens and contrast Athens and Sparta in the following areas: Society, Government, Economy/Trade, and Military. Athens Sparta 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. Both Athens and Sparta hold historic value for Greece and the world. Athens is the largest city-state of Greece. It was a center for economic, political, financial and cultural life in Greece. Athens is the symbol of freedom, art, and democracy in the conscience of the civilized world. Athens took its name from the goddess Athena, the goddess of wisdom and knowledge. Sparta, a town near the river Evrotas, is located in the center of the Peloponnese in southern Greece. Sparta was the Dorian Greek military state, considered as the protector of Greece as it provided a large army to Greece for many years. In Sparta not all inhabitants of the state were considered to be citizens. Only those who had undertaken the Spartan education process known as the agoge were eligible. However, usually the only people eligible to receive the agoge were Spartiates, or people who could trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants of Sparta. Others in the state were the perioikoi, who were free inhabitants of Spartan territory but were non-citizens, and the helots, the state-owned slaves. Descendants of non-Spartan citizens were not able to follow the agoge and Spartans who could not afford to pay the expenses of the agoge could lose their citizenship. These laws meant that Sparta could not readily replace citizens lost in battle and eventually proved near fatal to the continuance of the state as the number of citizens became greatly outnumbered by the non-citizens and, even more dangerously, the helots. The Athenian elite lived modestly and without great luxuries, compared to the elites of other ancient states. There were very few great fortunes and land ownership was not concentrated. The economy was based on maritime commerce and manufacturing. Agriculture was also important, but it did not produce enough to feed the populace, so most food had to be imported. In Athens only free, land owning, native-born men could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law (later Pericles introduced exceptions to the native-born restriction). Social prominence did not allow special rights and sometimes families controlled public religious functions, but this ordinarily did not give any extra power in the government. In Athens, the population was divided into four social classes based on wealth. People could change classes if they made more money. Compared to the simple lifestyle of the Spartan people, Athenians had a very modern and open outlook. Unlike Sparta, in Athens, boys were not forced to join the army. As an Athenian, the education of boys began in their own home up until the age of seven when they had to attend school. There, they had several teachers who taught them to read and write, as well as subjects such as mathematics and music. Boys also had to take part in physical education classes where they were prepared for future military service with activities such as wrestling, racing, jumping and gymnastics. At eighteen they served in the army and were instructed on how to bear arms. Physical education was very intense and many of the boys ended up becoming true athletes. In addition to these compulsory lessons, the students had the chance to discuss and learn from the great philosophers, grammarians and orators of the time. Some poor people had to stay at home and help their parents. However Aristophanes and Socrates, though they were poor, became famous and successful. Spartan women, of the citizenry class, enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the Greek world. The higher status of females in Spartan society started at birth; unlike Athens, Spartan girls were fed the same food as their brothers. Nor were they confined to their father's house and prevented from exercising or getting fresh air as in Athens, but exercised and even competed in sports. Most important, rather than being married off at the age of 12 or 13, Spartan law forbade the marriage of a girl until she was in her late teens or early 20s. The reasons for delaying marriage were to ensure the birth of healthy children, but the effect was to spare Spartan women the hazards and lasting health damage associated with pregnancy among adolescents. Spartan women, better fed from childhood and fit from exercise, stood a far better chance of reaching old age compared to women in other Greek cities, where the median age for death was 34.6 years or roughly 10 years below that of men. Unlike Athenian women who wore heavy, concealing clothes and were rarely seen outside the house, Spartan women wore dresses (peplos) slit up the side to allow freer movement and moved freely about the city, either walking or driving chariots. Girls as well as boys exercised and participated in athletic competitions. Spartan women were also literate and numerate, a rarity in the ancient world. Furthermore, as a result of their education and the fact that they moved freely in society engaging with their fellow (male) citizens, they were notorious for speaking their minds even in public. Most importantly, Spartan women had economic power because they controlled their own properties, and those of their husbands. The laws regarding a divorce were the same for both men and women. The Athenian woman dedicated herself solely to the care of the home. Family homes contained a space, called the gynaceum, especially for women, where they would spend the day with their servants and young children. Athenian society was a patriarchy in which men held all the rights and advantages, and had access to education and power. Spartan girls went through a fairly extensive formal educational cycle, broadly similar to that of the boys but with less emphasis on military training. In this respect, classical Sparta was unique in ancient Greece. In no other city-state did women receive any kind of formal education. The Athenian form of electing a government was called Limited Democracy while the Spartan form was called oligarchy" (rule by a few), but it had elements of monarchy (rule by kings), democracy (through the election of council/senators), and aristocracy (rule by the upper class or land owning class). Sparta had rulers who ruled until they died. On the other hand, the ruler of Athens was elected annually. Athens is said to have been the birthplace of democracy. Sparta was an “Oligarchy”. The Ancient Greek “oligos” translates to “few”, while “archia” means “rule” – ‘rule by the few’. Five Ephors were elected annually, accompanied by two kings, who passed on their crowns to their chosen sons. The Spartan equivalent of the senate was its “gerousia”, while Ephors and the Kings would regularly attend the “apella” (general assembly) to develop and try to pass “rhetrai”, or motions and decrees. Other purposes of the general assembly were to vote on and pass legislation and make civil decisions. The process by which this was undertaken was by a simple shouting of ‘yes’ or ‘no’. As a whole, the five Ephors had the power to overrule the Kings, but tended to keep to religious and militaristic duties. Sparta’s system of government was very exclusive and open to members of only the highest social standing. On the other hand, Athens was a democracy, which meant “rule by the people” – “demos” (people, or the masses) and “kratis” (rule). 5000 to 6000 men were narrowed down to a group of 500, who would then be divided into groups of 50. Each would take charge for about a month, and ten generals were automatically elected based on their experience. Others were chosen by a method called ‘lot’ voting. The Athenian assembly, known as the “ekklesia”, sat to discuss political, militaristic and social matters and agendas. Male Spartans began military training at age seven, they would enter the Agoge system. The Agoge was designed to encourage discipline and physical toughness and to emphasize the importance of the Spartan state. Boys lived in communal messes and were fed just the right amount for them never to become sluggish through being too full, while also giving them a taste of what it is not to have enough. Besides physical and weapons training, boys studied reading, writing, music and dancing. Special punishments were imposed if boys failed to answer questions sufficiently 'laconically' (i.e. briefly and wittily). Sparta was renowned for their land based military ability, while Athens owned one of the largest war fleets in ancient Greece. It had over 200 triremes each powered by 170 oarsmen who were seated in 3 rows on each side of the ship. The city could afford such a large fleet, it had over 34,000 oars men, because it owned many silver mines that were worked by slaves. The primary purpose of Athenian education was to produce thinkers, people well-trained in arts and sciences, people prepared for peace or war. Athenian soldiers were required to serve two years in the military. After the first year, they were given a sword and a shield with the state's emblem on it. Although they served only two years, they could be called at any moment up to age sixty. The army consisted of horsemen and hoplites (footsoldiers.) They were armed with swords, shields, and extremely long lances. Spartan citizens were debarred by law from trade or manufacture, which consequently rested in the hands of the Perioikoi. The Periokoi monopoly on trade and manufacturing in one of the richest territories of Greece explains in large part the loyalty of the perioikoi to the Spartan state. Sparta was rich in natural resources, fertile and blessed with a number of good natural harbors. The perioikoi could exploit these resources for their own enrichment, and did. Spartiates, on the other hand, were forbidden (in theory) from engaging in menial labor or trade, although there is evidence of Spartan sculptors, and Spartans were certainly poets, magistrates, ambassadors, and governors as well as soldiers. Allegedly, Spartans were prohibited from possessing gold and silver coins, and according to legend Spartan currency consisted of iron bars to discourage hoarding. The flaunting of wealth was discouraged, although this did not prevent the production of very fine, highly decorated bronze, ivory and wooden works of art and the production of jewelry. The land itself was worked by helots, who retained half the yield. From the other half, the Spartiate was expected to pay his mess (syssitia) fees, and the agoge fees for his children. In Athens the economy was based largely on trade. Athens main exports were olive oil, wine, pottery, and metalwork. They brought into the city pork, cheese, perfumes, glass, barley, wheat, rugs, and ivory. They traded these objects from places like Sicily, Arabia, Egypt, Carthage, and Ethiopia. In Athens and Sparta, most land was held by the aristocracy. In Athens, this was changed by Solon's reforms, which eliminated debt bondage and protected the peasant class.